ContentsArticles

E-book 1

Comparison of e-book formats 12

EPUB 25

Comparison of e-book readers 35

Amazon Kindle 52

Textbook 67

Open textbook 77

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 84

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 86

Article LicensesLicense 87

E-book 1

E-book

Amazon Kindle 3, a sample e-book reader.

An electronic book (variously, e-book, ebook, digital book) is abook-length publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, orboth, and produced on, published through, and readable on computersor other electronic devices.[1] Sometimes the equivalent of aconventional printed book, e-books can also be born digital. TheOxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book as "an electronicversion of a printed book,"[2] but e-books can and do exist without anyprinted equivalent. E-books are usually read on dedicated e-bookreaders. Personal computers and some mobile phones can also be usedto read e-books.

History

The inventor and the title of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon.Some notable candidates are listed here.

The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus, a heavily-annotatedelectronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas, prepared by RobertoBusa beginning in the late 1940s. However, this is sometimes omitted,perhaps because the digitized text was (at least initially) a means to developing an index and concordance, ratherthan as a published edition in its own rights.

Alternatively, electronic books are considered by some to have started in the mid-1960s, with the NLS projectheaded by Doug Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and the Hypertext Editing System and FRESSprojects headed by Andries van Dam at Brown University.[3] [4][5] The former ran on specialized hardware, while thelatter ran on IBM mainframes. FRESS documents were structure-oriented rather than line-oriented, and wereformatted dynamically for different users, display hardware, window sizes, and so on, as well as having automatedtables of contents, indexes, and so on. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking, graphics, and othercapabilities. Van Dam coined the term "electronic book".

FRESS was used for primary text reading, annotation, and online discussions in several courses, including EnglishPoetry and Biochemistry. Brown faculty made extensive use of FRESS; for example the philosopher RoderickChisholm used it to produce several of his books. For example, in the Preface to Person and Object he writes "Thebook would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System..."[6]

Brown's leadership in electronic book systems continued for many years, including navy-funded projects forelectronic repair manuals[7]; a large-scale distributed hypermedia system known as InterMedia[8]; a spinoff companyElectronic Book Technologies that built DynaText, the first SGML-based book-reader system; and the ScholarlyTechnology Group's extensive work on the still-prevalent Open eBook standard.

Yet others believe that the inventor of the e-book is Michael S. Hart.[9][10][11] In 1971, Hart was given extensivecomputer time by the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the University of Illinois. Seeking a worthy useof this resource, he created his first ebook by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into a computer.Project Gutenberg was launched afterwards to create electronic copies of more books.[12]

One early e-book implementation was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the Dynabook, inthe 1970s at PARC: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.[13]

In 1992, Sony launched the Data Discman, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the

E-book 2

Future.[14]

Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small anddevoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware,manufacturing techniques and other subjects. In the 1990s, the general availability of the Internet made transferringelectronic files much easier, including e-books.

E-book formatsNumerous e-book formats emerged and proliferated, some supported by major software companies such as Adobewith its PDF format, and others supported by independent and open-source programmers. Multiple readers followedmultiple formats, most of them specializing in only one format, and thereby fragmenting the e-book market evenmore. Due to exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independent publishers andspecialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books.

However, in the late 1990s a consortium was formed to develop the Open eBook format as a way for authors andpublishers to provide a single source document that could be handled by many book-reading software and hardwareplatforms. Open eBook defined required subsets of XHTML and CSS; a set of multimedia formats (others could beused, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats); and an XML schema for a "manifest", to listthe components of a given ebook, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on. Google Books has convertedmany public-domain works to this open format.

In 2010 e-books continued to gain in their own underground markets. Many e-book publishers began distributingbooks that were in the public domain. At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishersoffered their works online so they could be seen by others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs ofbooks became available over the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-booksto the public.[15]

LibrariesU.S. Libraries began providing free e-books to the public in 1998 through their web sites and associated services,[16]

although the e-books were primarily scholarly, technical or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In2003, libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching ane-book lending model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.[17] The number of library e-bookdistributors and lending models continued to increase over the next few years. In 2010, a Public Library Funding andTechnology Access Study[18] found that 66% of public libraries in the U.S. were offering e-books,[19] and a largemovement in the library industry began seriously examining the issues related to lending e-books, acknowledging atipping point of broad e-book usage.[20] However, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept ofelectronic publishing, citing issues with demand, piracy and proprietary devices.[21] Demand-driven acquisition(DDA) has been around for a few years in public libraries, which allows vendors to streamline the acquisitionprocess by offering to match a library’s selection profile to the vendor’s e-book titles.[22] The library’s catalog is thenpopulated with records for all the e-books that match the profile.[22] The decision to purchase the title is left to thepatrons, although the library can set purchasing conditions such as a maximum price and purchasing caps so that thededicated funds are spent according to the library’s budget.[22]

E-book 3

Dedicated hardware readersThere have been several generations of dedicated hardware e-book readers. The Rocket eBook[23] and several otherswere introduced around 1998, but did not gain widespread acceptance.

As of 2009, new marketing models for e-books were being developed and a new generation of reading hardware wasproduced. E-books (as opposed to ebook readers) have yet to achieve global distribution. In the United States, as ofSeptember 2009, the Amazon Kindle model and Sony's PRS-500 were the dominant e-reading devices.[24] By March2010, some reported that the Barnes & Noble Nook may be selling more units than the Kindle.[25].

On January 27, 2010 Apple Inc. launched a multi-function device called the iPad[26] and announced agreements withfive of the six largest publishers that would allow Apple to distribute e-books.[27] The iPad includes a built-in app fore-books called iBooks and the iBooks Store.

In July 2010, online bookseller Amazon.com reported sales of ebooks for its proprietary Kindle outnumbered salesof hardcover books for the first time ever during the second quarter of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no digital edition.[28] By January 2011, ebook sales atAmazon had surpassed its paperback sales.[29] In the overall U.S. market, paperback book sales are still much largerthan either hardcover or e-book; the American Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of salesas of mid-2010, up from 3% a year before.[30] In Canada, The Sentimentalists won the prestigious national GillerPrize. Owing to the small scale of the novel's independent publisher, the book was initially not widely available inprinted form, but the ebook edition became the top-selling title for Kobo devices in 2010.[31]

A comparison of available e-book readers can be found at comparison of e-book readers.

Timeline1946

• Roberto Busa begins planning the Index Thomisticus

~1963

• Doug Engelbart starts the NLS (and later Augment) projects

~1965

• Andries van Dam starts the HES (and later FRESS) projects, with assistance from Ted Nelson

1971

• Michael S. Hart creates an ebook by typing the US Declaration of Independence into a computer. He launchesProject Gutenberg to create electronic copies of more books.[12]

1985–1992

• Robert Stein starts Voyager Company Expanded Books and books on CD-ROM.

1990

• Eastgate Systems publishes the first hypertext fiction, Afternoon, a story, by Michael Joyce, available on floppydisk.

• Electronic Book Technologies releases DynaText, the first SGML-based system for delivering large-scale bookssuch as aircraft technical manuals. Later tested on a US aircraft carrier as replacement for paper manuals,allowing the ship to rest 6" higher in the water.

1992

• Sony launches the Data Discman electronic book reader.[32]

• Charles Stack's Book Stacks Unlimited begins selling new physical books online.

1992–1993

E-book 4

• F. Crugnola and I. Rigamonti design and create the first e-book reader, called Incipit, as a thesis project at thePolitecnico di Milano.[33]

1993

• Digital Book, Inc. offers digital books on floppy disk in Digital Book Format (DBF).• Hugo Award for Best Novel nominee texts published on CD-ROM by Brad Templeton.• Bibliobytes, a project of free digital books online in Internet.

1995

•• Amazon starts to sell physical books on the Internet.• Online poet Alexis Kirke discusses the need for wireless internet electronic paper readers in his article "The

Emuse".

1996

•• Project Gutenberg reaches 1,000 titles. The target is 1,000,000.

