ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
E-BIKES: GENERATING THE NEW WAVE OF CYCLISTS
John MacArthurSustainable Transportation Program ManagerOTREC at Portland State University
IBPI Webinar - June 9, 2014
![Page 2: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation Outline
•Why do e-bikes matter?•What is an e-bike?•U.S. regulations review•North American e-bike user survey•Conclusions
![Page 3: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
WHY DO E-BIKES MATTER?
![Page 4: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
US Transport Sector
Impacts
Safety 32,788 fatalities in 2010 (-3% from 2009) 1.09 fatalities per 100 MVMT (VMT +0.7% in 2010) 2.2 M injuries in 2009 5.3 M crashes in 2011 $230 B total cost (including medical) Leading cause of death for ages 4 to 34Accessibility, Reliability and Mobility 4.8B hours travel delay (34 hours/auto commuter) $121 billion cost of urban congestionHousehold Expenses Second biggest monthly expense, after housingEnvironmental 28% of GHG emissions (78% CO, 58% NOx, 36% VOCs) 29% of energy consumed (mostly petroleum) 70% of petroleum consumption (60% imported) 3.9 billion gallons of wasted fuel
Source: Prof. Robert Bertini
![Page 5: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Commute Mode Share for Portland
2030
BikeWalkTelecommuteCarpoolTransitDrive Alone
Reduce per capita daily vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) by 30 % from 2008 levels.
Portland Climate Action Plan, 2009
2009
BikeWalkCarpoolTransitDrive Alone
![Page 6: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Large US Cities Ranked by % Bicycle Commuting
Portlan
d
Was
hingto
n
San Fran
cisco
Tucso
n
Sacram
ento
Philad
elphia
Boston
Chicag
o
Tampa
St. Lou
is
Baltim
oreMiam
i
New Y
ork C
ity
Columbu
s
Atlanta
Anahe
im
Stockto
n
Cincinn
ati
Kansa
s City
Toledo
Charlo
tte
Dallas
El Pas
o0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
Source: US Census Bureau, 2012 American Community Survey
![Page 7: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why don’t people bike more?• Safety• Lack of infrastructure• Weather• Inconvenience• Logistic issues• Lack of fitness• Lack of time• Too much effort• Can’t carry what you need• Lack of confidence
![Page 8: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shifting the four types of cyclists
56% Interested but Concerned
31% No Way, No How
9% Enthused &Confident
Geller, 2006 and Dill & McNeil, 2012
4% Strong & Fearless
![Page 9: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
People that are older
![Page 10: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
People who live in areas that are hilly
![Page 11: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
People who commute distances greater than 5 miles
![Page 12: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
People that have a physical limitation that makes cycling difficult
![Page 13: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Woman tend to bike less that men. Women make up approx. 25% of all bike trips in the US.
![Page 14: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
People don’t always feel safe biking in traffic
![Page 15: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
People who don’t want to sweat or wear special clothes to commute
![Page 16: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
People who need to carry or haul items or people
![Page 17: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What are the critical pieces to increase cycling?
Cost
Programs&
PoliciesAttitudes
InfrastructureCritical Mass
Technology
![Page 18: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
WHAT IS AN E-BIKE?
![Page 19: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What is an electric bike?
Battery
Motor (Hub or Chain drive)
Power controls&
Gear shifts
![Page 20: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Come in all shapes and sizes
![Page 21: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Different types of the e-bikes
Throttle Pedelec
Powered bicycle (PB) Powered-assisted bicycle (PAB)
![Page 22: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Not considered “e-bikes”
Moped Scooter
![Page 23: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How Much Faster Are E-bikes?• AASHTO 2012 design criteria – bike facilities
• 8-15 mph pave level terrain; 20-30 mph downhill; 5-12 uphill; 15 mph avg. operational speed
• Landis et al. 2004, conventional bikes travel 11 mph (avg.), 14 mph (85% percentile), 1% > 20 mph
• Cherry & He 2009, avg. conventional bike 6.9 mph (std. 3.3) / avg. e-bike 9.0 mph (std. 5.5) or 31-35% faster
• Langford & Cherry 2013, UT study of e-bikes (avg. 8.3 mph; 85th percentile 12.4 mph); conventional bikes( avg. 6.5 mph; 85th percentile speed 10.6 mph)
Facility Mean (mph) Max (mph) Min (mph)Bike path 12.6 24.4 2.7
Bicycle lane 15.5 25.4 2.5
Sidewalk 11.5 18.7 2.1
No facility 11.8 22.9 5.0Opiela et al ., 1980
![Page 24: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A Naturalistic Cycling Study in Sweden
Dozza, et al. 2013
8.7 mph
14 mph
![Page 25: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Market for E-bikesElectric Bicycle Sales by Region, World Markets: 2012-2018
Source: Navigant/Pike Research
![Page 26: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Projected US Growth
Source: Navigant/Pike Research
![Page 27: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
U.S. REGULATIONS REVIEW
![Page 28: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
International Definitions ComparedRegion Power
LimitTop Speed
PB allowed
PAB allowed
Other
US 750W 20 mph Yes Yes Has operating pedals
Canada 500W 20 mph Yes Yes Has operating pedals, <265 lbs.
