early americans. first americans from asia ca. 40,000 bc walked across land bridge, beringia,...
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EARLY AMERICANS
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First Americans
from Asia ca. 40,000 BC
walked across land bridge, Beringia, covered by thick ice
nomadic hunters (mammoth, bison, giant beaver, caribou and wooly rhino)
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Early Americans 15,000 Years Ago
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First Americans Discovered Clovis Man (Clovis, New Mexico)
bones, found chipped stones called Clovis Points, dates 11,000 BC
Monte Verde - Chile, S. America tools, bones, campsite, 12,000 BC.
Kennewick Man (Kennewick, Washington) skull found by students, Caucasian, 9,000 years
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Agriculture Revolution in the Americas
• 7,000 BC – 5,000 BC Farming began- “The Three Sisters” = squash, beans, maize (corn)
• Farming led to large populations, cities, social classes, government, art, large buildings (pyramids)
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Early Native North AmericansEskimo/Inuit – Alaska/Canada
whale, walrus, seal, fish, etc. -Inuit means “the People”
Pacific Northwest Natives - Chinook, Nez Perce, Shoshone-wooden houses- ate well- deer, salmon, elk, bear, seal, beaver -Totem poles- family history-Potlatch (party)- tribe member gives wealth
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Potlatch
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Southwest NativesThe Anasazi- “Ancient Ones” lived
in 4 Corners, built in cliffs-“The Basketmakers” - pottery and baskets-“Kokopelli”- flute-playing spirit, fertility to women & crops
The Hopi- peaceful (AZ/NM)- lived in pueblos- apartment buildings of stone & baked clay, no doors on ground-farmed corn
The Apache- war-like, fought, stole, torture
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Northeastern Natives
Iroquois
lived in “long houses” (100 ft. long) made of wood and bark w/ 4 or 5 families
-hunted (deer, bear, and rabbit), farmed 3 sisters
-united Northeast tribes in a confederation to stop fighting w/ each other
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The Mound BuildersMississippi & Ohio River Valleys• Adena and Hopewell built
large mounds filled with objects
-The Great Serpent Mound in Ohio
• The Mississippians built Cahokia ca. 1200 AD, 60 mounds, 100 ft. pyramid mound & about 10,000 people
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Cahokia
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Southeastern Natives
The Cherokee
1 of largest of Native American tribes (NC, SC, TN, GA, AL)
Farmers/hunters,
Many Cherokee forced to Oklahoma Territory in the 1800’s on the Trail of Tears.
Others- Seminole, Creek, Choctaw, Catawba, Alabama
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Plains Indians
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Plains Natives
Sioux, Mandan, Crow, Blackfeet, Comanche, Cheyenne
Lived in central U. S. (the Great Plains)
Nomadic hunters- followed bison, used all parts of the bisonmany lived in teepees
Fought each other over hunting grounds
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Coup stick
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The Early Meso-American Civilizations
Olmec (1300-400BC) Mexico• “Mother Culture”• astronomy, math,
calendars, hieroglyphic writing
• famous for “Big Stone Heads”- to honor leaders, 6’-8’ tall weighed several tons
• Great Pyramid- 100’ tall religious tomb.
• nature gods- the jaguar• human sacrifice
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Zapotec
• (1000BC–600AD) SW Mexico
• Built city Monte Alban, pop. of 25,000 good farming, pyramids, palaces, calendars, hieroglyphic writing
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Chavin
• (900 – 200 BC) Andes Mountains
• “mother culture” for S. America
• built a great city with pyramid temples, large mounds and artwork
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Nazca
• (200 BC – 600 AD) southern Peru near coastal desert
• underground irrigation systems, woven blankets, rugs,
• pottery• Nazca Lines- giant
drawings out in the desert
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Nazca astronaut or alien?