1998

•• Kim Blagg obtained the first ISBN issued to an ebook and began marketing multimedia-enhanced ebooks on CDsthrough retailers including amazon.com, bn.com and borders.com. Shortly thereafter through her company"Books OnScreen" she introduced the ebooks at the Book Expo America in Chicago, IL to an impressed, butunconvinced bookseller audience.

• First ebook Readers: Rocket ebook and SoftBook.• Cybook / Cybook Gen1 Sold and manufactured at first by Cytale (1998–2003) then by Bookeen.• Websites selling ebooks in English, like eReader.com and eReads.com.

1999

• Baen Books opens up the Baen Free Library.• Webscriptions (since renamed to Baen Ebooks) starts selling Baen titles as unencrypted eBooks.

2000

• Microsoft Reader with ClearType technology.• Stephen King offers his book "Riding the Bullet" in digital file; it can only be read on a computer.• Digital Book Index begins operation. DBI and the Online Books Page both organize electronic books from

disparate sites into single, searchable indexes, creating large virtual libraries of ebooks.

2001

•• Todoebook.com, the first website selling ebooks in Spanish.

2002

• Random House and HarperCollins start to sell digital versions of their titles in English.

2004

• Sony Librie, first ebook using e-ink.• Google announces plans to digitize the holdings of several major libraries,[34] as part of what would later be

called the Google Books Library Project.

2005

• Amazon buys Mobipocket.• Google is sued for copyright infringement by the Authors Guild for scanning books still in copyright.[35]

2006

• Sony Reader with e-ink.• LibreDigital launched BookBrowse as an online reader for publisher content.

E-book 5

•• BooksOnBoard, one of the largest independent ebookstores, opens and sells ebooks and audiobooks in sixdifferent formats.

2007

• Amazon launches Kindle in US.• Bookeen launched Cybook Gen3 in Europe.

2008

•• Adobe and Sony agreed to share their technologies (Reader and DRM).• Sony sells the Sony Reader PRS-505 in UK and France.•• BooksOnBoard is first to sell ebooks for iPhones.

2009

• Bookeen releases the Cybook Opus in the US and in Europe.•• Sony releases the Reader Pocket Edition and Reader Touch Edition.• Amazon releases the Kindle 2.• Amazon releases the Kindle DX in the US.• Barnes & Noble releases the Nook in the US.

2010

• Amazon releases the Kindle DX International Edition worldwide.• Bookeen reveals the Cybook Orizon at CES.[36]

•• TurboSquid Magazine announces first magazine publication using Apple's iTunes LP format, however, thisproject was cancelled before it reached the market.

• Apple releases the iPad with an e-book app called iBooks. Between its release in April 2010, to October, Applehad sold 7 million iPads.

• Kobo Inc. releases its Kobo eReader to be sold at Indigo/Chapters in Canada and Borders in the United States.• Amazon.com reported that its e-book sales outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during

the second quarter of 2010.[28]

•• Amazon releases the third generation kindle, available in 3G+Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi versions.• Kobo Inc. releases an updated Kobo eReader which now includes Wi-Fi.• Barnes & Noble releases the new NOOKcolor.•• Sony releases its second generation Daily Edition PRS-950.• PocketBook expands its successful line of e-readers in the ever-growing market.• Google launches Google eBooks

2011

• Barnes & Noble releases the new Nook - The Simple Touch Reader[37]

• Amazon.com announces in May that its e-book sales now exceed all of its printed book sales.[38]

• Bookeen launches its own e-books store : BookeenStore.com and starts to sell digital versions of titles inFrench.[39]

• Nature Publishing publishes Principles of Biology, a customizable, modular textbook, with no correspondingpaper edition.

• The e-reader market grows up in Spain and companies like Telefonica, Fnac and Casa del Libro (the mostimportant Spanish bookshop) launches their e-readers with the Spanish brand bq readers.

•• Amazon launches the Kindle Fire.

2012

• Apple releases iBooks Author, software for creating iPad e-books to be directly published in its iBooks bookstoreor to be shared as PDF files.[40]

• Apple opens a textbook section in its iBooks bookstore.[41]

E-book 6

• The publishing companies Random House, Holtzbrinck and arvato get an e-book library called Skoobe on themarket.[42]

FormatsWriters and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing e-books. Each format has advantages anddisadvantages. The most popular e-book readers[43][44] and their natively supported formats are shown below.

Reader Native E-Book Formats

Amazon Kindle, Kindle Fire (color), Kindle Touch, Kindle Touch 3G[45] AZW, PDF, TXT, non-DRM MOBI, PRC

Nook Simple Touch[46], Nook Tablet EPUB, PDF

Apple iPad[47] EPUB, PDF

Sony Reader PRS-350, PRS-650, PRS-950[45] EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, DOC, BBeB

Kobo eReader, Kobo Touch, Kobo Vox[48][49] EPUB, PDF, TXT, RTF, HTML

Comparison to printed books

AdvantagesOver 2 million free books are available for download as of August 2009.[50] Mobile availability of e-books may beprovided for users with a mobile data connection, so that these e-books need not be stored on the device. An e-bookcan be offered indefinitely, without ever going "out of print". In the space that a comparably sized print book takesup, an e-reader can potentially contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. If space is at apremium, such as in a backpack or at home, it can be an advantage that an e-book collection takes up little room andweight.

E-book websites can include the ability to translate books into many different languages, making the works availableto speakers of languages not covered by printed translations. Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable inlow light or even total darkness. Many newer readers have the ability to display motion, enlarge or change fonts,[51]

use Text-to-speech software to read the text aloud for visually impaired, partially sighted, elderly, dyslectic or justlazy people, search for key terms, find definitions, or allow highlighting bookmarking and annotation. Devices thatutilize E Ink can imitate the look and ease of readability of a printed work while consuming very little power,allowing continuous reading for weeks at time.

While an e-book reader costs much more than one book, the electronic texts are at times cheaper. Moreover, a greatshare of e-books are available online for free, minus the minimal costs of the electronics required. For example, allfiction from before the year 1900 is in the public domain. Also, libraries lend more current e-book titles for limitedtimes, free samples are available of many publications, and there are other lending models being piloted as well.E-books can be printed for less than the price of traditional new books using new on-demand book printers.

An e-book can be purchased/borrowed, downloaded, and used immediately, whereas when one buys or borrows abook, one must go to a bookshop, a home library, or public library during limited hours, or wait for a delivery. Theproduction of e-books does not consume paper and ink. The necessary computer or e-reader uses less materials.[52]

Printed books use 3 times more raw materials and 78 times more water to produce.[53] Depending on possible digitalrights management, e-books can be backed up to recover them in the case of loss or damage and it may be possibleto recover a new copy without cost from the distributor. Compared to printed publishing, it is cheaper and easier forauthors to self-publish e-books. Also, the dispersal of a free e-book copy can stimulate the sales of the printedversion.[54]

E-book 7

DrawbacksEbook formats and file types continue to develop and change through time through advances and developments intechnology or the introduction of new proprietary formats. While printed books remain readable for many years,e-books may need to be copied or converted to a new carrier or file type over time. Because of proprietary formats orlack of file support, formatted e-books may be unusable on certain readers. PDF and epub are growing standards, butare not universal.

Paper books can be bought and wrapped for a present and a library of books can provide visual appeal, while thedigital nature of e-books makes them non-visible and intangible. E-books cannot provide the physical feel of thecover, paper, and binding of the original printed work. An author who publishes a book often puts more into thework than simply the words on the pages. E-books may cause people "to do the grazing and quick reading thatscreens enable, rather than be by themselves with the author's ideas".[55] They may use the e-books simply forreference purposes rather than reading for pleasure and leisure.[56] Books with large pictures (such as children'sbooks) or diagrams are more inconvenient for viewing and reading.

A book will never turn off, can last for several decades or longer and would be unusable only if significantlydamaged. The shelf life of a printed book exceeds that of an e-book reader, as over time the reader's battery willdrain and require recharging. Due to faults in hardware or software, e-book readers may malfunction and data losscan occur. As with any piece of technology, the reader must be protected from the elements (such as extreme cold,heat, water, etc.), while print books are not susceptible to damage from electromagnetic pulses, surges, impacts, ortemperatures typically found in automobiles on a hot day.