EU 250W 15.5 mph No Yes Motor operates during pedaling only
China No limit 12.4 mph Yes Yes Has operating pedals, < 88 lbs.
Rest of Asia
250W 15 mph No Yes Has operating pedals
Australia 200W/250W
Not specified
Yes Yes Has operating pedals
![Page 29: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Definition of an E-bike (Federal)• Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
• The Consumer Product Safety Act regulates the use of low-speed electric bicycles to “two-or three-wheeled vehicle with fully operable pedals and an electric motor of less than 750 watts (1 horse power), whose maximum speed on a paved level surface, when powered solely by such a motor while ridden by an operator who weighs 170 pounds, is less than 20 mph” Sec. 38 [15 U.S.C. § 2085]
• Regulation only pertains to manufacturing and first sell
• Now for the confusing part:• d) This section shall supersede any State law or requirement with respect to low-
speed electric bicycles to the extent that such State law or requirement is more stringent than the Federal law or requirements referred to in subsection (a).
![Page 30: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
State & local regulations• States define the device & determine where it can used
• Many state use regulations in place governing "moped", "motorcycle", "motorized bicycle", "motorscooter", "scooter", and/or "motor-driven cycle."
• Oregon - ORS 801.258 “Has a power output of not more than 1,000 watts” but ORS 807.020(15) “A person may operate an electric assisted bicycle without a driver license or driver permit if the person is 16 years of age or older.”
• Many cities defer to the state regulation and classification
• Some cities are addressing e-bikes: Boulder, Eugene, Bloomfield (CO), Toronto, Chicago, Tucson, New York City
![Page 31: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Unique case of New York/New York State• Motorized devices that cannot be
registered in New York – including “motor-assisted bicycle”
• A business using a bicycle for commercial purposes shall not possess any motorized scooter and shall not permit any employee of such business to operate such a motorized scooter on behalf of such business. (Local Laws 2013/40 & 41)• Motorized scooter - …capable of propelling the
device without human power and is not capable of being registered with the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles
• Proposed bills in New York State Assembly and Senate (A1618A-2013 and S390A-2013)
![Page 32: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Minimum age
12
14
15
16
18
No minimum age
Data unavailable
![Page 33: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Classified as bicycle
No
Yes
![Page 34: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
E-bike-specific definition
No
Yes
No “home rule”
![Page 35: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Driver’s license and vehicle registration
No
Yes
Vehicle registration required
![Page 36: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Maximum power output specified
500 W / 0.67 HP
750 W / 1 H.P.
1000 W / 1.34 H.P.
> 1000 W / 1.34 H.P.
Piston displacement (cc)
Unspecified limit
Data unavailable
![Page 37: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Data unavailable
18 – 20 mph
25 mph
30 – 31 mph
No limit set
Speed limit
![Page 38: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Policy Questions & Implications• Technology
• Motor size; Speed; Weight; Dimensions; Pedals (Functional?)
• Rider/Passenger• Age; Helmet; License; Registration
• Use• Separated/protected bike path; Bike lane; Shared use path; Sidewalk & Trails
![Page 39: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
How do you feel about these e-bikes?
![Page 40: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
NORTH AMERICAN E-BIKE USER SURVEY
![Page 41: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What Is Our Research Question?
Will e-bikes…
•Get more people to bike, and
•Get people to bike more often.
![Page 42: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Survey Methodology• Adapted a survey instrument from
the Institute of Transport Studies at Monash University
• The survey was distributed through e-bike blogs & forums, Facebook pages, Twitter accounts, e-mails to manufacturers and retailers, and via postcards to retailers in the Portland region.
