EARTH SCIENCE

Weather, Atmosphere, & Climate Regents Questions

Name: _______________________________________________________________ Period:_______

January 2013

9 Scientists infer that most of Earth's earliest atmosphere was produced by

(1) a collision with a giant gas cloud (3) vaporizing comets that impacted Earth's surface

(2) capturing gases from a nearby planet (4) the escape of gases from Earth's molten surface

10 An increase in the transparency of Earth's atmosphere is often caused by

(1) a decrease in cloud cover (3) an increase in airborne dust particles

(2) a decrease in solar radiation (4) an increase in the duration of insolation

11 Which station model shows a wind direction from the southeast?

12 The direction of movement of the major surface ocean currents is most affected by Earth's

(1) tilted axis (2) prevailing winds (3) rate of revolution (4) tidal action

13 The winds shift from southwest to northwest as heavy rains and hail begin to fall in Albany, New

York. These changes are most likely caused by the arrival of

(1) an mT air mass (2) a cT air mass (3) a cold front (4) a warm front

14 A city located on the coast of North America has warmer winters and cooler summers than a city

at the same elevation and latitude located near the center of North America. Which statement

best explains the difference between the climates of the two cities?

(1) Ocean surfaces change temperature more slowly than land surfaces.

(2) Warm, moist air rises when it meets cool, dry air.

(3) Wind speeds are usually greater over land than over ocean water.

(4) Water has a lower specific heat than land.

15 Most of the electromagnetic energy radiated from Earth's surface is in the form of

(1) ultraviolet rays

(2) infrared rays

(3) gamma rays

(4) x rays

16 Which two 23.5°-latitude locations are influenced by cool surface ocean currents?

(1) the east coast of North America and the west coast of Australia

(2) the east coast of Asia and the east coast of North America

(3) the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America

(4) the west coast of North America and the west coast of South America

Base your answers to questions 41 through 44 on the weather map below, which shows the locations of a

high-pressure center (H) and a low-pressure center (L) over a portion of North America. The isolines

indicate surface air pressures.

41 The data used to construct the isolines on this map were recorded in which units?

(1) inches (2) millibars (3) feet (4) meters

42 Which map shows the most likely location of clouds associated with these pressure centers?

43 The arrows on which map best show the pattern of surface winds around these two pressure centers?

44 The arrows on which map show the most likely path in which these two pressure centers will move over

the next few days?

Base your answers to questions 45 through 48 on the diagram below, which shows a model of the water

cycle. Letters A through F represent some processes of the water cycle. Letter X indicates the top of the

underground zone that is saturated with water.

45 Which process is represented by letter F?

(1) capillarity (2) infiltration (3) condensation (4) vaporization

46 What does letter X represent?

(1) the water table (2) a floodplain (3) sea level (4) impermeable rock

47 If the surface soil is saturated and precipitation increases, there will be

(1) a decrease in the amount of groundwater (3) an increase in the rate of capillarity

(2) a decrease in the surface elevation of the lake (4) an increase in the amount of runoff

48 The processes of transpiration and evaporation are represented by letters

(1) A and B (2) B and E (3) C and A (4) D and E

Base your answers to questions 69 through 73 on the map and passage below.

A Lake-Effect Snowstorm

A snowstorm affected western New York State on October 12 and 13, 2006.

A blend of weather conditions caused more than 24 inches of heavy, wet, lake-effect

snow, bringing much of western New York to a standstill. The New York State Thruway

was closed to traffic between exits 46 and 59, which are circled on the map. The

isolines on the map show the amount of snowfall, measured in inches, resulting from

this storm. Points A and B represent locations on Earths surface.

