early 20th century art
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Early 20th Century Art
Modernism
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The Evolution of Modernism and The Avant-Garde
• Modernism rejected and challenged anything traditional
• Searched for new ways to communicate about the “modern world”
• Avant-garde means before the group – Avant-garde art is radical and is critical of political and social institutions (Revolutionary)
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Abstraction
• Abstraction involves simplifying and changing shape and form to be less realistic / less naturalistic
• Expressive
• Affects of Photography (Move away from Realism – “the camera can already take real images”)
• Multiple Views (element of time and movement)
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Joan Miro
Joan MiroDutch InteriorOil on Canvas1928
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Joan MiroDutch InteriorOil on Canvas1928
Hendrick SorghThe Lute Player
Oil on Canvas1660
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Joan MiroDutch InteriorOil on Canvas
1928
• Joan Miro was a Spanish Artist associated with Surrealist Movement
• Miro was inspired by Dutch Renaissance Art
• Miro used same theme as the original Renaissance painting, but changed the colors, shape / form, composition
• Distortion of the original image
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Franz Marc
Franz Marc, Fate of the Animals, 1913, Oil on Canvas
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• Distorted image “shattered glass”
• Experimented with color and color symbolism
• Founder of The Blue Rider Group “Der Blaue Reiter”
(Expressionist Movement)
• He believed animals were “more beautiful, more pure” than humans
Franz Marc, Fate of the Animals, 1913, Oil on Canvas
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Color and Form
• Continuing from the 19th Century (influence of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and artists such as Van Gogh and Gaugin)
• Symbolism of Color
• Emotion / Feeling
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Henri Matisse
Henri Matisse
The Dance
1909
Oil on Canvas
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Henri Matisse, The Dance, 1909, Oil on Canvas
Matisse was a French Artist who was part of Fauvism Movement
Expressive color / symbolic color
Circular composition (rhythm)
Celebration of Life (optimism)
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Making Art in Times of War
People and artists greatly affected by war
World War I (1914 – 1919)
World War II (1939 – 1945)
Russian Revolution (1917 – 1923)
Spanish Civil War (1937)
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937, Oil on Canvas
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Pablo Picasso
Guernica
1937
Oil on Canvas
3.5 m x 7.8 m
Black and White large-scale painting
Based on Images from Newspaper about bombing of civilians in Guernica, Spain (Spanish Civil War)
Cubist Style (Picasso helped to invent the movement)
Symbols – Horse, Bull, Light
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Effects of Psychology
Developments in the study of Psychology
New understanding of Psychology influenced artists
Sigmund Freud • developed psychoanalysis in early 20th century• wrote The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900
Carl Jung• Further studies of dreams and the subconscious /
unconscious mind
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Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939, Oil on Canvas
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Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939, Oil on Canvas
• Paintings based on personal emotions
• Symbolism
• Kahlo associated with the Surrealist Movement
• Two “sides” / parts of her personality and background
• Inability to have children and many operations due to accident
• Relationship with Diego Rivera, Mexican artist
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Major Early 20th Century Art Movements
• Fauvism• Expressionism • Cubism• Futurism• De Stijl• Suprematism / Constructivism• Dadaism• Surrealism
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Fauvism
• Used pure hues (unmixed colors from the color wheel)
• Rejected “imitative” colors (colors that imitate real life) to create “stronger reactions” to their work
• Color as a conveyer of meaning / symbolism
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Henri Matisse
Henri Matisse, Red Room, 1908 – 1909, Oil on Canvas
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Henri Matisse
Henri Matisse, Red Room, 1908 – 1909, Oil on Canvas
Matisse was one of the main artists in the Fauvist group
Feeling of warmth and comfort in the room
Used color to express emotions
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Expressionism
• “Raw human emotion”• Expressiveness of form – distorted color, line, shape,
etc.
• Movement started in Germany in 1905 • Die Brucke (The Bridge)• Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)
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Egon Schiele
Egon Shiele, Self-Portrait, 1911, Drawing (Gouache and pencil on paper)
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Egon Schiele
Egon Shiele, Self-Portrait, 1911, Drawing (Gouache and pencil on paper)
Physical and psychological torment
Use of line and textures to convey feeling
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Max Beckmann
Max Beckmann, Night, 1918 – 1919, Oil on Canvas
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Max Beckmann
Max Beckmann, Night, 1918 – 1919, Oil on Canvas
Violence and brutality in society
Rape, torture, theft
Work is “powerful” and honest
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Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, Oil on Canvas
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Wassily KandinskyNon-representational – based on formal elements (line, color, shape)
Avant-Garde Expressive style
Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) Group
Expression of inner feelings / spirituality
Wassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, Oil on Canvas
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Kathe Kollwitz
Kathe Kollwitz, Memorial to Karl Liebknecht, 1919, Woodcut (graphic arts)
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Kathe Kollwitz
Kathe Kollwitz, Memorial to Karl Liebknecht, 1919, Woodcut (graphic arts)
Liebknecht (leader of Socialist revolution in Germany in 1919) was assassinated
Surrounded by poor people
Bold black and white of woodcut adds to the powerful feeling
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Cubism• Cubists rejected naturalistic / realistic art
• Preferred using abstract shapes and forms
• Viewing the subject from many different angles using geometric forms
• Neutral Colors
• Interested in connecting music to visual art
• Analytic Cubism – first phase of cubism started by
Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso
• Synthetic Cubism – Collage (mixed media) – materials from different sources
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Georges Braque
Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, Oil on Canvas
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Georges Braque
Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, Oil on Canvas
Analytic Cubism
Based on an image of a Portuguese musician (connection between visual art and music)
Perception of 2-D and 3-D space
Contains numbers and letters – 2-D
Neutral colors – pure color eliminated in early cubism
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning, 1911-1912, Oil and Collage on Canvas