• March 7 – July 1, 2013• 553 e-bike owners responded to
the survey
![Page 43: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Geography of survey respondents
![Page 44: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Demographics
Male Female
85%
15%
n=553Gender
18 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 and over
1%10%
18%26%
32%13%
n=451
Age
4%
25%
37% 34%Education
n=448
Under $15,000$15,000 to $25,000$25,000 to $35,000
$35,000 to $50,000$50,000 to $75,000
$75,000 to $100,000$100,000 to$150,000
$150,000 or more
5%7%7%
13%18%
16%18%
16%Income
N = 448
![Page 45: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Demographic summary 90% White, 5% Asian, 5% other (n=428) 90% have access to a motor vehicle, 7% no vehicle 30% indicated that they have a physical condition that
makes riding a standard bike difficult (n=450)
Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
How would you rate your general health?
n=449
![Page 46: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Purchase Decisions48% purchased an e-bike,
while 52% converted a standard bike to electric-assist.
What type of bike did you convert?
Road
Mounta
in
Hybrid
Folding
Recum
bent
Wom
en's/
Commute
r
Cargo/X
tracy
cleOthe
r
11%
40%
16%
2%
10%7%
13%
1%
![Page 47: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
In which year did you purchase your electric bike or conversion kit?
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005 or before
13%
34%
20%
11%
11%
5%
2%
3%
3%
n=421
![Page 48: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
How much did your electric bike or conversion kit cost to purchase?
$500 or less
$501 - $1,000
$1,000 - $1,500
$1,501 - $2,000
$2,001 - $2,500
$2,501 or more
10%
18% 18% 16%14%
25%
18%
28%24%
17%
6%8%
Purchased Converted
n=414
![Page 49: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What were the main reasons you bought an electric bike, or converted a standard bicycle?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Male FemaleRespondents w/ physical limitation Respondents w/out a physical limitationRespondents <55 Respondents >55
![Page 50: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
What is the main reason that you use your electric bike (purpose of trips)?
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
MaleFemaleRespondents w/ physical limitationRespondents w/out a physical limitationRespondents < 55Respondents > 55
![Page 51: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Bike Use 94% indicated they had rode a
standard bike as an adult 55% rode their standard bike weekly
or daily prior to e-bike purchase --this went up to 93% after purchase
Of the 6% that hadn’t rode a bike as an adult, of those 89% ride their e-bike daily or weekly
Over 90% use their e-bikes weekly or daily
“To replace 95% of car trips and make commuting fun” – Survey Respondent
![Page 52: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Getting around 45% indicated that they take a different
route on their e-bike than a standard bike
35% don’t avoid hills on e-bike and 31% will take more direct or higher traffic route on e-bike but 30% say they take lower traffic or less direct route
Three quarters (73%) ride to different destinations on their e-bikes than they did on a standard bike
“I have bad knees( I'm retired, 68 years old). If I pedal a bike my range is limited by pain to about 5 to 6 miles. The e-bikes has a range per charge of 30 to 35 miles.” – Survey Respondent
![Page 53: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What are the different destinations you ride to on your electric bike?
• 52% of women responded that they take a different route on their electric bike than they did on their standard bike as compared to 42% of men.
• 82% of women responded that they ride to different destinations on their electric bike than they did on their standard bike compared to 73% of men.
Errands
/Soc
ial Eve
nts
Hillier d
estin
ations
/origi
ns
Places f
arther
away
Commute
Recre
ational
trips
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
![Page 54: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What are the main advantages to riding an e-bike?
Increa
sed s
peed
/rang
e
Ride w
ith le
ss ef
fort/H
elp on
hills
Health
Cheap
er tra
nspo
rtatio
nFun
Car rep
lacem
ent/e
nviro
nmen
tal
Allow to
ride w
hen o
therw
ise co
uldn’t
Increa
sed c
argo c
apac
ity0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
![Page 55: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What are the main disadvantage to riding an e-bike?
Weig
ht
Inclement
weather
NoneCost
Limite
d range
Increas
ed co
mplexit
y, more
thing
s to f
ail
Cars, h
aving t
o deal w
ith ot
her r
oad use
rs
Security
/Fear
of th
eft/Van
dalis
m
Battery
charg
ing tim
e0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%
![Page 56: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Limitations of survey
•No response rate•Method of delivery•Online survey and self reporting use•Not random and potential basis
![Page 57: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Survey conclusions• Have a potential to get more people on bikes
• Older adults• People with physical limitations• Women (?)