69 On the grid below, construct a profile of snowfall amounts along line AB by plotting

the isoline amounts that cross line AB. The amounts for points A and B have been plotted. Complete the

profile by connecting all the plots with a line, [l]

70 Approximately how many miles of this section of the Thruway were closed due to the snowstorm? [l]

71 Determine the number of inches of snow that was received in Niagara Falls, New York, from this

snowstorm, [l]

72 Identify the most probable direction from which the wind was blowing to produce the pattern of

snowfall

shown on the map. [l]

73 Identify two hazards to human life or property that can result from a snowstorm of this size, [l]

Base your answers to questions 74 through 77 on the diagram below, which shows the windward and

leeward sides of a mountain range. Arrows show the movement of air over a mountain. Points A and B

represent locations at sea level on Earth's surface.

74 Identify one weather instrument that could be used to determine the dewpoint of the air at point A. [l]

75 What is the relative humidity at the base (bottom) of the cloud on the windward side of the mountain?

[l]

76 Explain why air cools as it rises up this mountain, [l]

77 Compared to the temperature and relative humidity of the air at point A, describe how the temperature

and relative humidity of the air are different as the air arrives at point B. [l]

August 2012

9 Which weather variable generally decreases when wind speed is increasing, clouds are thickening, and

visibility drops?

(1) relative humidity (2) dewpoint (3) precipitation (4) air pressure

10 The diagram below shows a weather instrument found at most weather stations.

11 What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth’s lower atmosphere?

(1) 21% (2) 33% (3) 46% (4) 94%

12 Global warming is most likely occurring due to an increase in

(1) carbon dioxide and methane gases in the atmosphere

(2) oxygen and nitrogen gases in the atmosphere

(3) ultraviolet radiation and x rays reflected from Earth

(4) visible light and radio waves reflected from Earth

The main function of this instrument is to

measure which weather variable?

(1) wind speed (3) air pressure

(2) wind direction (4) relative humidity

29 The arrows in the diagram below represent processes in the water cycle.

Which processes in the water cycle are identified by the numbered arrows?

(1) Process 1 is transpiration; process 2 is runoff. (3) Process 1 is condensation; process 2 is infiltration.

(2) Process 1 is precipitation; process 2 is runoff. (4) Process 1 is evaporation; process 2 is infiltration.

32 Weather station models for three New York State cities on the same day at the same time are shown

below.

Which map shows the front that was most likely passing through Rochester at that time?

33 Arrows on the maps below show differences in the direction of winds in the region of India and the

Indian Ocean during January and July. Isobar values are recorded in millibars.

Heavy monsoon rains usually occur in India during

(1) January, when winds blow from the land (3) July, when winds blow from the ocean

(2) January, when winds blow toward high pressure (4) July, when winds blow toward high

pressure

Base your answers to questions 45 through 48 on the map below, which shows the position of the jet

stream

relative to two air masses and a low-pressure center (L) over the United States.

45 In which layer of the atmosphere is this jet stream located?

(1) thermosphere (2) mesosphere (3) stratosphere (4) troposphere

46 What is the difference in the air temperature and humidity between the cP and mT air masses?

(1) The cP air mass is warmer and less humid. (3) The mT air mass is warmer and more humid.

(2) The cP air mass is colder and more humid. (4) The mT air mass is colder and less humid.

47 What is the general movement of the surface winds around the center of this low-pressure area?

(1) counterclockwise and outward (3) clockwise and outward

(2) counterclockwise and inward (4) clockwise and inward

48 Assuming the low-pressure center (L) follows a typical storm track, it will move

(1) into the mT air mass to the west (3) along the path of the jet stream to the northeast

(2) into the cP air mass to the northwest (4) along the path of the jet stream to the southwest

Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the map below, which shows a portion of New York State

and Canada. The arrows represent the direction of the wind blowing over Lake Ontario for several days

early

one winter.