The cost of an e-book reader far exceeds that of a single book, and e-books often cost the same as their printversions. Due to the high cost of the initial investment in some form of e-reader, e-books are cost prohibitive tomuch of the world's population. Furthermore, there is no used e-book market, so consumers will neither be able torecoup some of their costs by selling an unwanted title they have finished, nor will they be able to buy used copies atsignificant discounts, as they can now easily do with printed books. Because of the high-tech appeal of the e-reader,they are a greater target for theft than an individual print book. Along with the theft of the physical device, anye-books it contains also become stolen. E-books purchased from vendors like Amazon or Barnes & Noble.com arestored "in the cloud" on servers and "digital lockers" and have the benefit of being easily retrieved if an e-readingdevice is lost. Not all e-booksellers are cloud based; if an e-book is stolen, accidentally lost, or deleted, in theabsence of a backup it may have to be repurchased.

The display resolutions of reading devices are currently lower than those of printed materials and may causediscomfort due to glare on the screen or difficulty holding the device. Due to digital rights management, customerstypically cannot resell or loan their e-books to other readers.[57] However, some Barnes & Noble e-books arelendable for two weeks via their 'LendMe' technology.[58] Additionally, the potential for piracy of e-books may makepublishers and authors reluctant to distribute digitally.[59] E-book readers require various toxic substances toproduce, are non-biodegradable, and the disposal of their batteries in particular raises environmental concerns. Astechnologies rapidly change and old devices become obsolete, there will be larger amounts of toxic wastes that arenot easily biodegradable like paper..

Reading devices for e-books in a reflowable format such as EPUB may display page numbers, but these numbers change from device to device depending on factors such as the size of the display and the selected font size. This makes them unsuitable for citation purposes. To remedy this problem, Amazon Kindle e-books contain what are called "location numbers", that is, numbers in the margin of the electronic text that indicate where the corresponding page begins in the printed version of the book.[60] However, if there is no standard hard copy in print, which may increasingly be the case as the popularity of digital publishing grows, these "location numbers" will not exist. APA, MLA and the Chicago Manual of Style have all tried to address the problem of accurate academic citation by recommending that versions be identified; e.g., Kindle edition, Kindle DX version, or any other “source of e-book".[61] The wide variety of versions, text and font sizes make this solution impractical. The only real solution

E-book 8

would be a standard format for all devices.

No Kobo Refunds: Paper books can usually be returned or exchanged (within a prescribed time period), howeverKobo e-Books cannot be returned. [62] Amazon Kindle eBooks do allow refunds within 7 days. [63]

The USA's Federal Aviation Administration requires the prohibition of e-book reader use on commercial airlinersduring takeoff and landing.[64]

Digital rights managementAnti-circumvention techniques may be used to restrict what the user may do with an e-book. For instance, it may notbe possible to transfer ownership of an e-book to another person, though such a transaction is common with physicalbooks. Some devices can phone home to track readers and reading habits, restrict printing, or arbitrarily modifyreading material. This includes restricting the copying and distribution of works in the public domain through the useof "click-wrap" licensing, effectively limiting the rights of the public to distribute, sell or use texts in the publicdomain freely.

Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of the digital rights managementtied to their products. Generally they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent copying of the e-book.However in many cases it is also possible that digital rights management will result in the complete denial of accessby the purchaser to the e-book.[65] With some formats of DRM, the e-book is tied to a specific computer or device.In these cases the DRM will usually let the purchaser move the book a limited number of times after which theycannot use it on any additional devices. If the purchaser upgrades or replaces their devices eventually they may loseaccess to their purchase. Some forms of digital rights management depend on the existence of online services toauthenticate the purchasers. When the company that provides the service goes out of business or decides to stopproviding the service, the purchaser will no longer be able to access the e-book.

As with digital rights management in other media, e-books are more like rental or leasing than purchase. Therestricted book comes with a number of restrictions, and eventually access to the purchase can be removed by anumber of different parties involved. These include the publisher of the book, the provider of the DRM scheme, andthe publisher of the reader software. These are all things that are significantly different from the realm of experiencesanyone has had with a physical copy of the book.

ProductionSome e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in electronicpublishing, though in many instances they may not be put on sale until later. Often, e-books are produced frompre-existing hard-copy books, generally by document scanning, sometimes with the use of robotic book scanners,having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book producesa set of image files, which may additionally be converted into text format by an OCR program.[66] Occasionally, asin some e-text projects, a book may be produced by re-entering the text from a keyboard.

As a newer development, sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is evenpossible to release an e-book chapter by chapter as each chapter is written. This is useful in fields such asinformation technology where topics can change quickly in the months that it takes to write a typical book (See:Realtime Publishers). It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book by print on demand. Howeverthese are exceptions as tradition dictates that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes anelectronic version is produced.

As of 2010, there is no industry-wide e-book bestseller list, but various e-book vendors compile bestseller lists, suchas those by Amazon Kindle Bestsellers[67] and Fictionwise.[68] Two yearly awards for excellence in e-books are theEPIC eBook Award[69] (formerly EPPIE) given by EPIC, and the Dream Realm Award[70] for science fiction,fantasy and horror e-books. Both awards have been given since 2000.

E-book 9

e-Readerse-book reader, also called an e-book device or e-reader, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily forthe purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals. An e-book reader is similar in form to a limited purpose tabletcomputer.

Market shares

Quantity market shares of e-book sales in US by Goldman Sachs at2010[71]

Sellers Percent

Amazon 58.0%

Barnes & Noble 27.0%

Apple 9.0%

Others 6.0%

Market share of e-readers in Canada by Ipsos Reid at August2011[72]

Sellers Percent

Kobo 36.0%

Amazon 25.0%

Sony 23.0%

Others 16.0%

Notes[1] Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. “The Electronic Book.” In Suarez, Michael Felix, and H. R. Woudhuysen. The Oxford Companion to

the Book. (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 370356568) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 164.[2] " e-book (http:/ / oxforddictionaries. com/ view/ entry/ m_en_us1242960)". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010.

Oxford University Press. (accessed September 02, 2010).[3][3] Steven J. DeRose and Andries van Dam. "Document Structure and Markup in the FRESS Hypertext System" in Markup Languages 1(1), pp.

7-32, 1999.[4][4] Steven Carmody, Walter Gross, Theodor H. Nelson, David Rice, and Andries van Dam. "A Hypertext Editing System for the /360" in Faiman

and Nievergelt (eds.) Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the Second 17 University of Illinois Conference on ComputerGraphics, pp. 291-330, University of Illinois Press, 1969.

[5] [van dam & Rice 1970] Andries van Dam and David E. Rice. "Computers and Publishing: Writing, Editing and Printing" in Advances inComputers 10, pp. 145-174, Academic Press, 1970.

[6] Roderick Chisholm, Person and Object, 1976[7][7] "An experimental system for creating and presenting interactive graphical documents." ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 1(1), Jan.

1982[8][8] [Yankelovich et al. 1985] Nicole Yankelovich, Norman K. Meyrowitz, and Andries van Dam. "Reading and Writing the Electronic Book" in

IEEE Computer Magazine 18(10), pp. 15-30, October 1985.[9] Michael S. Hart (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ wiki/ Michael_S. _Hart), Project Gutenberg,[10] Flood, Alison (8 September 2011). "Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2011/ sep/

08/ michael-hart-inventor-ebook-dies). The Guardian (London). . Retrieved 8 September 2011.[11] Grimes, William (8 September 2011). "Michael Hart, a Pioneer of E-Books, Dies at 64" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 09/ 09/

business/ michael-hart-a-pioneer-of-e-books-dies-at-64. html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. . Retrieved 8 September 2011.

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[12] Alison Flood (2011-09-08). "Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2011/ sep/ 08/michael-hart-inventor-ebook-dies). London: Guardian. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.