I live in a hilly town and would never commute to work on a standard bike -- I wouldn't be able to make it up the hills. My electric assist bike makes commuting by bike possible. I am age 78, legally blind, live alone in a semi-rural area. 4 miles to the nearest scheduled bus route and town, 7 miles to my favorite shopping area, 12 miles to my church.
![Page 58: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Survey conclusions• Encourages more people to bike more often & to more distant locations• Commuters
• Less sweaty, not strenuous• Not avoiding trips or locations• Enjoy biking!
• Reported increase in bike usage
I use the e-bike primarily as a substitute for the car where I would have otherwise would have driven a car. I can carry my son and a week’s worth of groceries.
![Page 59: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS
![Page 60: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Conclusions• Evidence suggests that e-bikes are becoming more prevalent
in North America
• E-bikes can help get more people biking and biking more often
• Technology should be added to the bike promotion & planning dialogue
• The federal & state regulatory landscape needs to be standardized to decrease confusion and help the market grow
• Transportation agencies need to be aware of emerging technologies and their implications for how the transportation system should be designed, regulated and operated.
• Should e-bikes be given the same distinguish as bicycles?
• What are the safety implications of these new emerging technologies?
![Page 61: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Contact InformationJohn MacArthur• [email protected]• 503-725-2866
For more and reports go to: ebike.research.pdx.edu
Thanks to Prof. Jennifer Dill, Nicholas Kobel and Mark Person for their work on the research projects and OTREC/NITC for funding this project.
Special thanks to Geoffrey Rose & Marilyn Johnson, Institute of Transport Studies at Monash University for the use of the survey instrument and Chris Cherry, University of Tennessee, for his assistance and review.
![Page 62: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
References• Cherry, C. & He M. Alternative Methods of Measuring Operating Speed of Electric and Traditional Bikes in
China-Implications for Travel Demand Models. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7, 2009.
• Dozza M., J. Werneke, M., Mackenzie. e‐BikeSAFE: A Naturalistic Cycling Study to Understand how Electrical Bicycles Change Cycling Behavior and Influence Safety. Proceedings, International Cycling Safety Conference 2013, Helmond, The Netherlands, 20‐21 November 2013.
• Gojanovic, B.,Wleker, J., Iglesias, K.,Daucourt,C. & Gremion, G. Electric Bicycles as a New Active Transportation Modality to Promote Health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2204-2210. 2011.
• Landis, B. W., Petritsch, T. A., & Huang, H. F. (2004). Characteristics of emerging road and trail users and their safety, report no. FHWA-HRT-04-103.
• Louis, J., Brisswalter J., Morio C., Barla C., Temrado J-J., The Electrically assisted bicycle: An alternative way to promote physical activity. American Jounral Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. pp. 931-940, 2012.
• MacArthur, J., Dill, J., & Person, M. (2014). E-Bikes in the North America: Results from an online survey. In Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.
• Navigant Research - Hurst, D., & Gartner, J. (2013). Executive summary: Electric bicycles global market opportunities, barriers, technology issues, and demand forecasts for e-bicycles, pedal-assist bicycles, and e-bicycle batteries and motors. Boulder, CO:
• Rose, G. (2011). E-bikes and urban transportation: Emerging issues and unresolved questions. Transportation, 39, 81–96. doi:10.1007/s11116-011-9328-y
• Rose, Geoff & P. Cock, “Encouraging E-bike use: the need for regulatory reform in Australia.” Presentation for Transport Research at Monash University. Working Paper ITS-WP-03-19, 2003.
• Simons, M.,Van Es, E. & Hendriksen, I. Electrically Assisted Cycling: A New Mode for Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines?. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2204-2210. 2011.
![Page 63: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Questions
?
![Page 64: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Health Impacts• Metabolic equivalents (METs)
• Light intensity activities < 3 METs• Moderate physical activity 3-6 METs• Vigorous-intense activity > 6 METs
• CDC recommends 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity every week
• Various studies (Simons 2009, Gojanovic 2011, Louis 2012) have shown that e-bikes provide moderate physical activity (5-6 METs) but limited vigorous activity
![Page 65: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Heart Rate Field Study for 3 modes
Rose & Cock, Monash University 2003
![Page 66: Ebike ibpi webinar june 2014 final (mac arthur)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033021/53eb38878d7f72bf068b6c2b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Heart Rate Zones
Rose & Cock, Monash University 2003