earth as a system ch. 1 what is the earth system, and where do we humans fit in?
TRANSCRIPT
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Earth as a SystemCh. 1
What is the Earth system,and where do we humans fit in?
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A New View of Earth• What do earth
scientists study?– solid earth, oceans,
oceans, space• In past studied
separate parts– How has this
changed? Why?» now often studied
as a system• b/c realized
parts are connected and interact
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A New View of Earth• What sparked this
new view of Earth as system?– space exploration
• “blue marble” photo (Apollo 17)
– satellite imaging– environmental
incidents– deep sea
exploration– computers &
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
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Models & Systems• What is a model?– a simplified representation of an object, process, or
phenomenon– a way to predict if-then scenarios (for the past & future)
• What happens when scientists learn more about the world?– Models can be modified or replaced with a new model
• What is a system?– group of objects or phenomena that
share matter & energy• Ex. Earth’s spheres
– A type of model
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Open & Closed Systems• What is an open system?– a system & its surroundings that exchange energy & matter
• How is a closed system different from an open system?– energy can be exchanged… matter CAN’T be exchanged
• Is Earth an open system or a closed system? Why?– technically, open, but usually considered closed b/c exchange
of matter is extremely small
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Earth’s Spheres
Examples of how the spheres interact & changes that result…
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Overall, Earth is in balance…• Changes to one sphere can have impacts on one or
more or the others– human activities have major impacts on the spheres
• However, overall, Earth is in balance. How?– biogeochemical cycles• carbon cycle• water cycle• rock cycle• … and more
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Nitrogen Cycle
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SedimentsErosion
Weathering
Deposition
Igneous rock Granite, pumice, basalt
Sedimentary rock sandstone, limestone
Heat, pressure
Cooling & solidification
Heat, pressure (metamorphism)
Magma(molten rock)
Melting
Metamorphic rock slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite
Rock Cycle
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The Energy Budget• “energy budget” is
sometimes called “energy cycle” or “energy balance”– amount of energy
that enters should equal amount that exits• What happens if
more energy enters?– heating
• What happens if more energy enters?– cooling
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The Energy Budget & the Laws of Thermodynamics
• Can energy be created or destroyed?– No, it can only be transferred & transformed (1st Law)
• Can energy ever be recycled completely?– No, when energy changes it is degraded into a less useful
form & “lost” (in terms of its original form) (2nd law)• “Lost” energy is usually given off as…?
– heat
Chemicalenergy(food)
Solarenergy
WasteHeat
WasteHeat
WasteHeat
WasteHeat
Mechanicalenergy
(moving,thinking,
living)
Chemical energy
(photosynthesis)
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Earth’s Surface & the Energy Cycle• How can Earth’s
surface affect the energy budget?– “albedo” is the ability
of a surface to reflect light• What type of surfaces
would have a low “albedo”?– dark & dull
• What type of surfaces would have a high “albedo”?– light & shiny
– changes in surface type change the energy budget
Factors Affecting Rates of Temperature Change Visualization