[13] Personal Dynamic Media (http:/ / www. newmediareader. com/ book_samples/ nmr-26-kay. pdf) – By Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg[14] The book and beyond: electronic publishing and the art of the book. (http:/ / www. vam. ac. uk/ vastatic/ wid/ exhibits/ bookandbeyond/ )

Text of an exhibition held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 1995.[15] eBooks: la guerra digital global por el dominio del libro (http:/ / www. realinstitutoelcano. org/ wps/ portal/ rielcano/

contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/ elcano/ elcano_es/ zonas_es/ lengua+ y+ cultura/ ari92-2010) – By Chimo Soler (Historian)[16] Doris Small. "E-books in libraries: some early experiences and reactions." Searcher 8.9 (2000): 63-5. http:/ / www. highbeam. com/ doc/

1G1-66217098. html[17] Genco, Barbara. ” It’s been Geometric! (http:/ / www. ifla. org/ files/ hq/ papers/ ifla75/ 212-genco-en. pdf) Documenting the Growth and

Acceptance of eBooks in America’s Urban Public Libraries.” IFLA Conference, July 2009.[18] (http:/ / www. ala. org/ ala/ research/ initiatives/ plftas/ 2009_2010/ index. cfm)[19] "66% of Public Libraries in US offering eBooks" (http:/ / www. libraries. wright. edu/ noshelfrequired/ ?p=1353). Libraries.wright.edu.

2010-08-18. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[20] "At the Tipping Point: Four voices probe the top ebook issues for librarians." Library Journal, August 2010[21] "J.K. Rowling refuses e-books for Potter" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ life/ books/ news/ 2005-06-14-rowling-refuses-ebooks_x. htm).

USA Today. 2005-06-14. .[22] Becker, B. W. The e-Book Apocalypse: A Survivor's Guide. Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian v. 30 no. 3 (July 2011) p. 181-4[23] http:/ / wiki. mobileread. com/ wiki/ Rocket_eBook[24] Take, First (2010-09-11). "Bookeen Cybook OPUS | ZDNet UK" (http:/ / community. zdnet. co. uk/ blog/

0,1000000567,10014045o-2000667842b,00. htm). Community.zdnet.co.uk. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[25] http:/ / www. digitimes. com/ news/ a20100426VL204. html/[26] "iPad - See the web, email, and photos like never before" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ ipad/ ). Apple. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[27] "Apple Launches iPad" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ pr/ library/ 2010/ 01/ 27ipad. html). Apple.com. 2010-01-27. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[28] "E-Books Top Hardcovers at Amazon" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 07/ 20/ technology/ 20kindle. html). New York Times.

2010-07-19. . Retrieved 2010-07-19.[29] "Amazon Media Room: Press Releases" (http:/ / phx. corporate-ir. net/ phoenix. zhtml?c=176060& p=irol-newsArticle& ID=1521090&

highlight& ref=tsm_1_tw_kin_prearn_20110127). Phx.corporate-ir.net. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[30] Lynn Neary, Don Gonyea (2010-07-27). "Conflict Widens In E-Books Publishing" (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story.

php?storyId=128789516). NPR. . Retrieved 2010-07-27.[31] "Scarcity of Giller-winning ‘Sentimentalists’ a boon to eBook sales" (http:/ / www. thestar. com/ entertainment/ books/ article/

889818--scarcity-of-giller-winning-sentimentalists-a-boon-to-ebook-sales?bn=1). Toronto Star, November 12, 2010.[32] Coburn, M., Burrows, P., Loi, D., Wilkins, L. (2001). E-book readers directions in enabling technologies. In Print and Electronic Text

Convergence, edited by Cope, B. & Kalantzis, D. Melbourne: Common Ground, 145-182.[33] "Foto Franco, l'uomo che inventò l'e-book "Ma nel 1993 nessuno ci diede retta" - 1 di 10" (http:/ / milano. repubblica. it/ cronaca/ 2011/ 06/

24/ foto/ franco_l_uomo_che_invento_l_e-book_ma_nel_1993_nessuno_ci_diede_retta-18137331/ 1/ ). Milano.repubblica.it. . Retrieved2011-10-24.

[34] "Checks Out Library Books – News from" (http:/ / www. google. com/ press/ pressrel/ print_library. html). Google. 2004-12-14. . Retrieved2011-10-24.

[35] Samuelson, Pamela (July 2010). "Legally speaking: Should the Google Book settlement be approved?". Communications of the ACM 53 (7):32–34. doi:10.1145/1785414.1785429.

[36] "Bookeen debuts Orizon touchscreen e-book reader" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 01/ 08/bookeen-debuts-orizon-touchscreen-e-book-reader/ ). Engadget. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.

[37] "The Simple Touch Reader" (http:/ / www. ljinteractive. com/ index. php/ barnes-and-noble-launches-a-new-nook-the-simple-touch-reader/). LJ Interactive 24th May 2011. .

[38] Rapaport, Lisa (2011-05-19). "Amazon.com Says Kindle E-Book Sales Surpass Printed Books for First Time" (http:/ / www. bloomberg.com/ news/ 2011-05-19/ amazon-com-says-kindle-electronic-book-sales-surpass-printed-format. html). Bloomberg. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.

[39] "Bookeen launches a new e-book store" (http:/ / www. e-reader-info. com/ bookeen-launches-new-e-book-store). E-reader-info.com.2011-08-01. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.

[40] Chloe Albanesius (January 19, 2012 11:32am EST). "Apple Targets Educators Via iBooks 2, iBooks Author, iTunes U App" (http:/ / www.pcmag. com/ article2/ 0,2817,2399075,00. asp). PCMag.com. .

[41] Josh Lowensohn (January 19, 2012 8:20 AM PST). "Apple unveils iBooks 2 for digital textbooks, self-pub app (live blog)" (http:/ / news.cnet. com/ 8301-13579_3-57360688-37/ apple-unveils-ibooks-2-for-digital-textbooks-self-pub-app-live-blog/ ). CNET. .

[42] Skoobe: publishing houses start e-book library (http:/ / www. netzwelt. de/ news/ 91142-skoobe-verlage-starten-e-book-abo. html) (german)[43] McCracken, Jeffrey (2011-03-23). "Barnes & Noble Said to Be Likely to End Search Without Buyer" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ news/

2011-03-22/ barnes-noble-is-said-to-be-likely-to-end-search-for-buyer-without-a-sale. html). Bloomberg. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[44] Barbour, Mary Beth (2011-11-08). "BlackBerry, Apple, Kobo Top Brands in Canada’s Mobile Device Market" (http:/ / www. ipsos-na. com/

news-polls/ pressrelease. aspx?id=5399). Ipsos Reid. . Retrieved 2011-12-17.

E-book 11

[45] Suleman, Khidr (September 20, 2010). "Sony Reader Touch and Amazon Kindle 3 go head-to-head" (http:/ / www. theinquirer. net/inquirer/ review/ 1732281/ sony-reader-touch-amazon-kindle-head-head). The Inquirer. . Retrieved January 27, 2012.

[46] "Beyond Ebooks" (http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ nook/ container/ standard_bothnavs. asp?PID=35678). . Retrieved 12 June 2011.[47] Patel, Nilay (January 27, 2010). "The Apple iPad: starting at $499" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 01/ 27/ the-apple-ipad/ ). Engadget.

. Retrieved January 27, 2010.[48] Covert, Adrian. "Kobo Touch E-Reader: You’ll Want to Love It, But…" (http:/ / gizmodo. com/ 5812387/ kobo-touch-e+

reader-youll-want-to-love-it-but). Gizmodo.com. . Retrieved 17 June 2011.[49] "Kobo eReader Touch Specs" (http:/ / www. kobobooks. com/ touch_tech). . Retrieved 29 June 2011.[50] by gwilson (2009-07-09). "2 million free eBooks" (http:/ / www. law. stanford. edu/ library/ blog/ ?tag=2-million-free-ebooks).

Law.stanford.edu. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[51] Harris, Christopher. "The Truth About Ebooks." School Library Journal 55, no. 6 (2009): 18. Wilson Select Plus. Online Database[52] "Should we switch to reading books online?" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ environment/ 2009/ aug/ 30/

reading-books-online-eco-friendly) Lucy Siegel, The Observer Magazine, 30 August 2009.[53] Goleman, Daniel (2010-04-04). "How Green Is My iPad" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ interactive/ 2010/ 04/ 04/ opinion/ 04opchart. html).

