earth, moon, and mars: how they work professor michael wysession department of earth and planetary...
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Earth, Moon, and Mars: How They Work
Professor Michael WysessionDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Washington University, St. Louis, MO
Lecture 1: Introduction to the Universe
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This Course will focus on Earth for the first two days; Mars and the Moon on the third (with lots of the rest of the solar system included all along!).
2 Reasons:
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#1: You can’t understand the geology of another planet until you first understand the geology of Earth.
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#1: You can’t understand the geology of another planet until you first understand the geology of Earth.
(and one of these may one day be our home!)
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#2: NASA plays a major role in the current scientific investigation of Earth
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National Research Council’s Conceptual Framework for New Science Education
Standards
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Textbooks at college, high school, middle school, and elementary school levels
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WWW.EARTHSCIENCELITERACY.ORG
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Big Idea #1: Earth scientists use repeatable observations and testable ideas to understand and explain our planet.
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Big Idea #2: Earth is 4.6 billion years old.
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Big Idea #3: Earth is a complex system of interacting rock, water, air and life.
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Big Idea #4: Earth continuously changing.
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Big Idea #5: Earth is the water planet.
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Big Idea #6: Life evolves on a dynamic Earth and continuously modifies Earth.
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Big Idea #7: Humans depend on Earth for resources.
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Big Idea #8: Natural hazards pose risks to humans.
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Big Idea #9: Humans significantly alter the Earth.
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Where are these?
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Where are these?
Venus Jupiter
How do we know this?
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Composition of Crust (%):Weight Moles Volume
Oxygen 47.2 61.7 93.8Silicon 28.2 21.0 0.9Aluminum 8.2 6.4 0.5Iron 5.1 1.9 0.4
Composition of Whole Earth (weight %):Iron 35Oxygen 30Silicon 15Magnesium 13Nickel 2.4
Geosphere
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Hydrosphere: 96.5% in Oceans3.5% in glaciers, groundwater~0% in streams, lakes, atmosphere, biosphere
71% of Earth’s surface is covered with water.If Earth were a perfect sphere, it would be covered with 2.25 km of water.
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Atmosphere: Composition:
N2 - 78.1% O2 - 20.9% Ar - 0.93% H2O - 0.1% CO2 - 0.039%
(increasing)Ne - 0.0018%
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Earth's magnetic field LOOKS LIKE there is a tilted, offset, wandering, bar magnet in its core. (But there isn’t!!)
Fluid flow (convection) of liquid iron in Earth’s outer core creates the magnetic field. Magnetohydrodynamo
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The magnetosphere protects us from ionized particles of solar wind.
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Biosphere: Extends from the seafloor and deep crust, to the tops of mountains and the atmosphere.
3 - 300 million species; ~1.5 million identified
VERY significant geological agent (Ex: atmosphere, weathering)
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Milky Way Galaxy 80,000 light years across(7.6 x 1017 km) = 760,000,000,000,000,000 km
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…and the universe is a whole lot bigger than this.
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Three lines of evidence for the Big Bang:1) Doppler shift of stars
2) Background microwave radiation
3) Composition of the universe
(Big Bang Nucleosynthesis – first 3-20 minutes)
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Cosmic Microwave Background, un-enhanced (COBE satellite)
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Cosmic Microwave Background, variations enhanced (WMAP – Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe - satellite)
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Milky Way
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Andromeda
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Milky Way
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Nucleosynthesis:
1) Stellar nucleosynthesis – makes elements up to iron during last stages of a star
2) Explosive nucleosynthesis – makes elements larger than iron (from free neutrons) during supernovae of large stars
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Process of nuclear fusion within stars (fusing hydrogen into helium)
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Nuclear Fusion: Many possible reactions
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Nucleosynthesis:
D + D He
He + He Be
Be + He C
C + He O
C + C Mg
O + C Si
(etc.)
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Red Giant Betelgeuse
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Hourglass Nebula - collapsed white dwarf - gas ejected after red giant phase
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“Death” of a star:
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Helix Nebula - collision of two gas ejections from a dying star