earthquakes and deformation of the crust 1. 2 deformation of the crust stress –force that causes...
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Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust
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Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust
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Deformation of the Crust
• Stress –Force that causes pressure in the
rocks of the earth’s crust
• Strain
–Change in the shape or volume of rocks from stress
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Rock Layers Experience
shearing compression
tension
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Folding
• When rock becomes permanently deformed without breaking–Anticline–Syncline–Monocline
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Anticline• When rock layers are folded
and uplifted into arch like patterns
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Syncline• Downward folds like a
bowl
• Or sink
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Monocline• Gently dipping fold in the rock
layers
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Faulting • Fault
–Break in rock
–Rocks on either side of the break move
• Fracture–Break in rock with no movement.
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Folds Vs. Faults
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Footwall & Hanging Wall
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Normal Fault • Fault plane is 45° or more• Hanging wall drops relative to the
footwall• Divergent boundaries
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Reverse Fault
• Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall
• Due to compression
Fault plane is 45°
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Thrust Fault
• Special kind of reverse fault
• Fault angle is less than 45°
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Strike Slip
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Reverse Normal
Thrust Blind Thrust
Strike Slip
Oblique
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Mountain Formation
• Smallest to Biggest–Mountain
–Mountain range
–Mountain system
–Mountain belt
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Mountain Belts
• Evidence that mountains are created when lithospheric plates collide
• Name some examples• Appalachians?
–Formed where plates collided in the past
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Folded Mountains
• Formed when tectonic movements have squeezed the rock layers together like an accordion
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Fault Block Mountain
• Formed when faulting breaks the Earth’s crust into large sections
• The sections are uplifted and tilted
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Fault Block Mountain and Graben
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Grabens• long narrow valley formed by
faulting and downward slippage of a crustal block
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Volcanic Mountains
• Formed when molten rock erupts onto the earth’s surface
•
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Dome mountains
• Created when molten rock pushes up rock layers on the Earth’s surface
• Then the layers then are worn away in places, leaving separate high peaks.
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Earthquake
• vibration of the Earth
• produced by the rapid release of energy
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• Elastic Rebound Theory explains the cause of earthquakes.
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Elastic Rebound Theory
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Elastic Rebound Theory• Rocks are moving slowly on
either side of a fault• if the fault is locked in place,
stress in the rocks increases• Rocks that are strained past a
certain point will fracture, move, and spring back to their original shape
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Locked
• When friction prevents the rocks on either side of a fault from sliding past each other
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• Most earthquakes occur along or near the edges of the earth’s – lithospheric plates
• Fault Zone– group of interconnected faults
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San Andreas Fault Zone• has formed where the edge of the
Pacific plate is slipping north along the North American plate
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San Andreas Fault zone
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Aftershocks
• tremor that follows a major earthquake
• is smaller
• Caused or related to the major earthquake
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Focus
• zone along a fault where slippage first occurs
• produces an earthquake
• 0rigin of the quake
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Epicenter
• point on the Earth’s directly above the focus of an earthquake
• May or may not be the point of greatest shaking, most damage
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Focus and Epicenter
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Seismograph
• instrument for recording seismic waves
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Seismograph
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Seismograph
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Modern Day Seismograph
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Richter Scale•Measure of the magnitude of a quake, or energy released
•31.7 times more energy is released for every whole number
• 3.1 to 5.1?• 31.7 x 31.7 = approx. 1000
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Seismic Waves
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P waves S waves
L waves
Speed Fastest Middle Slowest
Amp-litude
Smallest Middle Largest
Period Shortest Middle Longest
Medium
Solid, gas, liquid
Solids On the Surface
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Earth Quake Location
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Earth Quake Location
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Earth Quake Location