The New York Times. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[54] "Giving It Away" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2006/ 11/ 30/ cory-doctorow-copyright-tech-media_cz_cd_books06_1201doctorow. html).

Forbes. 2006-12-01. .[55] Abel, David. "Welcome to the library. Say goodbye to the books. The Boston Globe, 4 Sept. 2009.[56] Noorhidawat, A and Gibb, Forbes. "How Students Use E-books-Reading or Referring?" Malaysian Journal of Library and Information

Science 13, no. 2 (2009): 1-14 Wilson Select Plus. Online Database.[57] "Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader Locked Up: Why Your Books Are No Longer Yours" (http:/ / gizmodo. com/ 369235/

amazon-kindle-and-sony-reader-locked-up-why-your-books-are-no-longer-yours). Gizmodo.com. 2008-03-21. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[58] "How to loan ebooks on the nook with LendMe service" (http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ mobile-gadgeteer/

how-to-loan-ebooks-on-the-nook-with-lendme-service/ 2250). ZDNet. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[59] Rich, Motoko (2009-05-11). "Print Books Are Target of Pirates on the Web" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 05/ 12/ technology/

internet/ 12digital. html). Nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[60] Pogue, David (8 February 2011). "Page Numbers for Kindle Books an Imperfect Solution" (http:/ / pogue. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 02/

08/ page-numbers-for-kindle-books-an-imperfect-solution/ ). New York Times, "Pogue's Post" blog. . Retrieved 9 July 2011.[61] Walters, Chris. "How to cite a Kindle ebook" (http:/ / booksprung. com/ how-to-cite-a-kindle-ebook). Booksprung: Ebook news and tips. .

Retrieved 22 October 2011.[62] "Kobo Terms of Sale" (http:/ / www. kobobooks. com/ termsOfSales/ ). . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[63] "Amazon e-Books returns policy" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html/

ref=hp_901904_kcontentreturn?nodeId=200527380#returncontent/ ). . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[64] Matt Phillips (2009-05-07). "Kindle DX: Must You Turn it Off for Takeoff and Landing?" (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ middleseat/ 2009/ 05/

07/ kindle-dx-must-you-turn-it-off-for-takeoff-and-landing/ ). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 2011-07-28.[65] Pogue, David (2009-07-17). "Case where Amazon remotely deleted titles from purchasers' devices" (http:/ / pogue. blogs. nytimes. com/

2009/ 07/ 17/ some-e-books-are-more-equal-than-others/ ). Pogue.blogs.nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[66] The Book Standard is closed (http:/ / www. thebookstandard. com/ bookstandard/ news/ publisher/ article_display.

jsp?vnu_content_id=1002035592)[67] "Amazon Kindle Bestsellers" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ bestsellers/ digital-text). Amazon.com. 2009-09-09. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[68] "Fictionwise Bestseller eBooks" (http:/ / www. fictionwise. com/ topstories. htm). Fictionwise.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[69] EPIC eBook Awards (http:/ / www. epicauthors. com/ epicawards. html)[70] "Dream Realm Awards" (http:/ / www. dream-realm-awards. net/ ). Dream Realm Awards. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[71] McCracken, Jeffrey (2011-03-23). "Barnes & Noble Said to Be Likely to End Search Without Buyer" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ news/

2011-03-22/ barnes-noble-is-said-to-be-likely-to-end-search-for-buyer-without-a-sale. html). Bloomberg. . Retrieved 2011-10-24.[72] Barbour, Mary Beth (2011-11-08). "BlackBerry, Apple, Kobo Top Brands in Canada’s Mobile Device Market" (http:/ / www. ipsos-na. com/

news-polls/ pressrelease. aspx?id=5399). Ipsos Reid. . Retrieved 2011-12-17.

E-book 12

References• Doctorow, Cory (February 12, 2004). Ebooks: Neither E, Nor Books (http:/ / craphound. com/

ebooksneitherenorbooks. txt), O'Reilly Emerging Technologies Conference• James, Bradley (November 20, 2002). The Electronic Book: Looking Beyond the Physical Codex (http:/ / www.

scinet. cc/ articles/ ebook/ electronicbook. html), SciNet• Lynch, Clifford (May 28, 2001). The Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World (http:/ /

firstmonday. org/ htbin/ cgiwrap/ bin/ ojs/ index. php/ fm/ article/ view/ 864/ 773), First Monday - Peer reviewedjournal on the Internet

• Flint, Eric (2000). "Building the Baen Free Library" (http:/ / www. speculations. com/ ?t=189167). Retrieved2007-07-19.

External links• Project Gutenberg (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ )• About the Google Book Settlement (GBS) and online books (rights) (http:/ / www. truthdig. com/ report/ item/

20090929_scanning_the_horizon_of_books_and_libraries/ )• E-Books Spark Battle Inside Publishing Industry (Washington Post, 27 Dec 2009) (http:/ / www. washingtonpost.

com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 12/ 24/ AR2009122403326. html)• E-book (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Business/ Publishing_and_Printing/ Publishing/ Electronic/ E-Books/ ) at the

Open Directory Project

Comparison of e-book formatsThe following is a comparison of e-book formats used to create and publish e-books.

A writer or publisher has many options when it comes to choosing a format for publication. While the averageend-user might arguably simply want to read books, every format has its proponents. The myriad e-book formats aresometimes collectively referred to as the "Tower of eBabel".[1]

The file size for texts without images depends on the file format, but is always relatively small compared with arichly illustrated text.

Format descriptionsFormats available include, but are by no means limited to:

Amazon Kindle

Format: Kindle

Published as: .azw; .kf8

With the release of the Kindle Fire reader in late 2011, Amazon.com also released Kindle Format 8, theirnext-generation file format. The .kf8 file format supports HTML5 and CSS3. Older Kindle eBook readers use theproprietary format, AZW. It is based on the Mobipocket standard, with a slightly different serial number scheme (ituses an asterisk instead of a dollar sign) and its own DRM formatting. Because the eBooks bought on the Kindle aredelivered over its wireless system called Whispernet, the user does not see the AZW files during the downloadprocess. The Kindle format is now available on a variety of platforms, such as through the Kindle app for the iPad.

Comparison of e-book formats 13

Apple iBooks Author

Format: iBook

Published as: .iba

With the free iBooks Author epub layout software, Apple Inc. created the proprietary format, IBA. It is based on theepub standard, with slightly different CSS tags, thus making it incompatible with the epub open standard. Bookscreated with it may only be distributed through the iTunes Bookstore. The end-user licensing agreement forbidsauthors from reusing books in the IBA format, created with iBooks, in other bookstores. The software currently doesnot support importing an epub produced with other software, nor does it support exporting content to other epubformats. However, any original content produced with iBooks Author may be repurposed and resold elsewhere ifproduced with different software.

Archos Diffusion

Format: Archos Reader

Published as: .aeh

The AEH format is an XML-based proprietary format developed by the French firm Archos Diffusion. AEH filesuse a proprietary DRM and encryption method and are readable only in the Archos Player. It supports various inputformats for text, audio or video, such as PDF, WMA, MP3, WMV, and allows multiple interactive functions such asbookmarking, advanced plain-text searching, dynamic text highlighting, etc.

Broadband eBooks (BBeB)

Format: Sony media

Published as: .lrf; .lrx

The digital book format used by Sony Corporation. It is a proprietary format, but some reader software forgeneral-purpose computers, particularly under Linux (for example, calibre's internal viewer[2]), have the capability toread it. The LRX file extension represents a DRM encrypted eBook. Sony has converted its books from BBeB toEPUB.

