earthquake contingency plan for dhaka water supply & sewerage authority (dwssa)

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

15June2008

DhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority

CONTINGENCYPLANFOREARTHQUAKEHAZARDforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority

DhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

ContingencyPlanforEarthquakeHazard

UnderComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMP)

MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementEarthquakeandTsunamiPreparedness

CDMP/EC/4a/PC1

Incollaborationwith

ExecutiveSummary

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority v

ExecutiveSummary

ThisContingencyPlanisdevelopedbyDhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority(DWASA). Technical support for its preparation was provided by Asian DisasterpreparednessCentre(ADPC)andNationalSocietyforEarthquakeTechnologyNepal(NSET)asapartofContingencyplanningwithregardstoEarthquakeHazardssubcomponent of Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness Component ofComprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) under implementationby the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM), the Government ofBangladesh (GoB) with the support from the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP), UK Department for International Development Bangladesh(DFIDB)andtheEuropeanCommission(EC).

This plan is an outcome of a series of interactions, workshops and meetingsconductedamongthestaffofDWASAaswellasinteragencyworkshopsandmeetingconducted during the process. It is risk based contingency plan based on theearthquakelossestimationrecentlyconducted.Oncethelossmapsandthetargetedscenarioischanged,somemodificationsintermsofhumanresources,materialsandcostneedsmodificationaccordingly.

TwomainobjectivesofthisContingencyPlanareto: Provideemergencywaterandsanitationfacilitiestotheevacuatedpeoplein

immediateshelterareaand Quick restorationofpotablewater supplyandwastewater systemafteran

earthquakeThespecificobjectivesare:

Toidentifythescopeof immediateresponseandearlyrecoveryofdifferentfacilitiesinpotablewaterandseweragesystem

Identifyrequiredcapacityoftheorganizationtomeetthedemand Prioritiesdifferent facilities for earthquake risk reduction considering their

importanceandcosteffectiveness Prioritiesdifferentfacilitiesforearlyrecovery PrepareOperatingProcedureGuideline PrepareReadinessChecklistforbetterpreparedness

The total number of displaced population needing shelter has been estimated ataround870,000withintheDhakacityduringscenarioearthquake.Thisisestimatedas50%ofthedisplacedpeopleneedimmediateshelteraftertheearthquakeandtheremaining50%willmanage their shelter in their relativesand otherplaces.Openspaces within the city corporation area that are more than 2500 square meters(Area with capacity for sheltering 500 families or more) are mapped and theirsheltercapacitiesarecalculated.The totalopenspaceswithin theDhakacityhaveonlyaboutcapacityofthetotalpopulationneedingshelter.

ExecutiveSummary

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority vi

Thepopulationevacuatedinimmediateshelterrequiresabout3800cubicmetersofemergency water with the rate of 15 liters per capita per day. Total populationneeding Evacuation Shelter is about 870,000 so the immediate shelter needingpopulationexceededtheopenspacecapacitywithinDhakaCityCorporationareais616822andneedtobeprovidedwithimmediateshelterinthesheltercampsneartoCityCorporation.Thepopulationwhoaretakenoutsiderequireabout9,250cubicmeters ofwater per day. So the total emergencywater needed in the emergencysheltersisabout13,000cubicmetersperday.

Prepositioningof this amountof thewater at theaboveplanned spaces isbeforeearthquakeisthemostappropriatewaytoprovideimmediateemergencywater.

Tomanagetoiletsintheimmediatesheltersspacesisthemainchallengerelatedtosanitation.Spherestandarddemandonetoiletforeach20peopleintheemergencyshelter. The calculation shows that about 12,700 toilets are needed in the openspaceswithinDhakaCityandadditional30,700toiletsneedtoplanforthepeopleofDhakawhoneedimmediateshelteroutsideDhakacity.

The total number of skilled/trained workers required for repairing the Potablewater and Waste water system within Dhaka city corporation area after anearthquakeisabout1800peopleperdaytorepairthesystemwithin7days.Ifitisplanned to repair in 14 days, it require about 900 skilled workers per day andrequireabout420peopleworkingperdaytorepairthesystemin30daystime.

Skilledworkersrequiredtorepairoverheadwatertankandwastewatertreatmentplantisnotcalculatedhere,asitrequirethousandsofskilledworkersifplannedtorepairwithinamonth,whichispracticallynotpossibleevenifplanned.Itrequires36monthstorepair theoverheadtanksandtreatmentplant,even if therequiredmanpower is available. The total estimated cost require for repairs is about 27MillionUSDollars.Itisassumedthattherepaircostforthewastewatertreatmentplant,probabilityofwhichtobefunctionalaftertheearthquakeis4050%hasbeenassumed that 25% of the replacement cost. Priorities for recovery of differentcomponentswithinthesystemarealsomadeinthisplan.

Legal provisions and organizational set up, functional response roles andresponsibilities assigned for the agency, operating procedures guideline andreadinesschecklistsarealsooutlinedinthisplan.

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority ii

ListofAbbreviationsADB AsianDevelopmentBankAFD ArmedForcesDivisionAMI AnjumaneMofidulIslamBangladeshAnsar&VDP BangladeshAnsarandVillageDefencePartyBA BimanAirlinesBDR BangladeshRifles BCAA BangladeshCivilAviationAuthorityBCG BangladeshCoastGuardBDRCS BangladeshRedCrescentSocietyBFRI BangladeshForestResearchInstituteBGSL BakhrabadGasSystemsLimitedBGMEA BangladeshGarmentManufacturersandExportersAssociationBIP BangladeshInstituteofPlannersBIWTA BangladeshInlandWaterTransportAuthorityBKMEA BangladeshKnitwearManufacturerandExportersAssociationBLRI BangladeshLivestockResearchInstituteBMA BangladeshMedicalAssociationBMD BangladeshMeteorologicalDepartmentBP BangladeshPoliceBPDB BangladeshPowerDevelopmentBoardBR BangladeshRailwayBRTA BangladeshRoadandTransportAuthorityBRTC BangladeshRoadandTransportCorporationBSS BangladeshSangbadSangsthaBTMEA BangladeshTextileMillsAssociationBTCL BangladeshTelecommunicationCompanyBTRC BangladeshTelecommunicationRegulatoryCommissionBTV BangladeshTelevisionBUET BangladeshUniversityofEngineering&TechnologyBWDB BangladeshWaterDevelopmentBoardCAAB CivilAviationAuthorityBangladeshCBOs CommunityBasedOrganizationsCC CityCorporationsCCP BangladeshCentreforCommunicationPrograms CDA ChittagongDevelopmentAuthorityCDC CommunicablediseaseControlCME CentreforMedicalEducationCMMU Construction,MaintenanceandManagementUnitCPA ChittagongPortAuthorityCPP CyclonePreparednessProgrammeCWASA ChittagongWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthorityDCC DhakaCityCorporationDESA DhakaElectricitySupplyAuthorityDESCO DhakaElectricSupplyCompanyLtd.DFP DepartmentofFilmsandPublicationsDGFisheries DirectorateofFisheriesDGoF DirectorateGeneralofFoodDGLivestock DirectorateofLivestockDGHS DirectorateGeneralofHealthServicesDMB DisasterManagementBureau

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority iii

DMC DepartmentofMassCommunicationDOA DepartmentofArchitectureDPHE BangladeshDepartmentofPublicHealthEngineeringDRR DirectorateofReliefandRehabilitationDWASA DhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthorityEMS EarthquakeMagnitudeScaleFAO FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationFBCCI FederationofBangladeshChambersofCommerceFSCD BangladeshFireService&CivilDefenceIAB InstituteofArchitectsBangladeshIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocietiesIOM InternationalOrganizationforMigrationIRC InternationalRescueCommitteeJICA JapanInternationalCooperationAgencyGSB GeologicalSurveyofBangladeshHBRI Housing&BuildingResearchInstituteIAB InstituteofArchitectsBangladeshIEB InstituteofEngineersBangladeshIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentINGOs InternationalNonGovernmentOrganizationsJGTDSL JalalabadGasTransmission&DistributionCo.LimitedLGA LocalGovernmentAgenciesLGD LocalGovernmentDivisionLGED LocalGovernmentEngineeringDepartmentLGRD LocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopmentLGRDC LocalGovernmentRuralDevelopmentandCooperativesMinCom MinistryofCommerceMoC MinistryofCommunicationsMoCAT MinistryofCivilAviationandTourismMoF MinistryofFinanceMoFDM MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementMoFL MinistryofFisheriesandLivestockMoHA MinistryofHomeAffairsMoHFW MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfareMoHPW MinistryofHousingandPublicWorksMoI MinistryofInformationMoL MinistryofLandNGOs NonGovernmentOrganizationsNHA NationalHousingAuthorityNIPSOM NationalInstituteofPreventiveandSocialMedicineOHCHR OfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsPDB PowerDevelopmentBoardPetroBangla ItisasuccessorofBangladeshMineralOilandGasCorporationPGCL PowerGridCompanyofBangladeshLtdPIB PressInstituteofBangladeshPID PressInformationDepartmentPSTN PublicswitchedtelephoneNetworkPWD PublicWorksDepartmentR&H RoadsandHighwaysRAB RapidActionBattalionREB RuralElectrificationBoardRAJUK RajdhaniUnnyanKortipakhaREHAB RealEstate&HousingAssociationofBangladeshRHD RoadsandHighwaysDepartment

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority iv

TGTDCL TitasGasTransmissionandDistributionCo.LtdSoB SurveyofBangladeshUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNHABITAT UnitedNationsagencyforhumansettlementsUNHCR UNHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNICEF UnitedNationsChildren'sFundUNRC ResidentCoordinatorofUnitedNationsUNOCHA UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsVDP VillageDefencePartyWFP WorldFoodProgrammeWHO(DERG) WorldHealthOrganization(DisasterEmergencyResponseGroup)

Introduction

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority 1

Introduction

1.1CreationofthePlan

ThiscontingencyplanisdevelopedbyDhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthority(DWASA). Technical support for its preparation was provided by Asian DisasterpreparednessCentre(ADPC)andNationalSocietyforEarthquakeTechnologyNepal(NSET)asapartofContingencyPlanningwithregardstoEarthquakeHazardssubcomponent of Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness component ofComprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDMP) under implementation bythe Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM), the Government ofBangladesh (GoB) with the support from the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP), UK Department for International Development Bangladesh(DFIDB)andtheEuropeanCommission(EC).

