earthquakes natural vibrations of earth’s ground caused by: - movement along tectonic plates -or...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by:
- Movement along tectonic plates
-OR
-Volcanic eruptions
![Page 2: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Forces Within Earth
Fracture caused when:
-the forces acting on the Earth’s Crust exceed the strength of the Crust and Rocks
The Deformation of material caused by:
-Stress
In the Forms of:
- Compression
- Tension
- Shear
![Page 3: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Earthquakes occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates.
• See a lot of EQ’s in places like Japan and California.
• FACT: 3 million earthquakes happen every year!
![Page 4: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Faults• A fault is the fracture or system of fractures along
which movement occurs.
• The surface along which the movement takes places is called the fault plane.
![Page 6: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of Faults
![Page 7: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Types of Faults
• Reverse faults are fractures that form as
a result of horizontal compression.
• Normal faults are fractures caused by horizontal tension.
• Strike-slip faults are fractures caused by horizontal shear.
![Page 8: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• When rocks break during an earthquake energy is released in the form of seismic waves.• These waves travel in all directions.
• Focus is the exact point within the earth where the rock first breaks.
• Epicenter is the point on the surface immediately above the focus.
![Page 10: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Waves spread out as a wave travels.
![Page 15: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3 types of waves associated with an EQ
p-wave
s-wave
surface wave
![Page 16: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
P-WAVE• primary wave
• longitudinal type wave
• fastest wave: 6 km/sec
![Page 17: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Longitudinal
![Page 18: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
S-WAVE
• secondary wave
• transverse wave• ½ speed of a p-wave: 3 km/sec
• they do not travel through liquids
![Page 19: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Transverse
![Page 20: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Transverse Waves
• A wave that causes the particles of the medium to vibrate perpendicularly to the direction the wave travels.
![Page 21: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SURFACE WAVE
• they travel along earths surface
• it’s the wave you “feel” during an earthquake
• up/down and back/forth motion
• slowest of all 3 waves
![Page 22: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Surface Waves
• Occurs in a liquid
• Circular particle motion
![Page 23: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Surface Waves
• Occur at the boundary of two different mediums such as water and air.
![Page 24: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Surface Waves cont
• Surface waves have a rolling pattern of particle motion.
![Page 25: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Raleigh Waves
• Occurs in solid rock
• Particles move in elliptical path
![Page 27: Earthquakes Natural vibrations of Earth’s ground caused by: - Movement along tectonic plates -OR -Volcanic eruptions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649f165503460f94c2be9c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)