earth and space science review
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Earth and Space Science Review. 2013-2014. Weather/Meteorology. Climate – pattern of weather in a large area over a long period of time 2. Weather – condition of the atmosphere in a smaller area over a shorter period of time. Climate patterns. 3. Types of heat:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Earth and Space Science Review
2013-2014
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Weather/Meteorology
1. Climate – pattern of weather in a large area over a long period of time
2. Weather – condition of the atmosphere in a smaller area over a shorter period of time
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Climate patterns
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3. Types of heat:
• Radiation = how sun’s heat travels to us through space
• Conduction = heat is transferred by contact (soil in beaker warms from outside in)
• Convection = heat rises in one area and sinks in another; the air masses replace each other. (hot air rises, cold air sinks)
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4. Equatorial zones that receive most direct sunlight = hottest.
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5. Cloud formation – Water evaporates into the air (water vapor) then rises, cools, and condenses onto dust particles in the upper atmosphere.
Clouds are millions of tiny water droplets combined together.
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6. Rain Shadow - More precipitation on mtns b/c it is colder, so more condensation.
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7. Convection current – air moving in a circular pattern caused by uneven heating of Earth.
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Remember these?!
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8. Weather front – boundary between two air masses (where changes in weather occur)
Types: stationary, cold, warm, etc. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/
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9. Water cycle:http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.html
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Watercycle.shtml
EvaporationTranspirationCondensationPrecipitationRun-OffFiltrationAccumulationSublimation
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http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.htmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Watercycle.shtml
9a. Evaporation = water moves from liquid to gas state; heat gained
b. Condensation = water moves from gas to liquid state; heat lost
c. Sublimation = water moves from solid to gas state; heat gained
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Astronomy/Space Science – Earth-Moon-Sun System
1. Seasons – summer = axis tilts toward sun, winter = axis tilted away from sun.
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2. Moon Phases –
new/can’t seefull/see whole sidewaxing = getting biggerwaning =getting smallergibbouscrescent http://www.moonconnection.com/moon_phases.phtml
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3. Eclipses
a. Solar = Sun blocked out (caused by shadow of moon on Earth), only seen from certain places on Earth http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html
b. Lunar = moon blocked out (caused by shadow of Earth on moon) Seen from everywhere on Earth http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html
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4. Rotation – Planet spins on its axis = 1 day (24 hrs), same length all over the world
Revolution – one complete orbit of planet = 1 year, same length all over the world, 365 days
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Universe, Galaxy, Solar System
1. Planet – orbits a star Moon – orbits a planet (also called a satellite)
2. Star – gaseous ball of fire. How many in our solar system? ONE: the sun!
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3. Dwarf planets = Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris
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4. Inner planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune
Relative size State of Matter
Spacing pattern
Inner Planets Smaller Solid Closer
togetherOuter Planets Larger Gaseous Farther apart
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5. Asteroid Belt – big space rocks between Mars and Jupiter
6. Kuiper Belt – region beyond Neptune that is full of comets, asteroids and other debris.
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7. Comets – have a tail, made of ice, orbit the Sun http://www.kidsastronomy.com/comets.htm
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8. Meteor - when space rock enters atmosphereMeteorite - space rockMeteoroid - when it hits E’s surface
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Biggest itemUniverseGalaxy (Milky Way) Solar SystemPlanetSatellite Smallest item
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Geology
1. Rock Cycle – melting/cooling, heat/pressure, compaction/cementation
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Weathering – breaks down the rockErosion –movement of rock particles
Rock Cycle Diagram: http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/swfs/diagram.swf
Go to Barb’s website and click “geology links”
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Three Types of RocksIgneous = Volcanic intrusive or plutonic: from magma, ex. granite,
large crystalsextrusive or volcanic: from lava, ex. obsidian,
basalt
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Sedimentary clastic: layered, deposition ex. Sandstonechemical: crystals from evaporation of water,
stalactite, stalagmite ex. thundereggorganic: fossils buried in layers of sediment
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Metamorphic – (gumdrops/gummi bears) ex. gneiss, slate
Foliated: flattened crystalsNon-foliated: mangled/folded, or just a
completely different rock altogether
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Geologic Time Scale
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Finding relative ages of rocks = comparing which one is older
a. Law of Superposition - helps determine relative
ages of rocks
b. Index fossils – organisms that lived for a relatively
short time and are common in the fossil record.
c. Carbon dating (C-14) – helps determine age of
organic remains
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Earth Science – Plate Tectonics
1. Earthquakes – seismic waves (P and S) are the energy released from the earthquake’s focus. P-waves travel faster than S-waves.
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a. Seismographs are the instruments that record the seismic waves.
b. Richter Scale – measures the energy release of a moderate earthquake (magnitude 3.0-7.0)
c. Moment magnitude - measures the energy release of large scale earthquakes
d. Mercalli Intensity scale – measures the damage done by an earthquake.
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Focus vs. epicenter
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2. Inner Earth– crust, mantle (plastic,) outer core (liquid,) inner core (solid)
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3. Volcanoes – shield, composite/stratovolcano, cinder cone
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4. Mountain formation a. Coast range – plates collide, not volcanic, folded
mountainsb. Cascade Range – Pacific plate subducts under the
North American. plate, volcanic. c. Himalayan Range –Indian plate colliding with the
Eurasian plate, NOT volcanic http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/shock.html
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5. Alfred Wegener = Theory of Continental Drift
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6. Evidence of Pangaea – Fossils, Mountain Ranges, glacial striations, & continental shapes all match
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7. Theory of Plate Tectonics –
a. Convergent – found along coastlines, plates move toward one another
b. Divergent – mid-ocean ridges, plates move away from each other
c. Transform boundaries – San Andreas Fault, plates move side by side each other
d. Subduction zones - Area where oceanic crust plunges under continental crust
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8. Why the plates move: basal drag (convection in mantle), slab pull (gravity), ridge push (magma forces to surface)
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9. Continental Shelf – “edge” of continent, under ocean
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We DID it!
GOOD LUCK!