This plan is an outcome of a series of interactions, workshops and meetingsconductedamongthestaffofDWASAaswellasinteragencyworkshopsandmeetingconducted during the process. It is risk based contingency plan based on theearthquakelossestimationrecentlyconducted.Oncethelossmapsandthetargetedscenarioischanged,somemodificationsintermsofhumanresources,materialsandcostneedsmodificationaccordingly.

1.2ObjectivesofthePlan

Twomainobjectivesofthiscontingencyplanareto:

Provideemergencywaterandsanitationfacilitiestotheevacuatedpeopleinimmediateshelterareaand

Quick restorationofpotablewater supplyandwastewater systemafteranearthquake

Thespecificobjectivesare:

Toidentifythescopeof immediateresponseandearlyrecoveryofdifferentfacilitiesinpotablewaterandseweragesystem

Identifyrequiredcapacityoftheorganizationtomeetthedemand Prioritiesdifferent facilities for earthquake risk reduction considering their

importanceandcosteffectiveness Prioritiesdifferentfacilitiesforearlyrecovery PrepareOperatingProcedureGuideline PrepareReadinessChecklistforbetterpreparedness

1.3PlanningAssumptions

This contingency plan has been developed with following assumptions in thebackground:

Theexistingwaterandsanitationsystemof theDhakacitywillbepartiallyfunctional

Introduction


DWASA offices and staff will start working for providing services to thepeoplejustaftertheearthquake

Capacityof the systemsafter theearthquakewillnotbe sufficientafter theearthquakeandneedextrapreparationsbeforehand

Largenumbersofpersons(hundredsofthousands)willbeinneedofwaterandsanitationincludingotherfacilities

Accesswillbeseverelyrestrictedduetodebris,landslides,collapsedbridgesetc.

1.4IntendedUsersofthePlan

The direct users of this Earthquake contingency plan will be the managementpersonnelofDhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthority inordertoprovidewaterand sanitation to the people of Dhaka city during immediate response and earlyrecoveryphaseafteranearthquake.Theplanalsocoversthepreparednessactionsbeforeearthquakeforeffectiveresponseafterwards.

In addition to DWASA, the others such as line Ministries, Departments, CityAuthorities, NGOs/ INGOs, electronic and paper Media, Community basedOrganizations (CBOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Academia; DevelopmentPartners will be the passive users of the plan as they will be providing supportservices forplan implementationwith regard toemergency services.Theultimatebeneficiarieswould be the communities at risk to bringnormalcywithin a fastestpossibletime.

1.5 PlanImplementationStrategiesbytheAgency

Thefollowingstrategiesaretobeadoptedinplanimplementation: Setting up a strong organizational framework to identify and assess

earthquake hazards, analyze vulnerability , assess risk and loss estimationwithregardstowatersupply&Sewerage;

Plan&developmentof institutionalcapabilitiestotranslateearthquakeriskreductionintoPreparednessandResponsePlans;

Establish a consistent, participatory approach to the management ofearthquakeemergencyresponses;

Undertake training and education programs on all phases of DisasterManagementforalllevelstobuildthecapacityofprofessionals;

Develop a mechanism to improve the relationships with nongovernmentorganizations to address mitigation, preparedness, response and recoveryphaseeffectively;

Transferknowledgeandstateoftheartoftechnologiesnecessarytosupportinstitutionaloperationsandimplementoperationplans;

Introduction


1.6 PlanLimitations

Followinglimitationsarenotedwhenthisplanisdrafted: This plan do not address all aspects of earthquake risk management (e.g.

longtermrecoveryplans) ThePlanassumesthatthelineagencieswillhaveMandatoryprovisionsand

nationalcapacitytodealwithassignedtasks.Mandatoryprovisionsfor lineagencies, ministries, and local governments. District authorities can begranted through a gazette notification but Lines of authority need to befinalizedandcommunicatedtoalllevels.

DWASA may need additional resources in terms of qualified manpower,technicalaswellasfinancialresourcestoundertakeassignedtasksundertheEarthquakeContingencyPlan.

The Earthquake Contingency Management process will take some time tobecomefullyfunctionalasanintegratedsystem.

Theplanisbasedonearthquakelossestimationresultsobtainedduringthepreparation of this plan and need verification when the final scenario isprepared

Theseismicassessmentof thedifferentcomponentsofthesystemaredoneas a part of the city risk assessment and require detail assessment forearthquakeriskreductionplanning

EarthquakeHazard,VulnerabilityandRiskAssessmentofWaterandSanitationSystemforContingencyPlanning


EarthquakeHazard,VulnerabilityandRiskAssessmentofWaterandSanitationSystemforContingencyplanning

Earthquake risk assessment of the water and sanitation system was carried outunder earthquake hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment component of CDMPproject is taken as the base for the Contingency planning purpose. The lossestimation depends on the vulnerability assessment of the system as well as theexpectedhazards.As the studyonhazardandvulnerability studies are still in thephaseofrevisions,thelossestimationteammayarrivetonewconclusionsontotallossestimations.

Thisplanhasusedthelossestimationresultsthatwereavailablewhentheplanwascreatedandsubjectstorevisionwhenthenewlossestimationisavailable.

The vulnerability and loss estimation results on water and sanitation systemavailablefromtheearthquakehazard,vulnerabilityandriskassessmentcomponentfortheContingencyplanningisgiveninSection2.1andSection2.2ofthischapter.

2.1EarthquakesHazardAssessment

2.1.1EarthquakesHazardinBangladesh

Thecombinationofhighdisastereventsaswellas increasinghumanvulnerabilityresulting from demographic pressure, poverty, social inequality and coupledwiththeapprehendedclimatechangeindicatethatBangladeshis,currently,athighrisktolargescaledisasterswithconsequentimpactonshelter,food,healthandsurvival.Bangladeshisalsosusceptibletodamagingearthquakes.It isafactthatduringtherecent past no major earthquake has occurred in Bangladesh or within itsneighborhoodbut records indicates that during thepast fewhundred years therehave been several significant earthquakes recorded within Bangladesh. ReliablehistoricaldataforseismicactivityaffectingBangladeshisavailableonlyforthelast450years(Guptaet.al.1986).

Recently developed earthquake catalogue for Bangladesh and surrounding areas(Sharfuddin, 2001) shows 1200 earthquakes with a magnitude (Ms) of 4.0 haveoccurredbetween1885and1995,withina200kmradiusofBangladesh.

Sitedependent seismicmotionanddamage, causedbyspecific soil conditionsandothercharacteristicsisanimportantcharacteristicinseismichazardassessment.Itcan provide inputs to Microzonation studies as well as to determine the overallseismic risk in the built environment. This facilitates the preparation of theearthquakeemergencyplansandalsoto improvethepreparednessandmitigationof earthquake and tsunami riskwith a view to strengthen the capacity of the citydwellersofmajorcitiestoface,managetheemergenciesandreducetheimpactandeconomiclossesthroughbetterpreparednessmeasuresundertakenasa longtermmeasure.



Theearthquakeriskoftheurbancentregrowswitheverypassingmomentbecauseof the unabated growth of human settlement and industrial and other economicactivities.Disastrouseffectsofearthquakesinhighdensityareasevenfarfromtheepicentraltractscanbequantifiednowthroughscenariobasedstudies,anditopensuptheopportunitytocreateknowledgeproductsfor largeurbanareaslikeDhaka,Chittagongandotherurbancentre.

Figure 2.1 gives themain fault system in and around Bangladesh that can have severe inBangladesh.

Figure1:EarthquakeFaultZonesinandaroundBangladesh

DifferentparametersofthefaultsystemsaregiveninTable21.

Table2.1FaultParametersforEmpiricalAttenuationAnalysis

Fault Mw Depth totopof fault(km)

Dip(degree)

Downdiprupture width(km)

FaultType

MadhupurFault(MF) 7.5 10 45 42 ReverseDaukiFault(DF) 8.0 3 60 43 ReversePlateBoundaryFault1(PBF1) 8.5 3 20/30 337 ReversePlateBoundaryFault2(PBF2) 8.0 3 20 137 ReversePlateBoundaryFault3(PBF3) 8.3 3 20/30 337 Reverse



2.1.2EarthquakeHazardinDhakaCity

TheADPC and partners hazard assessment teamunder the CDMPproject studiedtheseismichazardof threecities,Dhaka,ChittagongandSylhet. IncaseofDhaka,thePGA,PGVandSa(h=5%,T=0.3and1.0sec)atgroundsurfacewerecalculatedforfivescenarioearthquakes. Inthisanalysis, theeffectsofnonlinearityofsoilswereconsidered.

Themost importantearthquake isMadhipurFaultandthePGAinDhaka is220to410 gal. Figure 22 shows the PGA distribution map and Figure 23 gives theLiquefactionsusceptibilitymap.

