earth science chapter 1-2, 1-3 & 1-4. the earth system earth system: 4 main parts 1. atmosphere...
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Earth ScienceEarth Science
Chapter 1-2, 1-3 & 1-4Chapter 1-2, 1-3 & 1-4
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The Earth SystemThe Earth SystemEarth System:
4 main parts 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Lithosphere 4. Biosphere
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AtmosphereAtmosphere
• The layer of gases that surround and form an envelope around the Earth.– Consists of several gases
• Nitrogen – 78%• Oxygen – 21%• CO2, H2O, others – 1%
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LithosphereLithosphere• Earth's solid, rocky outer layer
– The continents, islands and ocean floors
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HydrosphereHydrosphere• All of the water present on the planet
– Oceans, lakes, streams, ice caps, snow, glaciers, etc.
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BiosphereBiosphere• That area of the land, water and air that
contains life!
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The Earth’s SurfaceThe Earth’s Surface• Topography:
The shape of the land. The topography of an area includes the area's elevation, relief, and landforms.
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Elevation - ReliefElevation - Relief• Elevation -height above sea level• Relief - difference between the highest and the
lowest points of an area
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LandformsLandforms• 3 main types: plains, mountains & plateaus.
Plains: made up of flat or gently rolling land with low relief
Mountains: made up of high elevation and high relief.
Plateaus: high elevation and a more or less level surface
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Earth’s Grid – Equator & Prime MeridianEarth’s Grid – Equator & Prime Meridian
Prime Meridian goes thru Greenwich, England
Equator is half way between the north & south pole
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Latitude & LongitudeLatitude & Longitude• Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator• Longitude: the distance east or west of the prime meridian
Both latitude & longitude are measured in
degrees
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Latitude & LongitudeLatitude & Longitude
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• They provide information on the elevation, relief, and slope of the ground surface
• You must familiarize yourself with the map's scale and symbols and interpret the map's contour lines.
• closely spaced contour lines indicate steep slopes.
• closed loop with no other contour lines inside it indicates a hilltop.
• V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a valley.
Topographic MapsTopographic Maps
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Reading a Topo MapReading a Topo Map
• Contour lines– Thin lines
• Contour interval– Spaces between
• Index contour– Thick lines
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Making a Topo MapMaking a Topo Map