Comic Book Archive file

Format: compressed images

Published as: .cbr (RAR); .cbz (ZIP); .cb7 (7z); .cbt (TAR); .cba (ACE)

A Comic Book Archive file or ComicBook Reader File consists of a series of image files, typically PNG (losslesscompression) or JPEG (lossy compression) files, stored as a single archive file, for the purpose of sequential viewingof images, especially comic books. The idea was made popular by the CDisplay image viewer; since then, manyviewers for different platforms have been created. Comic Book Archive files are not a distinct file format; only thefile name extension differs from a standard file of the given archive type. Some applications support additional taginformation (like artists or story information) in the form of embedded XML files in the archive, or use of the Zipcomment function.

Comparison of e-book formats 14

Compiled HM

Format: Microsoft Compiled HTML Help

Published as: .chm

CHM format is a proprietary format based on HTML. Multiple pages and embedded graphics are distributed alongwith proprietary metadata as a single compressed file. In contrast, in HTML, a site consists of multiple HTML filesand associated image files in standardized formats.

DAISY - ANSI/NISO Z39.86

Format: DAISY

Published as:

The Digital Accessible Information SYstem (DAISY) is an XML-based open standard maintained by the DAISYConsortium for people with print disabilities. DAISY has wide international support with features for multimedia,navigation and synchronization. A subset of the DAISY format has been adopted by law in the United States as theNational Instructional Material Accessibility Standard (NIMAS), and K-12 textbooks and instructional materials arenow required to be provided to students with disabilities.

DAISY is already aligned with the EPUB open standard, and is expected to fully converge with its forthcomingEPUB3 revision.[3]

Desktop Author

Format: DNL Reader

Published as: .dnl; .exe

Desktop Author is an electronic publishing suite that allows creation of digital web books with virtual turning pages.Digital web books of any publication type can be written in this format, including brochures, e-books, digital photoalbums, e-cards, digital diaries, online resumes, quizzes, exams, tests, forms and surveys. DesktopAuthor packagesthe e-book into a ".dnl" or ".exe" book. Each can be a single, plain stand-alone executable file which does not requireany other programs to view it. DNL files can be viewed inside a web browser or stand-alone via the DNL Reader.

DNL format is an e-Book format, one which replicates the real life alternative, namely page turning Books. TheDNL e-Book is developed by DNAML Pty Limited an Australian company established in 1999. A DNL e-Book canbe produced using DeskTop Author or DeskTop Communicator.

DjVu

Format: DjVu

Published as: .djvu

DjVu is a format specialized for storing scanned documents. It includes advanced compressors optimized forlow-color images, such as text documents. Individual files may contain one or more pages. DjVu files cannot bere-flowed.

The contained page images are divided in separate layers (such as multi-color, low-resolution, background layerusing lossy compression, and few-colors, high-resolution, tightly-compressed foreground layer), each compressed inthe best available method. The format is designed to decompress very quickly, even faster than vector-based formats.

Comparison of e-book formats 15

The advantage of DjVu is that it is possible to take a high-resolution scan (300-400 DPI), good enough for bothon-screen reading and printing, and store it very efficiently. Several dozens of 300 DPI black-and-white scans can bestored in less than a megabyte.

EPUB

Format: IDPF/EPUB

Published as: .epub

The .epub or OEBPS format is an open standard for e-books created by the International Digital Publishing Forum(IDPF). It combines three IDPF open standards:

• Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0, which describes the content markup (either XHTML or Daisy DTBook)•• Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0, which describes the structure of an .epub in XML•• OEBPS Container Format (OCF) 1.0, which bundles files together (as a renamed ZIP file)

The EPUB format is rapidly gaining popularity and as of 2011 is the most widely supported vendor-independentXML-based e-book format. The format can be read at least by the Kobo eReader, Blackberry Playbook, Apple'siBooks app running on iOS devices such as the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad, Barnes and Noble Nook, Sony Reader,BeBook, Bookeen Cybook Gen3 (with firmware v. 2 and up), COOL-ER, Adobe Digital Editions, Lexcycle Stanza,BookGlutton, AZARDI, FBReader, Aldiko, Moon+ Reader and WordPlayer on Android, Freda [4] on WindowsMobile and Windows Phone 7, and the Mozilla Firefox add-on EPUBReader. Several other desktop reader softwareprograms are currently implementing support for the format, such as dotReader, FBReader, Mobipocket, uBook andOkular.

The only notable device lacking integrated support for the EPUB format is the Amazon Kindle, although there hasrecently been speculation that the Kindle will soon support this format.[5]

Adobe Digital Editions uses .epub format for its e-books, with DRM protection provided through their proprietaryADEPT mechanism. The recently developed ADEPT framework and scripts have been reverse-engineered tocircumvent this DRM system.[6]

DSLibris [7], a Sourceforge.net project, is able to decode e-books in .epub and .xht format for reading on NintendoDS systems.

eReaderFormerly Palm Digital Media/Peanut Press

Format: Palm Media

Published as: .pdb

eReader is a freeware program for viewing Palm Digital Media electronic books which use the pdb format used bymany Palm applications. Versions are available for iPhone, PalmOS (not webOS), Android, Symbian, BlackBerry,Windows Mobile Pocket PC/Smartphone, desktop Windows, and Macintosh. The reader shows text one page at atime, as paper books do. eReader supports embedded hyperlinks and images. Additionally, the Stanza application forthe iPhone and iPod Touch can read both encrypted and unencrypted eReader files.

The program supports features like bookmarks and footnotes, enabling the user to mark any page with a bookmark,and any part of the text with a footnote-like commentary. Footnotes can later be exported as a Memo document.

The company also offers two Windows/MacOS programs for producing e-books: the Dropbook [8], which is free,and the eBook Studio [9], which is not. Dropbook is a file-oriented PML-to-PDB converter; eBook Studioincorporates a WYSIWYG editor. Both programs are compatible with simple text files.

Comparison of e-book formats 16

On July 20, 2009, Barnes & Noble announced[10] that the eReader format will be the method they will use to delivere-books. Their Nook Reader supports the eReader format,[11] but it is not currently supported on Barnes & Noble'sNookColor. eReader format is also supported by the discontinued eSlick [12], an e-reading device from FoxitSoftware.

FictionBook (Fb2)

Format: FictionBook

Published as: .fb2

FictionBook[13] is a popular XML-based e-book format, supported by free readers such as FBReader, Bebook, HaaliReader and STDU Viewer.

Founder Electronics

Format: Apabi Reader

Published as: .xeb; .ceb

APABI is a format devised by Founder Electronics. It is a popular format for Chinese e-books. It can be read usingthe Apabi Reader software, and produced using Apabi Publisher. Both .xeb and .ceb files are encoded binary files.The Iliad e-book device includes an Apabi 'viewer'.

Hypertext Markup Language

Format: Hypertext

Published as: .htm; .html

HTML is the markup language used for most web pages. E-books using HTML can be read using a Web browser.The specifications for the format are available without charge from the W3C.

HTML adds specially marked meta-elements to otherwise plain text encoded using character sets like ASCII orUTF-8. As such, suitably formatted files can be, and sometimes are, generated by hand using a plain text editor orprogrammer's editor. Many HTML generator applications exist to ease this process and often require less intricateknowledge of the format details involved.

HTML on its own is not a particularly efficient format to store information in, requiring more storage space for agiven work than many other formats. However, several e-Book formats including the Amazon Kindle, Open eBook,Compressed HM, Mobipocket and EPUB store each book chapter in HTML format, then use ZIP compression tocompress the HTML data, images, metadata and style sheets into a single, significantly smaller, file.

HTML files encompass a wide range of standards[14] and displaying HTML files correctly can be complicated.Additionally many of the features supported, such as forms, are not relevant to e-books.

Comparison of e-book formats 17

IEC 62448

Format: IEC 62448

Published as:

IEC 62448 is an international standard created by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)), TechnicalCommittee 100, Technical Area 10 (Multimedia e-publishing and e-book).

