earthquake & its hazard management

8/4/2019 Earthquake & Its Hazard Management

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EARTHQUAKE & ITSHAZARD

MANAGEMENT

J.SIRISHA

3RD SEMESTER

ENIRONMENTAL SCIENCES



CONTENTS

WHAT IS A DISASTER? TYPES OF DISASTERS

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER EARTHQUAKE HISTORY CAUSES

CONSEQUENCES HAZARD MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION



DISASTER

Disaster is a natural or man-made eventwhich results in widespread of human

loss, loss of livelihood, property and life.



TYPES OF DISASTERS

1.NATURAL

Tornadoes

Hurricanes Earthquakes

Volcanoes

Floods Tsunamis

Wildfires

2. MAN-MADE

Crime

Terrorism Transport

Climate change

Fire War

Aviation



COMPONENTS OF DISASTER

MANAGEMENT PREPAREDNESS

RESPONSE

RECOVERY

PREVENTION & MITIGATION



EARTHQUAKE

The shaking or trembling caused by thesudden release of energy

Usually associated with faulting orbreaking of rocks

Continuing adjustment of position results

in aftershocks



HISTORY

Earthquakes are mighty killers. About 15,000people are killed by them every year and more

than 100 million people have lost their life dueto earthquakes in the history of mankind.Earthquakes have the power to uproot trees andsend them crashing into buildings. They can

trigger landslides and avalanches and causefires, flooding and tsunamis that cause furtherdevastation.



India or Indian Plate is a tectonic plate that wasoriginally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland from which it split off, eventuallybecoming a major plate. About 50 to 55 million years

ago, it fused with the adjacent Australian Plate. It istoday part of the major Indo-Australian Plate, andincludes the subcontinent of India and a portion of thebasin under the Indian Ocean.

About 90 million years ago, subsequent to the splittingoff from Gondwanaland, the India Plate split fromMadagascar. It began moving north, at about 20 cm/yrand began colliding with Asia between 50 and 55 millionyears ago. During this time, the India Plate covered a

distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km , and moved faster thanany other known plate. In 2007, German geologistsdetermined that the reason the India Plate moved soquickly is that it is only half as thick as the other plateswhich formerly constituted Gondwanaland.



WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES OCCUR AND HOW OFTEN?

80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt

most of these result from convergent margin

activity

15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt

remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and

on spreading ridge centers

more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to befelt are recorded each year



MAGNITUDE 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

8.0-9.9 4 0 1 1 1

7.0-7.9 14 12 16 21 11

6.0-6.9 178 168 144 151 126

5.0-5.9 2074 1768 1896 1963 1550

4.0-4.9 12078 12291 6805 10403 8077



CAUSES

Eruption of volcanoes

Disturbance in movement of plates

Mass destruction of forests

Heavy traffic



CONSEQUENCES

Loss of life

Destruction of biodiversity

Irreparable damage to buildings andhousehold items

Economic loss

Destruction of forests

Scarcity of food and water



HAZARD MANAGEMENT

Loss reduction is a less costly alternativethan disaster recovery .

Loss reduction can be achieved either bymodifying the hazard events itself or byreducing its human impact

The loss reduction can be achieved byadopting certain methods.



METHODS TO BE ADOPTED FOR

HAZARD REDUCTION Hazard resistance design

Retrofitting

Society attentiveness

Worldwide attentiveness

Forecasting and warning Regional land use planning

Information technology



HAZARD RESISTANCE DESIGN

Hazard resistance begins with geo-technical engineers, who apply the

principles of rock and soil mechanics tothe safe design of earth supportedstructures.

Buildings are to be constructed followingstrict building codes due to which the losscan be reduced.



RETROFITTING

It is the art of modifying an existingbuilding to protect it from a damagingevent.

These are quicker to install.

It has been estimated that a retrofit

policy in India and Japan wouldreduce the potential hazard to life,with perhaps a fivefold reduction incasualties from earthquakes.



SOCIETY ATTENTIVENESS

Disaster attentiveness may be defined asthe prearranged emergency measures

taken to minimize the loss of life andproperty damage.

Public understanding and cooperation are

vital elements in the successful operationof any disaster plan.



WORLDWIDE ATTENTIVENESS

One of the major challenges in disasterprevention is to implement effective

attentiveness schemes in the developingnations.

The leading responsibility for this is taken byUNDRO in Geneva supported by variety of

government agencies and NGO’s. UNDRO acts as an effective link between donors

and recipients of aid.



