Earthquakes

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9A

Figure 11.9B

Figure 11.9C

Figure 11.9D

Measuring earthquakes:

• Richter scale: each number is a 10-fold increase in wave amplitude (ground shaking) and a 32-fold increase in energy release.

• Focus: The point at depth where the energy is released

• Epicenter: The point at the surface above the focus

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.13

Wordwide earthquake distribution

Table 11.2

Table 11.4

Table 11.1

Loma Prieta, 1989

Hazards

• Liquefaction

• Wave amplification

• Tsunamis

• Landslides

• Fires

• Seiches

• Human induced earthquakes

Figure 11.18

Kobe 1995

Figure 11.19

Loma Prieta (1989) Amplification

Tsunami

Figure 11.20

Sumatra 2004 Tsunami Hits Thailand Beach

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22AB

Figure 11.22C

Figure 11.23

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Earthquake prediction

• Seismic gap method

• Probability based on known frequency

• Spatial trends

• Foreshocks

• Animals?

Figure 11.25

Figure 11.26

Figure 11.E

Figure 11.F

Figure 11.5