earth’s atmosphere
DESCRIPTION
Earth’s Atmosphere. Evolution – Additional references Evolution of the atmosphere (Walker, 1975) Chemistry of Atmospheres (Wayne, 1991) Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere (Warneck, 2000) Kump, Nature , 2008 Falkowski, Science , 2005 Arrhenius law Atmospheric fraction of CO 2 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Earth’s Atmosphere
Evolution – Additional references– Evolution of the atmosphere (Walker, 1975)
– Chemistry of Atmospheres (Wayne, 1991)
– Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere (Warneck, 2000)
– Kump, Nature, 2008
– Falkowski, Science, 2005
– Arrhenius law
• Atmospheric fraction of CO2
• Temperature structure– Manabe and Wetherald, JAS, 1967
– Manabe and Stickler, JAS, 1964
• Atmospheric radiation
Wayne, 1991
Warneck, 2000
Banded iron formations
Red beds
Mass dependent fractionation
Mass independent fractionation
Kump, 2008
Warneck,2000
Methanogens
http://www.snowballearth.org/overview.html
Falkowski et al., 2005
Falkowski et al., 2005
Temperature (K)
KH
JAS, 1964
Fraunhoffer Lines
• First observed by Wollatson (1802). Fraunhoffer independently discovered them in 1814 and studied them thoroughly.
• The continuous emission of photosphere is interrupted by selective absorption and re-emission in upper photosphere. Seen in visible and IR spectra only as absorption lines. Lines at < 185 nm appear in emission.
• Fraunhoffer mapped over 570 lines. Later these lines were associated with atoms/molecules in the upper solar atmosphere.
Na O2Fe
H – Balmer series
Primary atmospheric molecules involved in
absorption of radiation
• Atmospheric molecules are characterized by discrete rotational and vibrational energy states in addition to the electronic transitions.
• Transitions– Electronic – Ionization,
dissassociation – UV some visible.
– Vibrational – IR, far IR
– Rotational – far IR, microwave
• The lower energy states significantly impact terrestrial radiation, which peaks in the IR.
Bohren and Clothiaux, 2006
Ionize Dissasociate Vibrational --- Rotational
O3
CO2
H2O
CH4