Figure2.2PGAmapofDhakacity Figure 2.3 Liquefaction SusceptibilityMapofDhakaCity



2.2VulnerabilityAssessmentofWaterandSanitationsystem

2.2.1VulnerabilityAssessmentofPotableWaterSystem

Vulnerability is assessed from the characteristics of potable water pipeline anddistribution facilities that make them susceptible to the damaging effect of anearthquake. In potable water system, vulnerability is identified from the pipeductilitytype,distributionfacilitytype,andsoilliquefactionsusceptibilityonwhichthepipeandfacilitylieon.Fromthefieldsurvey,itisfoundthatmostofdistributionfacilities are not preparedwith the seismic design, proper anchorage, andbackuppowersystem.Basedonmaterialtype,thepipeisclassifiedintobrittle(PWP1)andductile(PWP2).Brittlepipematerial includesasbestoscement (AC),cast iron(CI),andreinforcedconcrete(RCC),whileductilepipematerialincludesgalvanizediron(GI),ductileiron(DI),mildsteel(MS),PVC,andsteel.Brittlepipeismorevulnerablethanductileone.Potablewater facility includewell, pumping plant, abovegroundtank,andwatertreatmentplant.Pipelineaswellasdistributionfacilitieslocatedonhigher liquefaction susceptibility soil is more vulnerable than those on lower ornoneliquefactionsusceptibility.Thefollowingtablesshowsthepipelinelengthandnumber of facilities in different liquefaction susceptibility soils, as well as spatialdistribution of potable water system components in every ward of Dhaka Citycorporationareas.

Table 2.1Potable Water Pipe Length and Number of Facilities on Soil LiquefactionSusceptibilityinDhakaCityCorporationArea

LiquefactionSusceptibility(lengthinkmornumberoffacility)Component

None VeryLow Low Moderate High VeryHigh

Total

Pipeline BrittlePipe 0.00 10.80 0.00 0.39 0.00 6.61 17.80DuctilePipe 0.00 629.43 4.95 96.35 9.05 807.52 1547.30TotalLength 0.00 640.24 4.95 96.74 9.05 814.13 1565.10Facility Well 0 154 0 21 3 190 368PumpingPlant 0 137 0 21 3 181 342AboveGroundTank 0 24 2 0 0 10 36WaterTreatmentPlant 0 0 0 0 1 1 1TotalNumber 0 315 2 42 7 382 748

Table2.2SpatialDistributionofPotableWaterSystemComponents inEachWardofDhakaCityCorporationArea

Pipeline DistributionFacilitiesCityCorporation

WardBrittlePipe(km)

DuctilePipe(km)

TotalLength(km)

Well AboveGroundTank

PumpingPlant

WaterTreatmentPlant

Total(number)

1 3.422 62.88 66.302 9 3 12

2 36.413 36.413 6 2 6 143 29.456 29.456 8 1 8 174 10.528 10.528 1 1 2




WardBrittlePipe(km)

DuctilePipe(km)

TotalLength(km)


PumpingPlant

WaterTreatmentPlant

Total(number)

5 31.371 31.371 5 5 10

6 1.147 56.695 57.842 11 2 11 24

7 23.19 23.19 5 5 10

8 18.446 18.446 5 5 10

9 7.977 7.977 2 2 410 0.282 19.603 19.885 2 2 4

11 12.608 12.608 3 1 3 712 16.406 16.406 1 1 213 39.91 39.91 11 12 2314 24.911 24.911 8 8 1615 17.382 17.382 6 1 5 1216 22.501 22.501 5 5 1017 42.531 42.531 8 8 1618 21.46 21.46 3 3 619 65.737 65.737 8 3 8 1920 24.199 24.199 4 3 4 1121 27.694 27.694 2 2 422 24.115 24.115 4 4 823 13.309 13.309 4 4 824 20.202 20.202 3 3 625 22.935 22.935 4 4 826 18.091 18.091 2 2 427 16.988 16.988 5 4 928 13.103 13.103 3 3 629 12.68 12.68 3 3 630 9.64 9.64 1 1 231 8.902 8.902 1 1 232 17.429 17.429 9 1 7 1733 4.339 4.339 2 2 434 12.767 12.767 3 1 3 735 8.085 8.085 1 1 236 22.732 22.732 6 2 5 1337 31.344 31.344 9 2 9 2038 14.309 14.309 5 4 939 0.897 17.73 18.627 5 5 1040 4.915 29.511 34.426 8 8 1641 6.23 6.23 2 2 442 0.674 17.986 18.66 5 5 1043 0.582 21.02 21.602 6 6 1244 0.81 19.403 20.213 5 1 4 1045 1.067 24.299 25.366 6 6 1246 0.725 23.263 23.988 5 5 1047 0.03 11.299 11.329 5 5 1048 18.591 18.591 5 4 949 2.085 41.585 43.67 7 7 1450 0.62 17.197 17.817 4 4 851 0.277 14.177 14.454 5 2 4 11




WardBrittlePipe(km)

DuctilePipe(km)

TotalLength(km)


PumpingPlant

WaterTreatmentPlant

Total(number)

52 0.266 16.473 16.739 6 6 1253 30.238 30.238 12 1 11 2454 14.33 14.33 5 5 1055 9.579 9.579 5 5 1056 19.362 19.362 6 1 6 1357 8.577 8.577 2 5 1 858 9.942 9.942 3 1 3 759 8.816 8.816 3 3 660 6.921 6.921 1 1 261 6.617 6.617 1 1 1 362 15.634 15.634 2 2 463 7.696 7.696 4 2 664 5.116 5.116 1 165 9.126 9.126 5 4 966 7.913 7.913 4 4 867 5.187 5.187 3 3 668 6.179 6.179 2 1 369 5.704 5.704 2 2 470 3.914 3.914 2 1 2 571 6.901 6.901 1 1 272 4.489 4.489 1 1 273 6.539 6.539 2 1 374 11.416 11.416 2 2 475 14.112 14.112 1 1 276 9.753 9.753 4 4 877 7.917 7.917 2 278 8.386 8.386 2 1 2 579 9.929 9.929 3 3 680 1.229 1.229 81 7.154 7.154 7 2 6 1582 7.128 7.128 1 1 283 5.871 5.871 3 3 684 15.621 15.621 5 5 1085 12.945 12.945 4 4 1 986 11.136 11.136 3 2 587 10.691 10.691 2 2 488 6.052 6.052 1 1 289 9.819 9.819 2 2 490 4.167 4.167 1 1 291 23.167 23.167 6 7 13

Total 17.799 1,536.905 1,554.704 368 36 342 1 747

2.2.2VulnerabilityAssessmentofWasteWaterSystem

Waste Water System only exists in some parts of Dhaka City Corporation area.Vulnerabilityisassessedfromthecharacteristicsofwastewaterpipelineandwastewaterfacilitiesthatmakethemsusceptibletothedamagingeffectofanearthquake.



In waste water system, vulnerability is identified from the pipe ductility, facilitytype,andsoil liquefactionsusceptibilityonwhich thepipesand facilities lieon.Atthemomentofdataacquisition(inDWASA),thereisnoinformationonpipematerialtype.Fromthe field survey, it canbe identified thatalmostallpipelinearebrittle.Wastewater system facilities comprisewastewater treatmentplant (WWTP) andlift station. In Dhaka, WWTP is located outside the city corporation area, whileexistingliftstationisconsideredtobesmallliftstation(WLSS).

Pipeline and facilities located on higher liquefaction susceptibility soil is morevulnerable than those on lower or none liquefaction susceptibility. The followingtables show the pipeline length and number of facilities in different liquefactionsusceptibilitysoilsandspatialdistributionofwastewatercomponentsinDhakaCityCorporationArea.

Table2.3WasteWaterPipeLengthandNumberofFacilitiesonSoilLiquefactionsusceptibilityinDhakaCorporationArea

LiquefactionSusceptibility(lengthinkmornumberoffacility)Component

None VeryLow Low Moderate High VeryHigh

Total

Pipeline BrittlePipe 0.00 214.99 2.50 10.83 0.27 172.74 401.33Total 0.00 214.99 2.50 10.83 0.27 172.74 401.33Facility LiftStation 0 4 1 0 0 8 13Total 0 4 1 0 0 8 13

Table2.4SpatialDistributionofWasteWaterSystemComponentsinDifferentWardsofDhakaCityCorporationArea

Ward DuctilePipe(km) SewerLiftStation

2 31.31 1

3 116 1.07 18 0.22 19 58.98

22 9.04

23 7.86

24 14.32

25 7.49 126 0.87

27 6.75 228 2.71 32 145 155 158 176 180 182 184 1



Total 140.60 13

2.2EarthquakeRiskAssessmentofWaterSupplyandSanitationSystem

Table25andTable26provide informationon thedamage to threemajorutilitylifeline systems. The estimated damage to the pipelines shows that therewill beabout350leaksandbreakagestothepotablewaterpipelinesystemandabout470breaks forwastewater lines.Mostof theoverheadtanks forpotablewatersupplyandliftstationsofthewastewatersystemmayundergooutoffunction.Among36overhead tanks, 21 have the chances of less than 40% to be functional after theearthquakeandremaining15hasthechanceof4060%beingfunctional.Similarly,outof13 lift stations in thewastewatersystem,10have less than40%ofchancebeingfunctional.

Table2.5CalculatedPotableWaterSupplyPipelineDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea

Component TotalLength(km)

TotalLosses(thou$)

TotalleaksandbreakagesrequiringRepairs

Remark

Pipeline 1120 1,612 350

Table26CalculatedWasteWaterPipelineDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea


TotalLosses(thou$)

TotalleaksandbreakagesrequiringRepairs

Remark

Pipeline 396 3,175 466

Table2.7CalculatedPotableWaterSystemFacilityDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea

Component TotalNumber

FunctionalityProbabilityatDay1

TotalLosses(thou$)

Remark

Morethan60%

40%60%

Lessthan40%

OverHeadTank 36 0 15 21 846 Pump 342 2 334 6 8154 Well 368 239 129 0 3651

Table2.8CalculatedWasteWaterSystemFacilityDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea



TotalLosses(thou$)

Remark

Morethan60%

40%60%

Lessthan40%

LiftStation 13 0 3 10 95

TreatmentPlant 1 0 1 0 5235



Potential repairs required for potable water supply system, repairs required forwastewatersystem,potablewatersupplysystemfacilitiesfunctionality,andwastewatersystemfunctionalitymapsaregivenindifferentmapsoftheAnnexIIofthisplan.

