early thinkers

8/20/2019 Early Thinkers

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Founder of Sociology

emphasized the study of society muscientific

urged sociologists to use systematicobservation, experimentation, andcomparative historical analysis as themethods.


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Aspects of social life that have to do with order, s

and social organization that allows society and grohold together and endure.

Refers to those processes of social life that patterinstitutional development and have to do with schange.


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Feminist and Methodologist• Like Comte, she insisted that the study ofsociety represents a separate scientificfield.

• Ardent defender of women’s rights

• Showed the similarities between theposition of women in western societies andthat of American slaves.


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It shows how the basic mo values of the young Americnation shaped its key instituarrangements.


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• Compared society to a biological oand depicted it as a system, a whmade up of interrelated parts.

Structural-functional theory

Spencer focused on the structures osociety as an organism and functioncontributions these factors make to survival.


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• Spencer applied the concept ofsurvival of the fittest to the socialworld.

• People and social patterns that

were “fit “ would survive andthose that were “unfit” would dieout.


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Political ctivist Sociologist Philosopher Historian

Economist and Political Scientist.

• Science is not only a vehicle ofunderstanding society but also a tool for

transforming it.• Major figure in sociological theory.


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Class Conflict

-Society is divided into those who own the meaproducing wealth and those who do not.

-patricians and plebeians; masters and slaves

Middle Ages

-guildmasters and journeymen; lords and serfs

Contemporary Western Societies

-oppressing capitalist class (bourgeoisie) and t

oppressed working class (proletariat)


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Ancient Rome

derive their income through their ownersthe means of production, primarily factories,allows them to exploit the labor of the worke

Contemporary Western Socie

owns nothing except their labor power


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•development depends on the clash ofcontradictions and the subsequent creation new, more advanced structures.

• The world is made up not of static structure

of dynamic processes, a world becoming rathan of being.


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Slavery

• Slaverybeingdisplacedbyfeudalism

Feaudalism

• Feudalism bycapitalism

Capitalism

• Capitalism bysocialism


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Political ideologiesReligion

Family organization

Educationgovernment


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“Economic Factors –

whether one owns and controls the means of production – are primary”

• Karl Marx is viewed by manyas an economic determinist.


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• “How does the society holdand endure?”

• Marx attributed too much imeconomic factors and classand not enough to social sothat Marx did not recognizecapacity of modern society

itself.

• Was the first sociologist to fcomplex problems associatediscipline and rigorous empisocial life.


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• The density of social relationships,literally the number of relationshipsthat exist among a collection ofpeople.

• The more people are connected to

one another, the stronger andmore meaningful are thesentiments that emerge out ofthese relationships.


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ocial olidarity – the tendency of people to maintsocial relationships.

• Mechanical Solidarity (Early Societies)

People derived a sense of oneness from

so much alike.• Organic Solidarity (Modern Societies)

Society is held together by the interdepefostered by the differences among people.


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Are aspects social life thatcannot be exin terms of thbiological or tmentalcharacteristicthe individual.


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Include society itself, its major institutionsthe various forms that underlie society.

Are social rules, principles of morality,meanings of symbols, and the sharedconsciousness.


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•

Protestants than Catholics• unmarried than the married

• soldiers than civilians

• in times of peace than intimes of war and revolution

• in times economic prosperityand recession than in times ofeconomic stability


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He is known not only for his

theoretical contributions but also for anumber of specific ideas that havegenerated considerable interest andresearch in their own right.

His sociological work covered a widerange of topics, including politics,organization, social stratification, law,religion, capitalism, music, the city, andcross-cultural comparison.


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“A critical focus for sociology is the study human subjectivity”

Intention Values

Beliefs Attitude


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“understanding” or “insight”

Sociologists mentallyattempt to place

themselves in the shoesof other people andidentify what they thinkand how they feel


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Is a concept constructed by sociologists portray the principal characteristics of somthey want to study.

It is a tool that allows sociologists to geneand simplify data by ignoring minor differe

order to accentuate major similarities.


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Value-free Sociologyimplies that a person does not ta

sides on an issue

implies that one does not care

pursuit of scientifically verifiable

knowledge

early thinkers

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