Earth’sEarth’sInteriorInterior

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

CrustCrustOutermost layer of solid rock that Outermost layer of solid rock that

includes both dry land and ocean includes both dry land and ocean floorfloor

5-70 kilometers thick5-70 kilometers thickTwo TypesTwo Types

Oceanic Crust - made of mostly Oceanic Crust - made of mostly basalt- Thinnest Crust - 7 km avgbasalt- Thinnest Crust - 7 km avg

Continental Crust - made of mostly Continental Crust - made of mostly granite- Thickets crust - 35 km avggranite- Thickets crust - 35 km avg

MantleMantleMade of very hot, but solid rockMade of very hot, but solid rockAbout 3000 kilometers thickAbout 3000 kilometers thickMoho - the boundary between the Moho - the boundary between the

mantle and the crustmantle and the crustLithosphere - crust & upper Lithosphere - crust & upper

mantlemantleAsthenosphere - soft layer of Asthenosphere - soft layer of

mantle, like road tarmantle, like road tarLower mantle - solid, hot rockLower mantle - solid, hot rock

The mantle exhibits The mantle exhibits plasticity, where plasticity, where molten rock bends molten rock bends and flowsand flows

Convections currents Convections currents exist in the mantle.exist in the mantle.

Cooler, denser Cooler, denser mantle material mantle material sinks toward the sinks toward the core and warmer, core and warmer, less dense mantle less dense mantle material rises material rises toward the crust.toward the crust.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Outer CoreOuter CoreMolten, liquid metalMolten, liquid metal

Inner CoreInner CoreDense ball of solid Dense ball of solid metalmetal

STRESSSTRESS

As rocks undergo STRESS, As rocks undergo STRESS, the DEFORMthe DEFORM

Stress - the forces that Stress - the forces that push and pull on the push and pull on the Earth’s crustEarth’s crust

Deformation - an change Deformation - an change in the original shape or in the original shape or volume of rocksvolume of rocks

Types of StressesTypes of Stresses

CompressionCompression - type of stress - type of stress that squeezes rocks togetherthat squeezes rocks together

TensionTension - type of stress that - type of stress that pulls rocks apartpulls rocks apart

Shearing Shearing - type of stress that - type of stress that pushes rocks in two opposite pushes rocks in two opposite horizontal directionshorizontal directions

STRESS can cause rocks to STRESS can cause rocks to FRACTUREFRACTURE

FractureFracture - break or - break or crack in rockscrack in rocks

STRESS can also cause STRESS can also cause FAULTSFAULTS

FAULTFAULT - a break or - a break or crack along which crack along which rocks move rocks move

FaultsFaults

Hanging WallHanging Wall - the block of - the block of rock above a fault. Longer at rock above a fault. Longer at the topthe top

Foot WallFoot Wall - the block of rock - the block of rock below a fault. Longer at the below a fault. Longer at the bottombottom

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Types of FaultsTypes of Faults Normal FaultNormal Fault - a fault in which the hanging - a fault in which the hanging

wall moves down relative to the foot wallwall moves down relative to the foot wall

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Reverse FaultReverse Fault - - a fault in which the foot wall a fault in which the foot wall moves down relative to the hanging wallmoves down relative to the hanging wall

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Example - Example - Thrust FaultThrust Fault - a reverse fault - a reverse fault in which the hanging wall slides over the in which the hanging wall slides over the

foot wallfoot wall

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Lateral (Strike slip) faultLateral (Strike slip) fault - a fault - a fault along which the rocks move along which the rocks move horizontally past each otherhorizontally past each other

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Fault block mountainFault block mountain

A mountain formed by A mountain formed by blocks of rocks uplifted blocks of rocks uplifted from normal faultsfrom normal faults

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Rift ValleyRift ValleyA valley formed when the A valley formed when the

block of land between block of land between two normal faults slides two normal faults slides downward.downward.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

STRESS can also cause STRESS can also cause FOLDINGFOLDING

FOLDFOLD - a bend in rock - a bend in rock

Types of FoldsTypes of Folds

AnticlineAnticline - an upward fold in - an upward fold in rocksrocks

SynclineSyncline - an downward fold - an downward fold in rocksin rocks

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

The 4 factors that determine The 4 factors that determine whether a rock will fault or whether a rock will fault or

fold:fold:Temperature Temperature PressurePressureRock typeRock typeHow the stress is appliedHow the stress is applied

Geographic FeaturesGeographic Features

Plateau - a large area Plateau - a large area of flat land that is of flat land that is raised high above sea raised high above sea level and consists of level and consists of horizontal rock layershorizontal rock layers

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Domes - a raised area Domes - a raised area shaped like the top of shaped like the top of a sphere often formed a sphere often formed by magma pushing by magma pushing rock layers upward.rock layers upward.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.