2.3OverallEarthquakeDamageScenariooftheCity

Three different loss scenarios are studied by the risk assessment team for Dhakacity. The scenario 1, the loss due to Madhupur fault, is taken as the worst casescenarioforthewaterandsanitationsystemContingencyplanning.TheriskanalysiswasconductedinHAZUS,riskassessmentcomputersoftware.

HAZUSestimatesthatabout166,570buildingswillbeatleastmoderatelydamaged.This is over 51.00%of the total number of buildings in the region. There are anestimated75,218buildingsthatwillbedamagedbeyondrepair.

Table2.5ExpectedBuildingDamagebyOccupancyClassinDhakaCityCorporationArea:

Scenariocase1

Dhaka:Case1

None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete

Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 526 0.45 273 0.65 325 0.60 193 0.52 327 0.44

Commercial 16,271 13.80 5,028 11.88 7,738 14.26 6,198 16.71 11,533 15.33

Education 1,388 1.18 384 0.91 432 0.80 349 0.94 610 0.81

Government 330 0.28 117 0.28 168 0.31 129 0.35 170 0.23

Industrial 2,294 1.95 562 1.33 917 1.69 1,033 2.79 1,572 2.09

OtherResidential

94,994 80.56 34,924 82.50 42,882 79.03 27,821 75.01 58,739 78.09

Religion 781 0.66 271 0.64 307 0.57 297 0.80 523 0.70

SingleFamily 1,340 1.14 770 1.82 1,491 2.75 1,072 2.89 1,744 2.32

Total 117,924 42,330 54,261 37,091 75,219

HAZUS estimates the number of people that will be injured and killed by theearthquake. The casualties are broken down into four (4) severity levels thatdescribetheextentoftheinjuries.Thelevelsaredescribedasfollows;

SeverityLevel1:Injurieswillrequiremedicalattentionbuthospitalizationisnotneeded.

SeverityLevel2: Injurieswill requirehospitalizationbutarenot consideredlifethreatening

Severity Level 3: Injuries will require hospitalization and can become lifethreateningifnotpromptlytreated.

SeverityLevel4:Victimsarekilledbytheearthquake.



The casualty estimates are provided for two times of day: 2:00 AM and 2:00 PM.Thesetimesrepresenttheperiodsofthedaythatdifferentsectorsofthecommunityare at their peak occupancy loads. The 2:00 AM estimate considers that theresidentialoccupancyloadismaximumandthe2:00PMestimateconsidersthattheeducational,commercialandindustrialsectorloadsaremaximum.

Table2.6SummaryofthecasualtiesestimatedforearthquakeinDhakaCityCorporationArea:ScenarioCase1

Dhaka:Case1 Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4

2AM Commercial 635 209 37 73 Commuting 0 0 0 0 Educational 0 0 0 0 Hotels 72 24 4 8 Industrial 101 33 6 11 OtherResidential 150,938 50,463 8,952 17,733 SingleFamily 561 177 30 59 Total 152,307 50,905 9,028 17,884

2PM Commercial 81,688 27,043 4,789 9,401 Commuting 2 2 4 1 Educational 3,590 1,176 208 405 Hotels 14 5 1 2 Industrial 744 244 43 84 OtherResidential 51,351 17,279 3,166 5,979 SingleFamily 194 62 11 20 Total 137,582 45,810 8,221 15,892

ImmediateShelterNeed:

Theestimateddisplacedpopulationwillbeabout1,700,000andabouthalfofthemi.e. 870,000 need immediate shelter. So, all the relief materials like water, food,clothesetc.areneededfor870,000ofthepeoplewithinDhakacity.

2.4InterrelationshipwithotherLifelinesandUtilities

Transportationandlifelineinfrastructureincluderoadnetwork,bridge,gas(naturalgas) network, electric network, telephone network, water supply network, andseweragenetwork.Typicallysuchlifelinesystemsareextendedspatiallyoverlargeareas and consist of numerous structures; they are related to urban lives andfunctions and are vulnerable to earthquake. In Dhaka, gas and watersewerageconnections still use either galvanized iron (GI) or concrete pipes. During anearthquakethesearelikelytobreakdownveryeasily.Electricalserviceisalsolikelytocollapseduringandafteranearthquake.

Themajorcausesofpostearthquakefiresincludegasleaksduetofailureofpipesorgasappliances;problemsintheelectricaldistributionsystem;flammablematerials;overturning of candles, lamps, cooking ovens, etc. Narrow roads in old town,garments and othermanufacturing industries in dense residential areas of Dhakaarelikelytocreateadditionalproblemsintheeventofanearthquake.



Natural gas leaks and explosions are responsible for a significant number of firesfollowingdisasters.Electricalsparksinbrokenbuildingsandinfrastructurehavethepotentialofignitingthegasleaksfromtherupturedpipeline.Firesbreakoutinitiallyand thenspread to thesurroundingsdependingonbuildingconstruction,buildingdensity,wind,etc.

Road&bridgedamage

Figure2.4EffectandImpactofEarthquaketowardinfrastructureandlifeline

Effect and impact of an earthquake towards the transportation and lifelineinfrastructure canbe seen in (Figure2.1). Inemergency situation,managementofthose infrastructures formacomplexrelationshipsamongvariouscritical facilitiesand infrastructure elements, and result in infrastructure interdependencies asshownin

PlanforImmediateResponseandEarlyRecovery



3.1KeyActivitiesoftheWaterandSanitationSectorforImmediateResponseandEarlyRecovery

Themainobjectiveofthewaterandsanitationclusteraccordingtothenationallevelcontingency plan is Quick restoration ofwater supply for provision of safedrinking water and sanitation management during earthquake disaster.Table 31 gives the details on water supply, sanitation and Hygiene sectorobjectives,maintasksandactivities,leadagenciesandsupportingagencies.

Themaintasksassignedare:1)DamageassessmentofWatersupply&drainage,wastemanagementsystems2)RestorationofWatersupply&drainage3)ObserveSanitationnormsduringemergencies4)RestorationofWastedisposaland5)EpidemiccontrolandImmunizationTable31:DetailsonWaterSupply,SanitationandHygienesectorinNationalContingencyPlan

Cluster6WaterSupply,SanitationandHygiene

Objectives:Quickrestorationofwatersupplyforprovisionofsafedrinkingwaterandsanitationmanagementduringearthquakedisaster.ClusterLead:LocalGovernmentBodies(CityCorporations,Pourashavas)

ResponsibleMinistry: MinistryofLocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopment(LocalGovernmentDivision)

ActivitiesLeadAgency/Institution

SupportAgencies/Institutions

GlobalClusterPartner(Proposed)/Otherassociateagencies

Developprocedureforvulnerabilityassessmentofwatersupplysystem,infrastructurefacilities&buildings,sewerage&drainagesystemsbyrespectivemanagers

LocalGovernmentBodies

DWASA,CWASA,,DPHE

DevelopContingencyPlansforwaterandsanitationsector,wastemanagementsystemsatalllevelscoveringearthquakepronelocalgovernmentagenciesbyrespectivemanagers


DWASA,CWASA,DPHE

Prepositioningofwatersupplydeepwellstobeusedduringemergencies

WASA/DPHE LocalGovernmentBodies,DPHE

Pre

disasterPhase

Developminimumstandardsfordrinkingwatersupplyandissueguidelinestopublic,NGOs,INGOsand


DWASA,CWASA,DPHE

GlobalclusterpartnersUNICEF,

WorldBank

ADP

GOJ



othercivilsocietyagencies

DevelopguidelinesforclosesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreakandconductofpreparednessmeasuressuchasImmunizationprograms,awarenessprogramstopreventepidemicoutbreaks

DGHS OfficeofCivilSurgeon,AFD,CentreforMedicalEducation(CME),LocalGovernmentBodies

DevelopguidelineswithwaterandsanitationgroupforminimumsanitationlevelstobemaintainedintemporarysheltersetupforIDPs


DWASA,CWASA,DPHE,DGHS

Facilitatealternatesystemsforemergencywatersuppliessuchastransportationbycontainertrucks,bowsersetc.


DWASA,CWASA,DPHE,DGHS,FSCD

Promotehouseholdlevellongtermwaterconservationmethodssuchasrainwaterharvesting,watersoftening&SODIStechniquesforwaterpurification


DWASA,CWASA,DPHE

OthersNGO,INGO,BDRCS

ActivatetheContingencyPlansforwaterandsanitationsectoratalllevelscoveringearthquakeaffectedareas

LocalgovernmentBodies/WASA

DMB,AFD,DPHE

Observetheemergencywatersupplyneedsandcommunicatetorelevantstakeholders

LocalgovernmentBodies/WASA

DMB,AFD,DPHE,

Closesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreakinaffectedareasduetoproblemsconnectedwithwaterandsanitationandmakeremedialactions

DGHS,,OfficeofCivilSurgeon

AFD,Localgovt.Bodies,DRR

Rapiddamageassessmentofwatersupply,sewerage&drainagesystemandinitiateactionsforrestoration

Assistauthoritiestomaintainwatersupply&sanitationfacilitieswithinwelfarecampssetupforvictims

LocalgovernmentBodies

AFD,WASA,DPHE,DRR,

Implementtemporarysheltersanitationmanagementsysteminthetemporaryshelterforthebenefitofvictimsinaffectedareas

LocalGovt.Bodies

AFD,DMB,DRR,DPHE

Emergency

Response

Phase

Arrangementsforqualitycheckofwatersources,bottledwaterand

Localgovernment

DGHS,DMB,AFD,DPHE

Globalclusterpartners

UNICEF,WorldBank,ADP,GOJ




disposablewatercontainers Bodies

CarryoutperformanceevaluationofresponseactionsunderclusterWaterSupply,SanitationandHygieneandintroducesuitablemodificationstoContingencyPlantoimprovetheperformance

LocalGovernmentBodies,WASA

DGHS,DMB,DRR,DPHE

Observeandfacilitatetheemergencywatersupplyneedsandcommunicatetorelevantstakeholders


DMB,WASA,DPHE,DistrictAdministrations

Closesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreakinaffectedareasduetoproblemsconnectedwithwaterandsanitationandmakeremedialactions


DGHS,DMB,WASA,DPHE

ConductDamageAssessmentsurveyforWatersupplyfacilitiesanddevelopPlanstorestoreandrehabilitatewaterandsanitationsectorfacilitiesatalllevelscoveringearthquakeaffectedareas

LocalGovernmentBodies,WASA

DMB,DPHE

EarlyRecoveryPhase

Conductperiodicqualitycheckofwatersources,portablewatercontainersanddisposalofwaste

WASA,LocalGovt.Bodies

DMB,DOE,DPHE

GlobalclusterpartnersUNICEF,

WorldBank

ADP,GOJ


3.2ImmediateResponsePlanThe total number of displaced population needing shelter has been estimated ataround870,000withintheDhakacityduringscenarioearthquake.Thisisestimatedas50%ofthedisplacedpeopleneedimmediateshelteraftertheearthquakeandtheremaining50%willmanage their shelter in their relativesand otherplaces.Openspaces within the city corporation area that are more than 2500 square meters(Area with capacity for sheltering 500 families or more) are mapped and theirshelter capacities are calculated. Area of different evacuation spaces, populationholdingcapacitiesandtheemergencywaterneeded indifferent evacuationspacesaregiveninTable32below.ThetotalopenspaceswithintheDhakacityhaveonlyaboutcapacityofthetotalpopulationneedingshelter.