The current version of IEC 62448 is an umbrella standard that contains as appendices two concrete formats, XMDFof Sharp and BBeB of Sony. However, BBeB has been discontinued by Sony and the version of XMDF that is in thespecification is out of date. The IEC TA10 group is discussing next steps, and has invited the IDPF organizationwhich has standardized EPUB to be a liaison. It is possible that the current version of EPUB and/or the forthcomingEPUB3 revision may be added to IEC 62448. Meanwhile a number of Japanese companies have proposed that IECstandardize a proposed new Japanese-centric file format that is expected to unify DotBook of Voyager Japan andXMDF of Sharp. This new format has not been publicly disclosed as of November, 2010 but it is supposed to coverbasic representations for the Japanese language. Technically speaking, this revision is supposed to provide aJapanese minimum set, a Japanese extension set, and a stylesheet language. These issues were discussed in theTC100 meeting held in October 2010 but no decisions were taken besides offering the liaison status to IDPF.

Microsoft LIT

Format: Microsoft Reader

Published as: .lit

DRM-protected LIT files are only readable in the proprietary Microsoft Reader program, as the .LIT format,otherwise similar to Microsoft's CHM format, includes Digital Rights Management features. Other third partyreaders, such as Lexcycle Stanza, can read unprotected LIT files. There are also tools such as Convert Lit [15], whichcan convert .lit files to HTML files or OEBPS files.

The Microsoft Reader uses patented ClearType display technology. In Reader navigation works with a keyboard,mouse, stylus, or through electronic bookmarks. The Catalog Library records reader books in a personalized "homepage", and books are displayed with ClearType to improve readability. A user can add annotations and notes to anypage, create large-print e-books with a single command, or create free-form drawings on the reader pages. A built-indictionary allows the user to look up words.

Microsoft announced Microsoft Reader will be discontinued on August 30th 2012.

Mobipocket

Format: Mobipocket

Published as: .prc; .mobi

The Mobipocket e-book format is based on the Open eBook standard using XHTML and can include JavaScript andframes. It also supports native SQL queries to be used with embedded databases. There is a corresponding e-bookreader. A free e-book of the German Wikipedia has been published in Mobipocket format.[16]

The Mobipocket Reader has a home page library. Readers can add blank pages in any part of a book and addfree-hand drawings. Annotations — highlights, bookmarks, corrections, notes, and drawings — can be applied,organized, and recalled from a single location. Images are converted to GIF format and have a maximum size of64K,[17] sufficient for mobile phones with small screens, but rather restrictive for newer gadgets. Mobipocket Readerhas electronic bookmarks, and a built-in dictionary.

Comparison of e-book formats 18

The reader has a full screen mode for reading and support for many PDAs, Communicators, and Smartphones.Mobipocket products support most Windows, Symbian, BlackBerry and Palm operating systems, but not theAndroid platform. Using WINE, the reader works under Linux or Mac OS X. Third-party applications like Okularand FBReader can also be used under Linux or Mac OS X, but they work only with unencrypted files.

The Amazon Kindle's AZW format is basically just the Mobipocket format with a slightly different serial numberscheme (it uses an asterisk instead of a dollar sign), and .prc publications can be read directly on the Kindle. TheKindle AZW format also lacks some Mobipocket features such as JavaScript.[18]

Mobipocket has developed an .epub to .mobi converter called KindleGen[19] (supports IDPF 1.0 and IDPF 2.0 epubformat, according to the company).

Multimedia eBooks

Format: Eveda

Published as: .exe or .html

A multimedia ebook is media and book content that utilizes a combination of different book content formats. Theterm can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content formats) or as an adjective describing a medium ashaving multiple content formats.

The 'multimedia ebook' term is used in contrast to media which only utilize traditional forms of printed or text books.Multimedia ebooks include a combination of text, audio, images, video, and/or interactive content formats. Muchlike how a traditional book can contain images to help the text tell a story, a multimedia ebook can contain otherelements not formerly possible to help tell the story.

With the advent of more widespread tablet-like computers, such as the smartphone, some publishing houses areplanning to make multimedia ebooks, such as Penguin.[20]

Newton eBook

Format: Newton eBook

Published as: .pkg

Commonly known as an Apple Newton book; a single Newton package file can contain multiple books (for example,the three books of a trilogy might be packaged together). All systems running the Newton operating system (the mostcommon include the Newton MessagePads, eMates, Siemens Secretary Stations, Motorola Marcos, Digital OceanSeahorses and Tarpons) have built-in support for viewing Newton books. The Newton package format was releasedto the public by Newton, Inc. prior to that company's absorption into Apple Computer. The format is thus arguablyopen and various people have written readers for it (writing a Newton book converter has even been assigned as auniversity-level class project[21]).

Newton books have no support for DRM or encryption. They do support internal links, potentially multiple tables ofcontents and indexes, embedded gray scale images, and even some scripting capability (for example, it's possible tomake a book in which the reader can influence the outcome).[22] Newton books utilize Unicode and are thusavailable in numerous languages. An individual Newton book may actually contain multiple views representing thesame content in different ways (such as for different screen resolutions).

Comparison of e-book formats 19

Open Electronic Package

Format: Open eBook

Published as: .opf

OPF is an XML-based e-book format created by E-Book Systems; it has been superseded by the EPUB electronicpublication standard.

Portable Document Format

Format: Adobe Portable Document Format

Published as: .pdf

A file format created by Adobe Systems, initially to provide a standard form for storing printable documentscontaining a set of page images. The format derives from PostScript, but without language features like loops, andwith added support for features like compression, passwords and DRM. Because PDF documents can easily beviewed and printed by users on a variety of computer platforms, they are very common on the World Wide Web.The specification of the format is available without charge from Adobe.

Since the format is designed to reproduce page images, the text traditionally could not be re-flowed to fit the screenwidth or size. As a result, PDF files designed for printing on standard paper sizes are less easily viewed on screenswith limited size or resolution, such as those found on mobile phones and e-book readers. Adobe has addressed thisdrawback by adding a re-flow facility to its Acrobat Reader software, but for it to work the document must bemarked for re-flowing at creation[23] — meaning that existing PDF documents won't benefit unless they are taggedand resaved. The Windows Mobile (aka Pocket PC) version of Adobe Acrobat will automatically attempt to tag aPDF for reflow during the synchronization process using an installed plugin to Active Sync. However, this taggingprocess will not work on most locked or password protected PDF documents. It also doesn't work at present(2009–10) on the Windows Mobile Device Center (the successor to Active Sync) as found in Windows Vista andWindows 7. Thus, automatic tagging support during synchronization is limited to Windows XP/2000.

Multiple products support creating and tagging PDF files, such as Adobe Acrobat, PDFCreator, OpenOffice.org,iText, and FOP, and several programming libraries. Third party viewers such as xpdf are also available. Mac OS Xhas built-in PDF support, both for creation as part of the printing system and for display using the built-in Previewapplication.

PDF files are supported on many e-book readers including: Mobipocket, iRex iLiad, iRex DR1000, Sony Reader,Bookeen Cybook, Foxit eSlick, Amazon Kindle (2, 3, International & DX), Barnes & Noble Nook[24], the iPad,PocketBook Reader, Bebook Neo and the Kobo eReader. Also, pdf files can be read on the iPod Touch using the freeStanza app. On iPad, there are also many readers such as Stanza, iBook, FlipReader, ...

Scientific papers and books are often found in PDF format. In this case, the problem of showing tables and equationscorrectly has been dealt with, when the PDF was created. When trying to reflow such text, ereaders typically obtainvery poor results.

Comparison of e-book formats 20

Plain text files

Format: text

Published as: .txt

E-books in plain text exist. The size in bytes is simply the number of characters, including spaces, and with a newline counting for 1 or 2. For example, the Bible, an 800,000-word book, is about 4 MB.[25] The ASCII standardallows ASCII-only text files to be interchanged and readable on Unix, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, DOS, andother systems. These differ in their preferred line ending convention and their interpretation of values outside theASCII range (their character encoding). Conversion of files from one to another line-ending convention is easilypossible with free software on most computers.

Plucker

Format: Plucker

Published as: .pdb

Plucker is an Open Source free mobile and desktop e-book reader application with its own associated file format andsoftware to automatically generate Plucker files from text, PDF, HTML, or other document format files, web sites orRSS feeds. The format is public and well-documented. Free readers are available for all kinds of desktop computersand many PDAs.

