earthquakes amy o’brien 1. why do we have earthquakes? fluid rock moving inside the earth the...
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EARTHQUAKESAmy O’Brien
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Why do we have earthquakes?Fluid rock moving inside the
earthThe outer layer (called the
lithosphere) is solid.The second layer (the
athenosphere) is fluid.
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Credit: U.S. Geological Survey Department of the Interior/USGS
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The athenosphere is fluid because it has a high pressure and temperature.
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The center of the earth is hotter than the outside.
The athenosphere closest to the center gets hotter and rises towards the surface.
It cools and goes back toward the center.
Get convection currentsEg. Lava lamp
Credit: Windows to the Universewindows2universe.org
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Tectonic platesThe lithosphere is broken into
sections called tectonic plates.
Source: http://ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/tectonic-map.jpg
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What do the convection currents do to the plates?◦Cause the plates to move
What do the movements cause?◦Mountains◦Trenches in the ocean◦Volcanoes◦Earthquakes
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8Source: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.earth-sciences/files/jpg/geodyn/images/ets_fig1_e.jpg
Credit: www.nrcan.gc.ca
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WavesWaves travel through the earth
away from the plates that moved.What does a wave look like?
Source: http://blackandwhitecomputer.blogspot.ca/2012/09/analog-signal-and-data.html
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Examples of waves
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/~myazdani/PHYS3220/index.html
http://sciencedoing.blogspot.ca/2012/10/sound-wave.html
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Earthquake wavesTwo types of waves travel
through earth:◦P-waves: longitudinal, faster◦S-waves: transverse, slower
The Earth has layers◦Waves are refracted
Credit: http://people.physics.carleton.ca/~watson/Physics/1000_level/1008_Waves_and_Optics/1008_Geometric_Optics.html
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Credit: http://www.csu.edu.au/
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Questions 1-4
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Solutions (Questions 1-4)
1.
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2.
3.
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4.
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Detecting P and S wavesUse a seismograph
Credit: earthsci.org/index.html
Credit: http://aggas2nd.blogspot.ca/2011/04/ancient-seismograph.html
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P and S waves travel at different speeds, so they arrive at different times.
Credit: ://panda.unm.edu/Courses/Price/Phys160/HW38.htm
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So, we can tell what distance the waves traveled based on how far apart the P and S waves are.
But we don’t know what direction the waves came from.
Get a circle of where the waves could have come from
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When you have data from at least three seismographs, you can find where the waves came from.
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Richter scaleRanks amount of energy in
earthquakeUses a logarithmic scale
Credit: http://mishunderstanding.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/what-is-the-richter-scale/
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Richter scale examplesOttawa
◦Nov 5, 2012: magnitude 4.2◦Rattled houses, but no damage
Haida Gwaii (one of the islands of the coast of B.C.)◦Nov 1,2012: magnitude 7.7◦Shut off the hot springs
Largest recorded: Chile◦May 22, 1960: magnitude 9.5
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Surface wavesTravel away from the source
along the surfaceSlower than the P and S wavesTwo types:
◦Love waves: faster, transverse waves
◦Rayleigh waves: slower, longitudinal and transverse waves
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Doing damageResonance
◦Buildings have a natural frequency◦If the frequency of the wave is the
same as the natural frequency of the building (or a multiple of it), the building will shake a lot more
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Questions 5-7
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5.
6.
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7.
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SummaryThe athenosphere has convection
currents.The currents cause tectonic
plates to move, causing earthquakes.
Waves travel through the earth and on the surface