Table32:RequirementofEmergencyWaterinDifferentEvacuationSpacesEvacuation

SpaceArea(m2) PopulationHoldingCapacity EmergencyWater

(m3)1 64157 7129 1072 59836 6648 1003 81509 9057 1364 677244 75249 11295 60265 6696 100



EvacuationSpace

Area(m2) PopulationHoldingCapacity EmergencyWater(m3)

6 128245 14249 2147 119715 13302 2008 809639 89960 13499 31132 3459 52

10 25125 2792 4211 145079 16120 24212 32601 3622 5413 44054 4895 73

TotalPopulationEvacuatedinOpenSpacesInsideDhakaCityCorporationAreaandtheNeededEmergencyWater

253178 3798

Thepopulationevacuatedinimmediateshelterrequiresabout3800cubicmetersofemergency water with the rate of 15 liters per capita per day. Total Populationneeding Evacuation Shelter is about 870,000 so the immediate shelter needingpopulationexceededtheopenspacecapacitywithinDhakacitycorporationareais616822andneedtobeprovidedwithimmediateshelterinthesheltercampsneartoCityCorporation.Thepopulationwhoaretakenoutsiderequireabout9,250cubicmeters ofwater per day. So the total emergencywater needed in the emergencysheltersisabout13,000cubicmetersperday.

Prepositioningof this amountof thewater at theaboveplanned spaces isbeforeearthquake is themost appropriate way to provide immediate emergency water.CalculatedamountofrequiredprepositionedwaterisgiveninMap3ofAnnexII.

Tomanagetoiletsintheimmediatesheltersspacesisthemainchallengerelatedtosanitation.Spherestandarddemandonetoiletforeach20peopleintheemergencyshelter. The calculation shows that about 12,700 toilets are needed in the openspaceswithinDhakaCityandadditional30,700toiletsneedtoplanforthepeopleofDhakawhoneedimmediateshelteroutsideDhakacity.

The numbers of toilets required in different open spaces are given inTable 33belowandinMap7ofAnnexII.

Table33:RequirementofNumberofToilet

EvacuationSpace

Area_m2 PopulationHoldingCapacity RequirednumberofToilets

1 64157 7129 3562 59836 6648 3323 81509 9057 4534 677244 75249 37625 60265 6696 3356 128245 14249 7127 119715 13302 6658 809639 89960 4498



EvacuationSpace

Area_m2 PopulationHoldingCapacity RequirednumberofToilets

9 31132 3459 17310 25125 2792 14011 145079 16120 80612 32601 3622 18113 44054 4895 245

TotalPopulationEvacuatedinOpenSpacesInsideDhakaCityCorporationArea

253178 12659

TotalPopulationneedingEvacuationShelter

870000

Shelterneedingpopulationexceededtheopenspacecapacitywithncitycorporationarea

616822 30841

3.3EarlyRecoveryPlan

3.3.1HumanResources,MaterialsandCostPlanningAssumptions:

HumanresourcesrequiredforrepairofPotableWaterandWastewaterPipeline:

12and10diameterpipes:4personsfor24hours

6and8diameterpipes:4personsfor8hour

Inaverage16hours(2days)for4personcrewtorepaironebreak.

Humanresourcesrequiredforrepairandconstructionoftheotherfacilitiesdependsonthesizeofthe facilities.Agroupofabout1020skilledmasonsarerequiredfromaweekto6monthsforrepairandreconstructionofthefacilities.

Inaverage,15personsfor3daystorepairawell,15persons for3daystorepairapumpand 15 persons for 3Months to repair an overhead tank has been assumed to calculatehumanresources required.Table32 gives the requiredhumanresourcesand the repaircost.

Table25HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingPotableWaterSupplyPipeline

RequiredNumberofSkilledPeopletoRepairtheDamage

inSpecifiedTime


TotalLosses(thou$)

TotalRepairs

7Days 14Days 30days

RepairUnitCost(thou$)

RepairCost(thou$)

MaterialsRequired

Pipeline 1120 1,612 350 400 200 93 0.70 245 Torepair350

Breaks



Table25HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingWasteWaterPipeline

RequiredNumberofSkilledPeopletoRepairtheDamage

inSpecifiedTime


TotalLosses(thou$)

TotalRepairs

7Days 14Days 30days


RepairCost(thou$)

MaterialsRequired

Pipeline 396 3,175 466 533 266 124 0.70 326 Torepair466

Breaks

Table26HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingPotableWaterSupplySystemFacilities



TotalNumberofFacilitiesRequiringRepairs

7days 14Days 30days


RepairCost

(thou$)

OverHeadTank 36 25 4773 2387 1114 160 3960Pump 342 90 575 288 134 150 13425Well 368 32 207 104 48 63 2027

Table27HumanResources,CostandMaterialsRequiredforRepairingWasteWaterSystemFacilities



TotalNumberofFacilitiesRequiringRepairs

7days 14Days 30days


RepairCost

(thou$)

LiftStation 13 11 71 35 17 160 1760

TreatmentPlant

1 0.25 60000 15000

The total number of skilled/trained workers required for repairing the Potablewater and Waste water system within Dhaka city corporation area after anearthquakeisabout1800peopleperdaytorepairthesystemwithin7days.Ifitisplanned to repair in 14 days, it require about 900 skilled workers per day andrequireabout420peopleworkingperdaytorepairthesystemin30daystime.

Skilledworkersrequiredtorepairoverheadwatertankandwastewatertreatmentplantisnotcalculatedhere,asitrequirethousandsofskilledworkersifplannedtorepairwithinamonth,whichispracticallynotpossibleevenifplanned.Itrequires36monthstorepair theoverheadtanksandtreatmentplant,even if therequiredmanpowerisavailable.

The total estimated cost require for repairs is about 27 Million US Dollars. It isassumed that the repair cost for the waste water treatment plant, probability of



whichtobefunctionalaftertheearthquakeis4060%hasbeenassumedthat25%ofthereplacementcost.

Theequipmentandmaterialsarenotdetailedandrequiresfurtherdetailingduringplanrevision.

3.3.2PrioritiesforEarlyRecoveryThefirstpriorityaftertheimmediateresponseistostarttherecoveryofthecriticalelements within the system. Following are the proposed priorities actions foreffectiverecovery:

PotableWaterSupplySystem:

Priority1:RepairWells

Priority2:RepairPumps

Priority3:RepairMainPipelines

Priority4:RepairPipelines

Priority5:RepairOverheadTanks

Priority6:Repairothercomponents

WasteWaterSystem:

Priority1:RepairTreatmentPlant

Priority2:RepairLiftStations

Priority3:RepairPipeline

LegalProvisionsandOrganizationalSetup



4.1 LegalProvisions,AuthorityandnationallevelDMFunctionsoftheAgency Organizational setup of the DhakaWater Supply & Sewerage Authority: TheManagingDirector,DWASAisresponsibleforImplementationofallWaterSupply&Sewerage related programs& to provide technical guidance to theMinistry. FourDeputy Managing Directors are assigned to work under the Managing Director,DWASA.With regard to Disaster Management, the Dhaka Water Supply & SewerageAuthorityistoprovideefficientwatersupplytoalllevelsofvictims.