51 Explain why Oswego, New York, usually gets more snow than Toronto, Canada, when the wind is

blowing in the direction shown on the map. [1]

52 Compared to the average winter air temperature in Watertown, New York, explain why the average

winter

air temperature in Old Forge, New York, is colder. [1]

53 Explain why the surface of Lake Erie freezes much later in the winter than the surrounding land

surfaces. [1]

Base your answers to questions 75 through 78 on the map below, which shows surface air temperatures,

in degrees Fahrenheit, for a portion of the United States. These temperatures were recorded at

noontime on the same winter day. Two coastal cities are labeled: Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Miami,

Florida. Other selected locations are labeled A, B, and C.

75 On the map above, draw the 60°F isotherm from location A to the western edge of the map. [1]

76 Calculate the temperature gradient between locations B and C in °F per mile. [1]

77 Explain why the noontime winter air temperatures in Miami, Florida, are usually higher than the

noontime

winter air temperatures in Atlantic City, New Jersey. [1]

78 A frontal boundary exists between locations B and C. Identify one process that causes clouds to form in

the moist air rising along this frontal boundary. [1]

Base your answers to questions 79 and 80 on the climate graph below, which shows the average monthly

precipitation and average monthly air temperatures at city X. City X is located near a mountain range in the

Southern Hemisphere.

79 What evidence shown on the graph indicates that city X is located in the Southern Hemisphere? [1]

80 State whether the climate of city X is dry or wet. Then, on the cross section below, place an X on

Earth’s surface to indicate the most likely location of city X. [1]

June 2012

4 The cross section below represents four locations on a mountain. The arrow indicates the prevailing wind

direction.

Which location has the warmest and most arid climate?

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

5 The map below shows an eastern portion of North America. Points A and B represent locations on the

eastern shoreline.

Which factor is primarily responsible

for location A having a lower average

yearly temperature than location B?

(1) nearness to a large body of water

(2) elevation

(3) latitude

(4) prevailing winds

7 The map below shows a typical position and average velocity of the polar front jet stream during two

different seasons.

For the eastern United States, the change of the polar front jet stream from this summer position to this

winter position causes

(1) warmer temperatures farther north and causes storms to move more slowly

(2) warmer temperatures farther north and causes storms to move more rapidly

(3) cooler temperatures farther south and causes storms to move more slowly

(4) cooler temperatures farther south and causes storms to move more rapidly

10 Which processes of the water cycle return water vapor directly to the atmosphere?

(1) evaporation and transpiration (3) freezing and precipitation

(2) infiltration and capillarity (4) water retention and runoff

Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the weather map below, which represents a low-pressure

system over New York State. The L on the map represents the center of the low-pressure system. Two

fronts extend from the center of the low, and are labeled front 1 and front 2. Cloud cover has been omitted

from the station models.

23 The arrows on which map best represent the surface wind pattern around this low-pressure center?

24 Which map best represents the type of fronts and direction of movement of these fronts in relation to the

low-pressure center?

27 Which diagram correctly represents the curving of Earth’s ocean currents and prevailing winds due to the

Coriolis effect?

Base your answers to questions 68 and 69 on the data table below and on the partial weather station model

for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in your answer booklet.

68 On the partial weather station model for Oklahoma City above, add the correct weather map symbols to

indicate the weather conditions shown in the data table. [1]

69 State the actual barometric pressure at Oklahoma City. [1]

Base your answers to questions 73 and 74 on the map below, which represents the center of a low-pressure

system indicated by L. The 1000-millibar (mb) isobar is drawn around the center of this low-pressure

system.

73 On the map, draw two additional isobars around the outside of the 1000-mb isobar in a way that

indicates that the strongest winds are west of the low-pressure center. [1]

74 Identify one factor that usually causes many low-pressure centers to generally move from west to east

across the United States. [1]

Base your answers to questions 75 and 76 on the map below, which represents the geographic source

regions of two air masses, X and Y. The arrows represent the convergence of these air masses, which may

result in tornadoes.

75 Use the standard two-letter air-mass

symbols to identify air-masses X and Y. [1]

76 A tornado watch or warning is issued for a

location in the area labeled Tornado Alley.

State one safety precaution that should be

taken to avoid possible injury from this

tornado. [1]