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Moche• (100–700 AD) northern
Peru
• large farms w/ irrigation-corn, potatoes, beans, fish, duck, deer, crawfish
• gold/silver, made jewelry pottery
• practiced human sacrifice and decapitation
Moche sun temple pyramid
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Moche sacrifice
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Great Mesoamerican Civilizations
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THE MAYA (200-900 AD)Yucatan Peninsula of
Central AmericaWritingCalendarAstronomyPyramidsMath- zero
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Maya SocietyEach city- a separate state w/ its own king Maya Feudalism • Rulers- power thru heredity, like a god• Nobles- wealthy, ran the towns • Lower class- farmers, artisans, merchants • slaves- were prisoners of war used for labor and
sacrifice
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Agriculturegood farmers
Canals & underground reservoirs called “cenotes” for irrigation & water
maize, beans, squash, cacao, chilies & bananas
fermented drink- lots of it!
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Mayan Cities
over 100 cities
Tikal
Copan
Chichen Itza
great pyramids, palaces, ball courts
Pyramid IV at Tikal- tallest building in the Americas until 1903.
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Mayan ball court
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Mayan ReligionPolytheisticGods- sun, rain, wind, corn,
war, death, moon, the directions
Self-Sacrifice - cutting arms, legs, chests
Human sacrifice
Kings/Queens- blood from tongue & privates
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End of the Maya
walked away from cities- No one knows why???
Wars, food shortage, overpopulation, over-farming, kings lost power
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TOLTEC (900-1200 AD)
Central MexicoTula- great city, Tula
statuesGreat Warriors- blood &
human sacrificeThe “Wall of Heads”-
set the heads of victims in the center of the city.
Tula - sacked
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Legend of QuetzalcoatlFeathered-serpent god,
god of wind & Venus
Toltec king wanted peace and took the name Quetzalcoatl- was overthrown, cast out to sea on a raft
Quetzalcoatl would return & bring peace to the empire, legend adopted by Aztec
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THE AZTEC (1200–1500 AD)
Central MexicoBegan as nomads eating rats
& snakes, poor but tough
Tenochtitlan- capital city, named after chief Tenochtemples & palaces, 200,000 pop.
Two calendars, math advances, hieroglyphic writing
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Aztec Farming
Chinampas – floating islands built for farming
Beans, corn, chilies, squash, tomatoes
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AztecSociety
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Aztec MilitaryBegan fighting for other tribes
All males trained to fight with spear, bow & knife.
At 10 went to school to learn Aztec history, religion, citizenship & a trade
The Aztec attacked other tribes to get human sacrifices and slaves
Hated by other tribes
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Aztec Warriors
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Aztec ReligionPolytheistic
Huitzilopochtli- sun god – a main god- battled forces of darkness each day so the sun would rise again,
Human sacrifice to make the sun come up - pulled the heart out, 20,000 sacrificed after one war
Individuals made blood sacrifices from their tongues, ears, arms and legs.
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Fall of the Aztec
Montezuma II - ruler in 1502, wanted more sacrifice & tributes (payments) from other tribes
Created more hatred toward the Aztec
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Spanish ArriveHernando Cortez & the
Conquistadors (Conquerors)Other tribes led Cortez to the
AztecAztec believed Cortez to be a
god (Quetzalcoatl)Aztec gave Cortez gold, jewels,
women, a seat next to Montezuma.
Cortez w/ 500 men, 16 horses, 2 cannon, & 20,000 of the Aztec enemy - kidnapped & killed Montezuma, destroyed Tenochtitlan.
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THE INCA
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THE INCA (1438-1535 AD)
Andes Mountains of S. America.
*Pachacuti- first Incan emperor defeated his 2 brothers, conquered other tribes.
*The Incan Empire covered over 2500 miles (largest) w/ 16 million people
*Inca Life- strictly controlled by the government (marriages, house, job)
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Farming- terraced hillsides- land, crops owned by govt.
Medicine- used herbs, surgery
Roads- 14,000 miles of roads over mountains and deserts, military travel to control the empire & trade
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Mummification- Incan royalty buried in tombs, others in caves or sides of high mountains.
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Machu PicchuReligious city w/ over 200 buildings, built at 8,000 feet, not
found until 1911
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Machu Picchu
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End of the IncaCivil wars weakened the empire
Spanish invaded – gold
Francisco Pizarro armor, guns, swords, cannon, horses overwhelmed the Inca
Atahualpa- the last Incan emperor
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