4.2 The Major roles assigned to the agency in relation to NationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan

The agency level responsibility of DWASA with regards to Earthquake RiskManagementistoensuremanagementofsituationofmasscasualtiesandtreatmentof victims as a result of Earthquakes andmajor aftershocks and as a result of colateral hazards. The main roles assigned to DWASA in relation to NationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanaretoensure: Watersupply&drainage Sewerage Wastedisposal Epidemiccontrol Immunization

4.3 ThesupportrolesassignedtoagencyunderNationalEarthquakeContingencyManagementPlan

AstrongNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanisconsideredtobeaonethatisbuiltonafoundationforDRMthatpromotes Preventingoutbreakofepidemics Appropriatecommandandcontrolmechanism Efficient,effectivecollaboration&coordination Trust,mutualrespectandunderstandingamongallstakeholders Arrangements for sharing of resources and experience thatwill result in a

highest level of safety and security of citizens of Bangladesh fromEarthquakesatalltimes



4.4 Agency level structure forCommand, controland coordinationwithintheorganizationandwithoutsideagencies

The Organogram of the Dhaka Water Supply & Sewerage Authority is given asfollows:Source:DWASA,2008Command,controlandcoordinationmechanismforDWASAwithregardtoDisasterManagementareasfollows:OverallSupervision:ManagingDirector,DhakaWaterSupply&SewerageAuthorityFocalPoint:DeputyManagingDirector(O&M),DWASAManagement support: Deputy Managing Director (RP&D), Deputy ManagingDirector(Finance),DeputyManagingDirector(Admin)Monitoring:ChiefEngineer(O&M),AdditionalChiefEngineer(RP&D)TheResponseActionofDWASAcanbeexpressedasunder:Initial Action: Managing Director calls Officials of DWASA and other concernAgenciesContinuingAction: SituationAssessment Activate&deployofWaterandSanitationResponseTeam CoordinationofRequestsforPotableWaterandSanitationattheCitylevel

FunctionalResponseRolesandResponsibilitiesAssignedfortheAgency



5.1 EmergencyResponseTasksunderRespectiveFunctionalGroupsPreparednessandMitigationPhase(normaltimeactivities)

ToensurethisContingencyplanningasaforwardplanningprocess,itisobvioustoagreeuponspecificscenariosandobjectives.AneffectivePotentialResponseSystemhas to be put in place in order to prevent, or better respond to, an emergency orcriticalsituation.Inthisregard,DWASAneedstoaccomplishthefollowingactivitieswellbeforetheearthquakeevent. ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning Developandregularlyupdatecontingencyplan Conductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforplanupdate Carry out periodic reporting to authorities on readiness of the sector for

respondingtoearthquakeevents

ActivitiesrelatedtoWaterSupply&Sewerage DevelopContingencyPlansforearthquakerisk ConductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforPlanupdate Carry out periodic reporting to authorities on readiness of the (WASA) for

respondingtoearthquakeevents

ActivitiesrelatedtoJustafterRecoveryPhase Developproceduresandguidelinesforrecoveryprojectsinwatersupplyand

Seweragefacilitiestoreducefuturedamages Develop procedures for integrating seismic safety in recovery programs in

watersupply&Seweragesector Develop capacity building programs for professionals to integrate seismic

safetyandimprovepreparedness

5.2 EmergencyResponseTasksunderRespectiveFunctionalGroupsResponsephase(activitiesduringandsoonafterthedisasterevents)

ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning Compliance with plan arrangements and reporting on the health sector

involvementinprovidinghealthcaretovictims

ActivitiesrelatedtoWaterSupply&Sewerage Compliance with Plan arrangements and reporting on the

(WASA)involvementinContingencyPlanimplementation Activatethealertsystem MobilizetrainedTriageteamstoaffectedurbanareasandcontrolPoints. Set up temporary health care centers for victims who do not need urgent

Medicare



Mobilize ambulance services in critical urban areas to transport sick andinjured

Resourcedeploymentforaidtoinjuredanddisposalofdead Closesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreak Arrangementsforqualitycheckofwatersourcesanddisposalofwaste TakeactiontorestoreandrehabilitatewaterandSeweragesector facilities

atalllevelscoveringearthquakeaffectedareas Rehabilitationofwatersupply,sewerage&drainagesystemwithinthecity Closesurveillanceinepidemicoutbreak Conductperiodicqualitycheckofwatersourcesanddisposalofwaste

5.3 EmergencyResponseTasksUnderRespectiveFunctionalGroupsRecoveryphase(activitiesfollowingadisasterevent)

ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning Compliance with the plan arrangements and reporting on water supply

sectorinvolvementinprovidingemergencywatersupplytovictims

ActivitiesrelatedtoWaterSupply&Sewerage Organize project teams to conduct Detail damage assessment of all water

supply & Sewerage infrastructure and prepare for recovery programimplementation

Developguidelinesforwatersupply,sewerage&drainagesystemsforbuildbettertakingtheimpactofpotentialearthquakes

ActivitiesrelatedtoJustafterRecoveryPhase Conduct detail damage assessments and prepare estimates for recovery of

healthsectorbuildings&facilities Undertakeinitiativesforintegratingseismicsafetyinrecoveryprogramsfor

healthsectorbuildings&facilities Report results of rapid damage assessment of water supply, sewerage &

drainagesystems

OperatingProcedureGuidelines



6.1 Planningassumptions

The agency level responsibility ofUtilities and Service agencies (water supply,gas,electricitysupplyandtelecommunications)withregardstoEarthquakeRiskManagement istoensurequickrestorationofservicesand facilitiesandextentassistance inevacuation,Search&Rescueoperations,transportationofrelief&welfareitemsaswelltohelpinMedicalFirstResponsetoalllevelsofvictimsofearthquake disaster. Agreed actions listed in the National level Plan duringnormal timesshouldbecoveredcomprehensivelyduringAgency levelplanningbytheconcernedutilitiesandserviceagencies.Thelevelofpreparednessatanygiventimedeterminesthe levelofresponsecapacityoftheutilitiesandserviceagenciesduringanyEarthquakedisastersituation.Themaintenanceofstandardsof services and redness during normal times can be demonstrated throughverification of effectiveness through simulations and conduct of regular stocktakingand regular reporting.Thisensures the responsecapacityof theutilitiesandserviceagenciestoanydisastersituation.

Foreffectivepreparedness,theutilitiesandserviceagenciesmusthaveaclearlydefinedEarthquakeContingencyPlan, inordertoavoidconfusionand, improveefficiencyincostandtime

Operating procedures for mobilizing staff, manpower, and material duringvarious stages of earthquake emergency response should be identified by therespectiveagenciesintheAgencylevelEarthquakeContingencyPlan.AllutilitiesandserviceagenciesarerequiredtostudytheNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan and adopt appropriatemeasures toensure theuninterrupted servicesbyrespectiveagencyduringpostearthquakeperiod.

Also the agencies should ensure the utilities and service agencies have takenmaximumefforttocontroltheoccurrenceoroutbreakandanykindofspreadofcollateralhazardeventssuchasfireoutbreaks

OrientationandtrainingforimplementationoftheEarthquakeContingencyPlanandproceduresaccompaniedby simulatedexerciseswillkeep theutilitiesandservice agencies prepared formeeting the needs to act in Earthquake events.Specialskillsrequiredduringearthquakeemergencyresponseoperationsneedtobe imparted to the officials and the staff of utilities and service agencies.Selectedpersonnelcanbedeputedfortraining

A designated officer from each organization listed under utilities and serviceagencies at national level should take the roleof as "NODALOFFICER WaterSupply & Drainage. In the similar way the officers should be designated as



"OfficerinchargeWatersupply&DrainageatthecityleveltotakechargeofEarthquakeContingencyPlanrelatedfunctions.

Measuresshouldbeundertakentoenhancethecapacityofutilitiesandserviceagenciesregularlyintermsofmanpower,equipment,materialetctorespondtoanEarthquakedisaster.

6.2 Normaltimeactivities

Assesspreparedness levelandreportthesameasperthereporting formatstoNationalEmergencyOperationCentre(EOC)everysixmonths

Conducttrainingandcapacitybuildingprogramstoprovidenecessaryskillsandknowledge on handling utilities and service agencies issues during Earthquakeemergency

Obtainmapsofall supply routes,operationalareasofutilitiesand servicesbyrespectiveagenciesandstorethemcarefullysothatitcanbemadeavailabletoauthoritieswith short notice after Earthquake emergency. Keep andmaintainEarthquakeContingencyplanswith spatialdatabases so that in caseof severedamagetoutilitiesandservicesaquickassessmentcouldbeundertakenbytherespective authorities to establish most essential services within the shortesttimeperiod.

Maintaina listofEarthquakeDisasterproneareas inthecity levelandconductsimulations to verify the preparedness level to respond to earthquake events(especiallyinvolvetheEmergencyrepairandmaintenanceteamsinsimulations)

Appoint and designate the Emergency Repair teams and develop database ofsuchofficerswithcontactnumbers.Developacoordinationmechanismbetweenutilities and service agencies and response agencies. Develop and maintaindatabase of heavy machinery(specify the number, location, etc)belong to therespectiveInstitutionthatcanbeusedduringemergencies

Conduct verification of stocks of spare parts and material necessary forrestorationofutilitiesandservicesbyrespectiveagencies.

Conductvulnerabilityassessmentofbuildingsandmakearrangementstoensurecritical facilities and buildingswill be under safe conditions during Earthquakeemergencies.



6.3 ActivitiesonreceiptofnoticeofActivationifNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan

All personnel from Utilities & lifelines services required for EarthquakeEmergencyresponseshouldworkundertheoverallsupervisionandguidanceofResponse Commander of the respective area. Within the affected area allavailablepersonnelfromUtilities&lifelinesserviceswillbemadeavailabletotheResponseCommander of the respective area. Ifmore personnel are required,thenoutofstationorthoseonleavemayberecalled.

Establish radio communications between Utilities & lifelines services andEmergencyoperations centre andother relevantofficials toprovidenecessaryassistancebyestablishinguninterruptedservicestoaffectedareas.Theswitchingoffofsupplytodesignatedareasshouldbetakencareof inordertoavoid fireoutbreaks.

All relevantdepartmentvehicles shouldbe fueledandparked in theprotectedarrearssothattheycanbeusedforemergencyresponseduties.

Maintenanceandrepairmenshouldbe instructedtoassembleandcheckrepairequipment and ready to be dispatched to affected areas for restoration ofUtilities&lifelinesservices.Plansshouldbedevelopedforsendingauxiliarystaffand repairmen into the affected areas to assist local staff in restoration ofUtilities& lifelines serviceswhen required.Everyworkgang shouldhave toolswhichwillbeneededinanemergency.

Thespecialservicepersonalwithresponsibilitiesforcutofservices,switchingoffsupply lines etc should be given special training and they should liaise withrelevant officials from Fire service and civil defense and other emergencyresponseagencies in caseof fireoutbreak inorder tobring theeventsundercontrolwithoutspreadingittootherareas.

Contingency plans should be established for providing food and emergencyshelterforlocalstaff,andforauxiliarystaffbeingsentintotheaffectedareaforrestorationofsupplylines,repairs,switchingoffthesupplylinesetc.