FORECASTING AND WARNING

Forecast and warning systems [FWS] havebecome important due to scientific advances.

Predictions are largely based on statistical theoryand use the historical record of the past events.

Forecasts depend on detection and evaluation of and individual event.

Warnings are messages which advice people atrisk.



REGIONAL LAND USE PLANNING

It is a comprehensive approach, whichseeks to intervene in the process where by

hazard prone land is converted into higherintensity occupation.

The main purpose of land planning is to

guide new residential, commercial andindustrial development away fromidentified hazard zones.



ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SYSTEMSRemote Sensing Systems

Geographic Information System

Global Positioning System

Internet

Communication Technology



Media and Disasters:

Possibility of protocols for media duringdisasters.

Some space/time to be reserved foradvertisements related to disasters prior, duringand after in the media.

Media needs to be sensitized and made apartner in Disaster Mitigation.



Media Managers from the concerned Department.

Advertisements over radio, TV and other channels atpeak time of news. These advertisements can be regionspecific and disaster specific in different local languages.

7. Evaluation and assessment of the level of preparedness

in district level:

Preparation of a checklist or template to assess andevaluate the level of preparedness both for public and

private sector. This can be developed by NIDM or the state DMCs

of ATIs or any other Institute.



PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT &

PREPAREDNESS STRATEGY Development of culture of prevention as an

essential component of an integrated approachto disaster reduction.

Prepare and maintain in a state of readiness,preparedness and response plans.

Adoption of policy of self reliance in vulnerablearea.

Education and training in disaster prevention,mitigation and preparedness for enhancement of capabilities at every level.



The rescue training must be compulsory at

schools, colleges and university level.

Identification and strengthening of excellence inorder to improve disaster prevention, reduction

and mitigation. Emergency support system should be very

effective in which communication, public health,sanitation, power, transport, media etc should

come together to reduce the hazard.



Enhancing the capacity of the vulnerable groupsand how to ensure relief for them.

Empowering them shall start from keeping

them informed/educated.

Both men and women should be equallybenefited in terms of relief and other

compensations. The cheques Accounts have tobe issued in the name of both equally.



Integration of the efforts of corporate

sector in relief and rehabilitation

Requirements of relief material

should be specified and communicated tothe suppliers/donors to avoid supply of any unwanted relief items.



The demands/requirements should be made

known to people through All India Radio & Doordarshan.

The list of minimum basic requirements of relief should be prepared keeping in view thevulnerability of the District/Tehsil.

Performance criteria to be fixed in casesome agency wants to work in a district hitarea.



Disaster Rescue, Relief and Rehabilitation-structureprocesses and manuals at state and district level.

1. Structure of Disaster Management at Sub-district level

Tehsil level Disaster Management committees underTehsildar with other departments as members should be

constituted with due representation of panchayats & NGO’s



Visits of VVIP

While preparing the State Disaster Management Bill,it should be incorporated in the bill as to how tominimize the protocol of the VIPs during disasters.

3. Civil Military synergy already exists.

4. Inventory of resources / equipment needed

Resource inventory listing out all crucial equipmentavailable and requirements at the district and tehsillevels needs to be prepared and updated.



5. Empowering the community:

Civil Defense and Red Cross

volunteers, students, teachers, panchayatsfunctionaries should be involved andstrengthened to empower community.



Natural Disasters would keep happening,we cannot avoid them, so let’s prepareourselves.

Lets build a Disaster ManagementInformation System..............



In the coming years the new

technologies in communication

and information will potentiallyredefine the conventional disaster

management system



CONCLUSION

Recognizing the fact that hazard mitigation pays highsocial and economic dividends. Carry out the engineering, architecture and planning

measures-Risk Assessment

-Land use zoning-Planning of habitat-Implementation of building codes

Create the supportive structure of -public awareness-education and training-research and development about the safety fromnatural disasters

Appropriate policy, financial and institutional support at

national and state levels need to be provided for puttingthis strategy into a workable action plan.



FINALLY,

The international community shoulddemonstrate strong political determination

required to mobilize adequate and makeefficient use of existing resources,including financial, scientific andtechnological means, in the field of natural

disaster reduction, bearing in mind theneeds of the developing countries,particularly the least developed countries.



REFERENCES

US Geological Survey web resources onearthquakes http://quake.wr.usgs.gov

Disaster Preparedness: Mitigation andResponse New Technologies and Systemsby P.V.K. Reddy. IPS, Director NISA,Hyderabad.

Disaster management future challengesand opportunities by Jagbir singh.

http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/

http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/

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