Early PeopleFirst migrations were ancestors of InuitNorth American Indians lived in present-day

British Columbia (West)16th and 17th centuries, French and British

explorers came to exploit the fish and fur trade

Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War to gain control of the territory

UnityConflict between the Roman Catholic French

and Protestant English resulted in the split of Canada into two provinces (political units)

Upper Canada (Ontario) primarily English speaking and Lower Canada (Quebec) primarily French

By 1867, British government created the Dominion of Canada which was a loose confederation (union) of the two

ExpansionTranscontinental railroad was built between

Montreal and VancouverGold, zinc, and silver discoveries brought in

people from around the worldMoved from an agricultural society to a major

economic power in the 20th century

GovernmentRecognized as independent from Britain in 1931Has a parliamentary government – legislative and

executive branches are combined into parliamentHead of state remains the British monarchParliament handles legislative duties, composed of appointed Senate and elected House of Commons

Majority party’s leader is the prime minister (head of government)

Each province has its own premier and legislature, but the federal government has ultimate control

EconomyEarly economy based on trade of natural

resources (fur)Biggest export trade is in forest productsExports more fish than any other countryService industries make up most of the

economy, especially tourismU.S. is Canada’s chief trading partner

because of a shared borderNAFTA – North American Free Trade

Agreement between Mexico, Canada, and U.S. makes trade easier

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CultureMétis – people of mixed French and Native

heritage (First Nations)Bilingual (English majority, French minority)80% of Canadians live on just 10% of the land

just north of U.S. borderInuit live on reserves (land set aside by govt.)

in the Arctic northNatives invented lacrosse, early European

settlers invented ice hockey

Subregions (chart)Atlantic ProvincesCore ProvincesPrairie ProvincesPacific Province Territories

Names of locationsPopulation and DescriptionEconomies and Government (Core)