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning, 1911-1912, Oil and Collage on Canvas
Synthetic Cubism
New Medium of collage (from French word “to stick”)
Illusion of seat of a chair
Jou – from “Journal” (French newspaper) also word refers to “play” and to “game”
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso, Three Musicians, 1921, Oil on Canvas
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Pablo Picasso
Later Cubism
Music and Visual Art / Rhythm
Reintroduced color into his compositions
Pablo Picasso, Three Musicians, 1921, Oil on Canvas
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Futurism
Began as a literary movement in Italy in 1909, but later included visual arts, film, theater, music, and architecture
Inspired by the Cubists
Artists had a socio-political agenda
Published several manifestos – a written document that explains the overall intentions of the group – in this case, advocating a revolution in society and art
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Umberto Boccioni
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, Bronze
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Umberto Boccioni
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, Bronze sculpture
Feeling of Motion
Symbolic of Dynamic modern life
Figure moving ahead in a brave, new world
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Giacomo Balla
Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912, Oil on Canvas
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Giacomo Balla
The effect of motion by repeating shapes
Several different views at the same time
Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912, Oil on Canvas
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Suprematism
• Russian movement
• Pure language of shape and color
• Non-objective (no recognizable image)
• Based on Inner Feelings
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Kazimir Malevich
Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, 1915, oil on canvas
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Kazimir Malevich
Feeling unattached to objects
“The Suprematist artist does not observe and does not touch – they feel”
Dynamic movement of shapes
Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, 1915, oil on canvas
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Constructivism
• Art movement that began in Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution
• Experimented with new materials
• Moving toward the future
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Vladimir Tatlin
Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920, model (wood, iron, glass)
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Vladimir Tatlin
Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920, model (wood, iron, glass)
“Tatlin’s Tower”
Design for a monument to honor the Russian Revolution
Tower never built (only model)
Would have been twice as tall as the Eiffel Tower
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De Stijl
• De Stijl means “the style”
• Movement formed by a group of young artists in Holland in 1917
• Believed in “birth of a new age”
• Integration of Art and Life
• Focus on Universal, rather than the individual
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Piet Mondrian
Piet Mondrian, Composition in Red,
Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Oil on Canvas
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Piet Mondrian
Piet Mondrian, Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Oil on Canvas
One of the founders of the de Stijl movement
Believed the primary colors and values are the purest colors to create harmony in a composition
Influenced by Cubism (Mondrian saw Analytic Cubism in Paris in 1917)
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Comparison
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Dadaism
• Random word chosen from a French-German Dictionary
• Irrational and Intuitive
• Reaction to “insane” spectacle of war
• Anti-tradition
• Artistic and Literary Movement
• Dada is a “state of mind”
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Man Ray
Man Ray, Gift, 1921, Painted flatiron with row of tacks
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Man Ray
Man Ray, Gift, 1921, Painted flatiron with row of tacks
Man Ray was a Graphic Designer and Portrait Photographer
Manipulated Found Object
Interest in mass-produced objects and technology
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Marcel Duchamp
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, Ready-made sculpture
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Marcel Duchamp
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, Ready-made sculpture
“Ready-made” sculpture
Challenged the idea of What is art?
Radical, avant-garde
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Hannah Hoch
Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife, 1919-1920, Photomontage (collage)
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Hannah Hoch
Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife, 1919-1920, Photomontage (collage)
Chaotic and contradictory
Images of German Military leaders, Dada artists, dancers, animals, etc.
Self-portrait in the lower corner
Found text – “The Great dada World”
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Kurt Schwitters
Kurt Schwitters, Merz 19,
1920,
Paper Collage
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Kurt Schwitters
Kurt Schwitters, Merz 19, 1920, Paper Collage
Inspired by cubist collage
Paper found in the trash (trash elevated to art)
Non-objective (no recognizable images of objects)
“Merz” refers to commerce bank because the word appears in the found paper text
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Surrealism
• Dada artists joined the Surrealist movement
• Dreams and the Unconscious Mind (Psychology)
• Bring together outer and inner reality
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Max Ernst
Max Ernst, Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale, 1924, Oil on Wood with Wood construction
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Max Ernst
Max Ernst, Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale, 1924, Oil on Wood with Wood construction
Ernst’s dream
Follows the rules of aerial and linear perspective, but the proportions are not true to life
Title is mysterious and unclear
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Rene Magritte
Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928 – 1929, Oil on Canvas
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Rene Magritte
Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928 – 1929, Oil on Canvas
Ceci n’est pas une pipe (This is not a pipe)
Discrepancy between the image of the pipe and the text (relationship of text and image)
The illusion of art
Treachery = dishonesty (from an old French word meaning to trick)
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Rene Magritte
Rene Magritte, The Son of Man, 1964, Oil on Canvas
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Rene Magritte
Rene Magritte, The Son of Man, 1964, Oil on Canvas
Modern man
Symbolism of the Apple, clouds, water, etc.
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Comparison
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Salvador Dali
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Salvador Dali
Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, Oil on Canvas
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Salvador Dali
Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, Oil on Canvas
Time and Memory
Landscape from Dali’s childhood in Spain
Dreamlike