Arrangements have to be made to assist the increased volume of traffic fortelecommunicationservices.Ifnecessarydedicatedlinesshouldbeassignedandoperated for the use by emergency response personal from first responderagencies.Mobilephoneoperatorshaverestrictionstoreducethe inflowofcallsandtoservetheemergencyservicepersonal.

A rapid assessment of the number and location of landslides, damage powerconnections,waterlines,telephoneconnections,gassupplylines,areasaffected



byliquefaction,subsidenceandplacescoveredwithdebrisshouldbecarriedout,toensureatleastaminimumlevelofutilitiesandservicesduringanemergencysituation.Public announcements shouldbeprovided throughmedia at regularintervalstoinformthepublicaboutthedisruptionofservices.Personalinvolvedinoperationofundergroundwatersupplyschemes,powersupplyschemesetcshouldbegivenstrictadvisesforavoidingfloodingofequipment.

Emergency instructions for services andutilities shouldbedeveloped.All staffshouldbewell trained to implement theemergency supply systemsofutilitiesandlifelineservices.

Within theemergencyoperating framework,emergencyprocedures shouldbedevelopedtoprovidetheutilitiesandlifelineserviceswithauthority,todispatchorHolt services and take other emergency decisions in a disaster threateningsituation to provide temporary services to hospitals, schools and evacuationcenters,police,AFD,FS&CDetc.Ifhaltingorterminationofutilitiesandservicesis intended for certain areas, arrangements for alternate means of supply tocriticalfacilities,VIPsetcmustbeensured.

Polythene or other material should be acquired for the protection of veryessentialvaluableequipmentssuchastransformers,controllingstations,pumps,storage tanks etc. All perishable and breakable items should be loaded in tolorries,transported,storedandpadlockedinsaferareas

Reserve stocks of fuel should be checked. Additional stand by generators,pumping stations etc should be transported and placed to ensure supply tocritical facilities such as hospitals, cams for displaced, police etc. Wherenecessaryattemptsshouldbemadetoprepositionedgenerators,watersupplywells,tanks,transportationvehicles,etc.

Inspectionofall supply lines,byappropriate specialistsandengineers shallbecarried out to ascertain the damage levels. A full check on all concrete andsteelworks should be included, and any repairs needed should be promptlycarriedout.

Emergencyrepairsofservicelinesandutilitiesifaffected,mustbecarriedout

ReadinessChecklist

30

ReadinessChecklist

7.1 ReadinessChecklistandReportingFormats PreparednessCheckListforDWASAPreparednessmeasurestaken Details/Remarks

AllstaffofDWASAarefamiliarwiththisplanaswellascitylevelcontingencyplan

OrientationandtrainingforimplementationofEarthquakeContingencyplanandproceduresundertakenatdifferentlevel

Specialskillsrequiredduringemergencyoperationsimpartedtothedesignatedofficialsandthestaff

Prepositioningoftheemergencywateratdifferentevacuationspacesiscarriedout

Equipmentandcostrequireforearlyrecoveryofwaterandsewersystemareplanned

Overheadtanks,liftstationsandsewertreatmentplantareassessedindetailandthefacilitiesareretrofittedaccordingly

Reviewedandupdated- Precautionarymeasuresandproceduresfor

coordinationbetweendifferentutilityandlifelineserviceagenciesduringearthquakeemergencies

- Alistofspecialemergencyrestorationteams,thedatabaseonheavyequipment,sparepartsneededforquickrestorationofutilitiesandlifelineservicesunderrelevantagency

- Trainingandcapacitybuildingprograms,Planstoconductroutinesimulations

- theprecautionstobetakentoavoidfireoutbreaks,floodsinsidebuildingsetc

- theprecautionstobetakentoprotectequipmentduringearthquakeemergencies

- procedureforassessmentofdamagestobuildingsandgrantingpermissiontousethemafterinspection

- Thepostdisasterprocedurestobefollowed.

ReportedBy:Designation:Signature:Date:

AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments


AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,Resource

MobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments

8.1 Assessment of Existing Capacity (Man power, equipment andmaterial)

DWASA was created in 1963 as a public utility under the Ministry of LocalGovernment, Rural Development and Cooperative, in charge of providing watersupplyandsewerageservicesintheMetropolitanareaofDhaka.In1996theWASAActwasamendedinordertograntmoreautonomytoDWASAbyreconstitutingandstrengthening the Board, introducing commercial regulations and reducinggovernment role. TheAct clearly defines themandate of theBoard andManagingDirectorofDWASA,theircompetenciesandresponsibilitiesinthemattersrelatedtoprocurement, budget approval, recruitment, staff promotion and definition ofsalariesandbenefits.

8.2 GapAnalysis(Manpower,equipmentandmaterial)

Followingsarethekeyelementsidentifiedtoenhancetheemergencypreparednessforasustainableresponse.

Typeofgap Description Remarks

General

Difficulties for compliance to theStandardOperationProcedure(SOP)ofDWASAsinceEarthquakeaspect isnotcoveredadequately.

Thereisnojobdescriptionforalllevelsof Disaster Management PersonnelinsidetheDWASA.

NeedsspecificjobdescriptionsareneededtoincorporateintotheSOP.

Needtoprepareearthquake&tsunamiresponseplanseparately.

Training&CapacityBuilding

Limited training programs areconductedbytheDWASA

TrainingInstituteneedstobeestablishedwDWASA.

Coordinationamongstakeholders

There have minimum coordination allstakeholders (DMB, CDMP, LGRD/CivilAdmin./Fire Service & Civil Defense/Army/NGOs/CBOs and other relevantministries)

No regular coordination at all levelwith GO, NGO Donors for Disastermanagement

An effective internal &external CoordinationMechanism needs to bedeveloped.

Publicawareness

There are very few training activitieson capacity building and regularMockdrill for preparedness for anyimpending disasters and postdisasterWaterSupply&Sewagemanagement.

Needstoconducttrainings&Mockdrillsregularlyforemergency disasterpreparedness.

Equipments There are scarcity of medicalequipments such as transports,

Needs assessment has tobeconductedbasedonthe

AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments


Typeofgap Description Remarks

medicine,mobile hospitals, emergencymedicines,trainedmanpoweretc.

possible worstcasescenarios and thenrequired resources has tobemobilized.

8.3 Processforaddressingthegaps

Enhanced capabilityof theWater Supply andSewage sector to effectively addresstheriskstoemergenciesthrough: Development of an integrated emergency Water Supply management

mechanism that covers areas of risk assessment, capacity building, publicawarenessaswellaseffectiveemergencyresponsecapability;

Using Water Supply& Sewagemapping" as a useful operational tool for theriskassessmentofthehazardproneareas;

Development of technical guidelines, and surveillance standards in order topromotebestWaterSupplypracticeduringhumanitariancrisissituation;

Capacitybuildingforrapidneedsassessmentfollowinganyemergencyinordertoensure that themostvulnerablepopulationbenefit fromthe humanitarianreliefProgramme.

8.4 ActionPlanforEnhancementofCapacity Establishment of core group at periphery level including all stakeholders

(DMB, CDMP, LGRD/Civil Admin./Fire Service & CivilDefense/Army/NGOs/CBOsandotherrelevantministries)

Enhanced the national capacity of disaster mitigation in respect of planningand responding to disasters, like Earthquakes and Tsunamis by preparingEarthquake/TsunamiResponsePlan

Conductandassessfieldbasedsurveytofindoutvulnerabilityoftheareafortheircapacitybuildingbytabletalk&simulationexercise.

Provide more training capacity building and regular Mock drill forpreparedness for any impending disasters and postdisaster Water Supplymanagement.

Strengthening epidemiological surveillance as well as increase laboratorycapacity.

Ensuringadequatesupplyof logistics like lifejacket,raincoat,umbrella,gumboot,andothersessentialmaterialsduringresponseactivities.

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Manila,PhilipinesADPC(2000),StandardOperationProceduresofUrbanDisasterManagement in the

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DisasterManagement,BangladeshGoB(.), National DisasterManagement Policy, Disaster Management Bureau and

MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement,Bangladesh

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GoI(2007),NationalDisasterManagementGuidelines:ManagementofEarthquakes,NationalDisasterManagementAuthorityGovernmentofIndia

GuptaH.K.,Rajendran,K.andSingh,H.N.,(1986),Seismicityof thenortheast IndiaregionpartI:thedatabase,JournalofGeologicalSocietyofIndia,Vol.28,pp.345365.

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Assistance,InterAgencyStandingCommitteeIFRCS, (2007), Disaster response and contingency planning guide, International

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1998 Flood by Using GIS, Engineering Concerns of Flood. BangladeshUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology(BUET),Bangladesh

NSET(1999),TheKatmanduValleyEarthquakeRiskManagementActionPlan,NepalPacificDisasterCenter(2006),DisasterRiskManagementProfile,DhakaBangladesh

(http://emi.pdc.org/cities/CP_DhakaJuly2006.pdf)Richard C. (2007), Contingency planning and humanitarian action, A Review of

Practice.HPNNetworkPaperNo.59,March2007Sharfuddin, M. (2001), Earthquake Hazard Analysis for Bangladesh. M.Sc. Engg.

UnpublishedThesis,BUET,DhakaUNHCR(2000),ContingencyPlanning,Geneva,SwitzerlandUNHCR and NDCC (2003), Contingency Planning for Emergencies, Geneva,

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ReducingDisaster,AsianDevelopmentBank,Japan

GlossaryofTerms


GlossaryofTermsBuildingCodes Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insurehuman safety andwelfare. Building codes include both technicalandfunctionalstandards.

Capacity Acombinationofallthestrengthsandresourcesavailablewithinacommunity, society or organization that can reduce the level ofrisk,ortheeffectsofadisaster.

Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economicmeans as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such asleadership and management. Capacity may also be described ascapability.

CapacityBuilding Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructureswithinacommunityororganizationneededtoreducethelevelofrisk.

In extended understanding, capacity building also includesdevelopmentofinstitutional,financial,politicalandotherresources,suchastechnologyatdifferentlevelsandsectorsofthesociety.

