Early Societies and

Early ExplorationTest Review

Why and how did Native American tribes form different types of societies?

Native Americans built tribes based on food availability, housing and shelter, protection, and education and culture

What is the difference between a society and a civilization?

Society vs. CivilizationO A group of people with common interests,

customs, and ways of lifeO Complex societies in which people share

important characteristics such as language, religion, art, dress, and political structure

A civilization is a larger, more complex society through which inhabitants develop education and organized culture.

What are the benefits of large, more complex societies?

O Build bigger citiesO Cultivate larger farmsO Store extra foodO Form immense armies

What are some possible reasons large societies disappeared or were destroyed?

O Catastrophic weatherO DiseaseO WarfareO Widespread famineO Internal political revolt

What were some Incan accomplishments?

O Accurate calendarO Early clockO System of paved roads

Why would these accomplishments made the Inca still important today?

All of these accomplishments led to further advancements in education and technology.

Why is the Aztec still an important civilization to our existence today?

The Aztec created a unified population with central government, using military alliances and warfare to control neighboring societies, enforced laws and collected taxed after conquering neighbors.

The Aztec form of government and military control has led future societies in centralized government and widespread control.

What is the role of religion in the societies and civilizations of ancient Americas?

O Native Americans – gods of sun, moon, sky, crops, rivers, animals

O Aztec – feared Cortes was a god; showered him with gifts

Many ancient civilization, including those in Europe, Africa, and the Americas rely on religious beliefs to guide culture, government, and other aspects of life.

How did slavery exist in Africa and ancient American civilizations before becoming what it

was in the United States?

Africans conquered smaller local tribes and enslaved enemies to:O Gain large populationO Deplete rival’s military strengthO Trade for crops, weapons, gold, and other

resources

What events changed Europe before nations began exploring the Americas?

O Hundred Years WarO Great FamineO Black DeathO ReformationO RenaissanceO Printing press

How do you think these events led to worldwide exploration?

Tragedy stripped nations of people and money so Europeans were looking for ways to build the economy.

The Renaissance opened doors to new possibilities.

Eventually, the Reformation made people want a land for religious freedom… but we’ll get there.

What nation originally led the race to colonize the Americas?

Spain.

What explorers sailed Spain and what accomplishments did they produce?

O Hernando Cortes – conquered Aztecs; won Mexico

O Christopher Columbus – found Caribbean Islands

O Ferdinand Magellan – sailed around tip of S. America

O Francisco Pizzaro – conquered Inca; won PeruO Cabeza de Vaca – searched for city of goldO Vazquez de Coronado – searched for city of goldO Hernando de Soto – searched for city of goldO Rodriguez Cabrillo – searched for city of gold

Why did Spain have conflict with other European nations as all nations expanded their

explorations? What were these conflicts – how did they

com about, who won, and what were the effects?

Territory and religion. Spain felt it had rights to new lands and wanted to spread Catholicism over Protestantism.

O Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain thought it had claim to all new lands west of this line agreed upon by Spain and Portugal.

O Spanish Armada – Spain, frustrated by English piracy, attacked England and lost. Small English ships zipped around Spanish fleet and drove them off.

O St. Augustine – Spanish unit attacked French colony and slaughtered colonists.

What were the goals of European exploration?

O MissionariesO WarO Trade

How did countries bring them about?

• Spread Christianity.• Expand empires.• Become richer.

How did the Spanish succeed in conquering native nations in South and Central America?

O Spanish weakened Aztec and Inca empires by making alliances with enemies.

O Spread of European diseases killed millions of Native Americans.

O Spanish acted brutally toward the Native Americans under their control.

Describe the structure of this empire, including government, infrastructure, hierarchy, and labor

and economic systems.

Spanish GovernmentO Viceroyalty – a colony ruled

according to the mother country’s rules and laws; ruled by a viceroy, a ruler acting in the king’s or queen’s name

Spanish InfrastructureO Roads stretched outward from

Mexico city and LimaO Quick and easy access to other areas

for soldiersO Improved economy; goods could be

transported efficiently

Spanish Hierarchy

Spanish-born colonists

Creoles – people of Spanish descent born in the colonies

Mestizos – people of mixed Spanishand Native American descent

Native Americans and enslaved Africans

Spanish Labor and Economic Systems

O Encomiendas – Native Americans work to pay tribute to conquerors

O Haciendas – farms where encomiendas were worked off

O Plantations – farms for cash crops; encomiendas could be worked off here or there may be slaves or hired help

O Goods exported to earn money for the colonies or for the crown

What was the influence of the Church throughout exploration, inlcuding the structure goals,

and products of missions?

O Mission – settlement that included a church, a town, and farmlands

Goals of Missions

O Created better food supplyO Protect Native Americans from enemiesO Educated native Americans (read and write)O Taught skills, such as carpentry and

metalworking

Products of Missions

• To convert Native Americans to Christianity• To civilize Native Americans to Spanish

customs• To increase Spanish control over land

What was Las Casas’ moral dilemma while teaching the colonies? What did he do to address

this problem?

O How can a person serve God and enslave Native Americans at the same time?

O He fought for the better treatment of Native Americans and became known as the “Protector of the Indians.”

What were the positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange?

O Positive:O Many crops and animals thrived in AmericaO American crops became staples of European dietO Blended goods and culture made the world a closer

international communityO Negative: Disease

O Native Americans did not have time to build immunity

O Wiped out communities and geographic areasO Smallpox, measles, and influenza were especially

deadly

What are the problems with using Native Americans as slaves in the Americas?

O Died from overwork and diseaseO Rebelled with help of locals

Why were Africans a better solution for slavery?

O Immune to most European diseasesO Had no friends or family in the

Americas to help them resist or escape enslavement

O Provided a permanent source of cheap labor; children, too, could be held on bond

How did the slave trade work?

O African kings capture inland AfricansO Kings traded captured Africans for

goodsO Europeans brought slaves to

Americas and sold them to plantation owners

O Trade strengthened coastal African tribes and weakened inland ones, perpetuating the slave trade

What were the conditions like on the Middle Passage?

O Cramped spaces – slaves did not have personal space or even their own bed

O Smells – no bathrooms or bathing; buckets stood for toilets and they often sat or slept in their own excrement

O Disease – many slaves died during the trip from various diseases; the unclean conditions bred germs

O Suicide – some jumped off ships to get any kind of freedom

What were the effects of slavery and racism?

O Europeans associated slavery with black Africans, and thus thought of dark-skinned people as inferior

O Slavery was part of the Columbian Exchange as African slaves brought culture to AmericaO Africans brought knowledge of farming and livestockO Americans took crops to Africa

How did Africans develop a cultural identity in the Americas?

O African HeritageO Mix of African tribes added depth to

African American cultureO Music, dance, and storytelling as

important piece of culture