Cluster Aclusterisessentiallyasectoralgroupandthereshouldbenodifferentiation between the two in terms of their objectives andactivities; the aim of filling gaps and ensuring adequatepreparedness and response should be the same. (IASC GuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)

ClusterApproach TheCluster Approach aims to strengthen humanitarian responsecapacity and effectiveness in five keyways: i) ensuring sufficientglobalcapacityisbuiltupandmaintainedinkeygapsectors/areasof response; ii) identifying predictable leadership in the gapsectors/areas of response; iii) facilitating partnerships andimprovedinteragencycomplementaritybymaximizingresources;iv)strengtheningaccountability;and5) improvingstrategic fieldlevel coordination and prioritization in specific sectors/areas ofresponsebyplacingresponsibilityforleadershipandcoordinationof these issues with the competent operational agency. (IASCGuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)

ClusterLeads Aclusterleadisanagency/organizationthatformallycommitstotake on a leadership role within the international humanitariancommunity in a particular sector/area of activity, to ensureadequate response and high standards of predictability,accountability & partnership. (IASC Guidance Note on Using theClusterApproachNov2006)

Disaster Aseriousdisruptionofthefunctioningofacommunityorasocietycausingwidespreadhuman,material, economicorenvironmentallosses which exceed the ability of the affected community orsocietytocopeusingitsownresources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from thecombinationofhazards,conditionsofvulnerabilityand insufficient

GlossaryofTerms


capacityormeasurestoreducethepotentialnegativeconsequencesofrisk.

DisasterRiskManagement

The systematic process of using administrative decisions,organization, operational skills and capacities to implementpolicies, strategies and coping capacities of the society andcommunitiesto lessenthe impactsofnaturalhazardsandrelatedenvironmental and technological disasters. This comprises allforms of activities, including structural and nonstructuralmeasures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation andpreparedness)adverseeffectsofhazards.

DisasterRiskReduction(disasterreduction)

The conceptual framework of elements considered with thepossibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risksthroughoutasociety,toavoid(prevention)orto limit(mitigationand preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within thebroadcontextofsustainabledevelopment.

Thedisasterriskreduction framework iscomposedofthe followingfieldsofaction,asdescribedinISDR'spublication2002"LivingwithRisk:aglobalreviewofdisasterreductioninitiatives",page23:

Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysisandvulnerability/capacityanalysis;

Knowledge development including education, training,researchandinformation;

Publiccommitmentand institutional frameworks, includingorganisational,policy,legislationandcommunityaction;

Application of measures including environmentalmanagement, landuse and urban planning, protection ofcritical facilities, application of science and technology,partnershipandnetworking,andfinancialinstruments;

Earlywarning systems including forecasting,disseminationofwarnings,preparednessmeasuresandreactioncapacities.

Earthquake An earthquake is a series of vibrations on the earths surfacecausedbythegenerationofelastic(seismic)wavesduetosuddenrupture within the earth during release of accumulated strainenergy.

EmergencyManagement

The organization and management of resources andresponsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, inparticularlypreparedness,responseandrehabilitation.

Emergency management involves plans, structures andarrangements established to engage the normal endeavours ofgovernment,voluntaryandprivateagenciesinacomprehensiveandcoordinatedway to respond to thewhole spectrum of emergencyneeds.Thisisalsoknownasdisastermanagement.

Emergency Consistsofallactivitiestakeninanticipationofacrisistoexpediteeffectiveemergencyresponse.Thisincludescontingencyplanning,

GlossaryofTerms


Preparedness butisnot limitedto it: italsocoversstockpiling,thecreationandmanagementofstandbycapacitiesandtrainingstaffandpartnersin emergency response. (Source: ODIHPN Contingency PlanningReviewPaper2007)

FirstResponder The term 'first responder' refers to those agencies/ individualswho in the early stages of an incident are responsible for theprotection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and theenvironment, including emergency responseproviders aswell asemergencymanagement,publichealth,clinicalcare,publicworks,and other skilled support personnel (such as equipmentoperators) that provide immediate support services duringprevention,response,andrecoveryoperations.

Source:HomelandSecurityActof2002(6U.S.C.101,Washington,U.S.A.)

Geographicinformationsystems(GIS)

Analysis that combine relational databases with spatialinterpretationandoutputsofteninformofmaps.Amoreelaboratedefinition is that of computerprogrammes for capturing, storing,checking, integrating, analysing and displaying data about theearththatisspatiallyreferenced.

Geographicalinformationsystemsareincreasinglybeingutilisedforhazard and vulnerabilitymapping and analysis, aswell as for theapplicationofdisasterriskmanagementmeasures.

Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or humanactivitythatmaycausethelossoflifeorinjury,propertydamage,socialandeconomicdisruptionorenvironmentaldegradation.

Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent futurethreats and can have different origins: natural (geological,hydrometeorologicalandbiological)orinducedbyhumanprocesses(environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazardscanbesingle,sequentialorcombinedintheiroriginandeffects.Eachhazard is characterised by its location, intensity, frequency andprobability.

HazardAnalysis Identification,studiesandmonitoringofanyhazardtodetermineitspotential,origin,characteristicsandbehaviour.

LandusePlanning Branch of physical and socioeconomic planning that determinesthemeansandassessesthevaluesorlimitationsofvariousoptionsinwhich land is tobeutilized,with the corresponding effects ondifferent segments of thepopulationor interests of a communitytakenintoaccountinresultingdecisions.

Landuse planning involves studies and mapping, analysis ofenvironmentalandhazarddata,formulationofalternativelandusedecisionsanddesignofalongrangeplanfordifferentgeographicalandadministrativescales.

Landuseplanningcanhelptomitigatedisastersandreducerisksbydiscouraging highdensity settlements and construction of key

GlossaryofTerms


installations in hazardprone areas, control of population densityand expansion, and in the siting of service routes for transport,power,water,sewageandothercriticalfacilities.

Mitigation Structural and nonstructural measures undertaken to limit theadverseimpactofnaturalhazards,environmentaldegradationandtechnologicalhazards.

NaturalHazards Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere thatmayconstituteadamagingevent.

Natural hazards can be classified by origin namely: geological,hydrometeorological or biological. Hazardous events can vary inmagnitudeorintensity,frequency,duration,areaofextent,speedofonset,spatialdispersionandtemporalspacing.

PlanningAssumptions

Thekeyelementsofascenariothatformthebasisfordevelopingacontingencyplan(forexample,projectedcaseloads)(Source:IASCContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)

Preparedness Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effectiveresponsetotheimpactofhazards,includingtheissuanceoftimelyand effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation ofpeopleandpropertyfromthreatenedlocations.

Prevention Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact ofhazards and means to minimize related environmental,technologicalandbiologicaldisasters.

Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/benefitconsiderations,investinginpreventivemeasuresisjustifiedinareasfrequentlyaffectedbydisasters. In the contextofpublicawarenessandeducation,relatedtodisasterriskreductionchangingattitudesandbehaviourcontributetopromotinga"cultureofprevention".

Recovery Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view torestoring or improving the predisaster living conditions of thestricken community,while encouraging and facilitatingnecessaryadjustmentstoreducedisasterrisk.

Recovery(rehabilitationandreconstruction)affordsanopportunitytodevelopandapplydisasterriskreductionmeasures.

Relief/Response Theprovisionofassistanceorinterventionduringorimmediatelyafteradisastertomeetthelifepreservationandbasicsubsistenceneeds of those people affected. It can be of an immediate, shortterm,orprotractedduration.

Resilience/Resilient The capacity of a system, community or society potentiallyexposed tohazards toadapt,by resistingor changing inorder toreach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning andstructure. This is determined by the degree to which the socialsystem is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity forlearning from past disasters for better future protection and toimproveriskreductionmeasures.

GlossaryofTerms


Retrofitting(orupgrading)

Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant andresilienttotheforcesofnaturalhazards.

Retrofitting involvesconsiderationofchanges inthemass,stiffness,damping, load path and ductility ofmaterials, as well as radicalchangessuchasthe introductionofenergyabsorbingdampersandbase isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes theconsiderationofwind loadingtostrengthenandminimizethewindforce,orinearthquakeproneareas,thestrengtheningofstructures.

Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses(deaths,injuries,property,livelihoods,economicactivitydisruptedor environment damaged) resulting from interactions betweennaturalorhumaninducedhazardsandvulnerableconditions.

Conventionally risk is expressed by the notationRisk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also include theconceptof exposure to referparticularly to thephysicalaspectsofvulnerability.

Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial torecognize that risksare inherentor canbe createdor existwithinsocialsystems.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesocialcontextsinwhichrisks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share thesameperceptionsofriskandtheirunderlyingcauses.(Source:ISDR)

RiskAssessment/Analysis

A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk byanalysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions ofvulnerabilitythatcouldposeapotentialthreatorharmtopeople,property,livelihoodsandtheenvironmentonwhichtheydepend.

Theprocessofconductingariskassessmentisbasedonareviewofboth the technical features of hazards such as their location,intensity, frequency and probability; and also the analysis of thephysical, social, economic and environmental dimensions ofvulnerability and exposure,while taking particular account of thecopingcapabilitiespertinenttotheriskscenarios.

Scenario An account or synopsis of a possible course of events that couldoccur, which forms the basis for planning assumptions (forexample,ariverfloods,coveringanearbytownandwipingoutthelocal populations crop) (Source: IASC Contingency PlanningGuidelines2001)

Scenariobuilding Theprocessofdevelopinghypotheticalscenariosinthecontextofa contingency planning exercise. (Source: IASC ContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)

SeismicHazard Seismichazard in the context of engineeringdesign is defined asthe predicted level of ground acceleration which would beexceededwith10%probabilityatthesiteunderconstructionduetooccurrenceofearthquakeanyw

earthquake contingency plan for dhaka water supply & sewerage authority (dwssa)

Documents

earthquake risk reduction

disaster management

contingency plan

uk department

ministry of food

government ofbangladesh

relativesand otherplaces

series of interactions