PostScript

Format: PostScript

Published as: .ps

PostScript is a page description language used in the electronic and desktop publishing areas for defining thecontents and layout of a printed page, which can be used by a rendering program to assemble and create the actualoutput bitmap. Many office printers directly support interpreting PostScript and printing the result. As a result, theformat also sees wide use in the Unix world.

SSReader

Format: SSReader

Published as: .pdg

The digital book format used by a popular digital library company 超 星 数 字 图 书 馆 [26] in China. It is aproprietary raster image compression and binding format, with reading time OCR plug-in modules. The companyscanned a huge number of Chinese books in the China National Library and this becomes the major stock of theirservice. The detailed format is not published. There are also some other commercial e-book formats used in Chinesedigital libraries.

Comparison of e-book formats 21

TealDoc

Format: TealDoc

Published as: .pdb

TealPoint Software's [27] proprietary reader for Palm OS. In addition to its own format, it opens plain text andPalmDoc files. Newer versions of the software include an editor for Palm OS. Embedded images must be convertedto TealPoint's proprietary TealPaint format. The format uses HTML like tags for formatting and has beenreverse-engineered for 3rd party programs to edit and convert to/from TealDoc format.

Text Encoding Initiative

Format: TEI Lite

Published as: .xml

TEI Lite is the most popular of the TEI-based (and thus XML-based or SGML-based) electronic text formats.

TomeRaider

Format: TomeRaider

Published as: .tr2; .tr3

The TomeRaider e-book format is a proprietary format. There are versions of TomeRaider for Windows, WindowsMobile (aka Pocket PC), Palm, Symbian and iPhone. Several Wikipedias are available as TomeRaider files with allarticles unabridged, some even with nearly all images. Capabilities of the TomeRaider3 e-book reader varyconsiderably per platform: the Windows and Windows Mobile editions support full HTML and CSS. The Palmedition supports limited HTML (e.g., no tables, no fonts), and CSS support is missing. For Symbian there is only theolder TomeRaider2 format, which does not render images or offer category search facilities. Despite thesedifferences any TomeRaider e-book can be browsed on all supported platforms. The Tomeraider website[28] claimsto have over 4000 e-books available, including free versions of the Internet Movie Database and Wikipedia.

Comparison tables

Features

Format Filenameextension

DRMsupport

Imagesupport

Tablesupport

Soundsupport

Interactivitysupport

Wordwrap

support

Openstandard

Embeddedannotation

support

Book-marking

Videosupport

ArchosReader .aeh Yes Yes ? No No Yes No ? Yes ?

DjVu .djvu ? Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes ?

EPUB (IDPF) .epub Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes/No[29] Yes/No[29] Yes[30]

FictionBook .fb2 No Yes Yes/No[31] No No Yes Yes Yes ? ?

HTML .html No Yes Yes Yes[32] No Yes Yes No No Yes[33]

Kindle .azw Yes Yes Yes[34][35] Yes[36][37] Yes Yes No Yes Yes ?

MicrosoftReader

.litYes Yes

?No No Yes No

?Yes

?

Comparison of e-book formats 22

Mobipocket .prc,.mobi

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes?

MultimediaEBook

.exeYes Yes

?Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

?

eReader .pdb Yes Yes ? No No Yes No Yes Yes ?

Plain text .txt No No No No No Yes Yes No No No

Plucker .pdb Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes ?

PortableDocument

Format

.pdfYes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes[38]

PostScript .ps No Yes ? No No No Yes ? ? ?

Repligo .rgo ? Yes Yes No No Yes No No No ?

TealDoc .pdb Yes Yes ? No No Yes Yes ? Yes ?

Tome Raider .tr2, .tr3 Yes Yes ? No No Yes No ? ? ?

[1] Razing The Tower Of e-Babel -- The reason e-books haven't caught on is simple: they're too complicated (http:/ / new. publishersweekly.com/ pw/ by-topic/ columns-and-blogs/ soapbox/ article/ 8355-razing-the-tower-of-e-babel-. html) at Publishers Weekly.

[2] http:/ / calibre-ebook. com/ about[3] http:/ / www. daisy. org/ z3986[4] http:/ / www. turnip. demon. co. uk/ jim/ freda/[5] Bookseller article on Amazon's apparent policy change over EPUB (http:/ / www. thebookseller. com/ news/ amazon-accept-epub-files. html)[6] http:/ / i-u2665-cabbages. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 02/ circumventing-adobe-adept-drm-for-epub. html[7] http:/ / sourceforge. net/ projects/ ndslibris/[8] http:/ / secure. ereader. com/ ereader/ help/ dropbook/[9] http:/ / secure. ereader. com/ ereader/ software/ ebookstudio. htm[10] Barnes & Noble Launches World's Largest eBookstore (http:/ / www. barnesandnobleinc. com/ press_releases/ 2009_july_20_ebookstore.

html)[11] Nook Help and FAQs, eBook Reader, eBook Device - Barnes & Noble (http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ nook/ compare/ )[12] http:/ / www. foxitsoftware. com/ ebook/ over_specification. html[13] FictionBook description (http:/ / haali. cs. msu. ru/ pocketpc/ FictionBook_description. html)[14] http:/ / www. webstandards. org/ learn/ faq/[15] http:/ / www. convertlit. com[16] http:/ / www. beam-ebooks. de/ ebook/ 667[17] http:/ / www. mobipocket. com/ dev/ article. asp?BaseFolder=creatorhome& File=image. htm[18] http:/ / www. mobileread. com/ forums/ showpost. php?p=1299906& postcount=2[19] http:/ / www. mobipocket. com/ dev/[20] http:/ / paidcontent. co. uk/ article/ 419-first-look-how-penguin-will-reinvent-books-with-ipad/[21] http:/ / metcs. bu. edu/ ~feneric/ cs331/ Archives/ Project2002/[22] http:/ / tools. unna. org/ wikiwikinewt/ index. php/ MakeNewtonEbooksIndex[23] Reflow the contents of Adobe PDF documents: Tutorial (http:/ / www. adobe. com/ ap/ epaper/ tips/ acr5reflow/ index. html)[24] http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ u/ Support-NOOK-Simple-Touch/ 379003176?#40270-90[25] King James Bible (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ ebooks/ 10) at Project Gutenberg.[26] http:/ / www. ssreader. com/ downland_index. asp[27] http:/ / www. tealpoint. com/ softdoc. htm[28] http:/ / www. tomeraider. com/[29][29] Depends on the eReader application[30][30] With ePub 3[31][31] Table support added in FictionBook V2.1. Not supported in V2.0[32][32] With HTML 5[33][33] With HTML 5[34][34] Supported in all except 1st Generation Kindle. (Support level is as it is in mobipocket)[35] http:/ / kindleformatting. com/ blog/ 2009/ 02/ kindle-2-review-formatting-perspective. php[36][36] Supported only in kindle for iPhone, iPod, iPad.[37] http:/ / www. amazon. com/ b?ie=UTF8& node=2248263011

Comparison of e-book formats 23

[38][38] With Flash Embeded

Supporting platforms

Reader  Plaintext

PDF ePub HTML Mobi-Pocket

Fiction-Book(Fb2)

DjVu BroadbandeBook

(BBeB)[1]

eReader[1]

Kindle[1]

WOLF[1]

TomeRaider

[1]Open

eBook[2]

AmazonKindle 1

Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No

AmazonKindle 2, DX

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No

AmazonKindle 3

Yes Yes No[3] Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No

AmazonKindle Fire

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No

AndroidDevices

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[4][5] Yes Yes[4][6] No Yes[4][7] Yes No Yes[4][28] Yes[4]

Apple iOSDevices

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[4] Yes[4] Yes[4] No Yes[4] Yes[4] No Yes[4] Yes[4]

AzbookaWISEreader

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No

Barnes &Noble Nook

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No No

Barnes &Noble Nook

ColorYes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No

BookeenCybook

Gen3, OpusYes Yes Yes[8] Yes Yes[8] Yes[9] No No No No No No Yes

COOL-ERClassic

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No

Gnu/LinuxOperating

SystemYes Yes ? Yes ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

Foxit eSlick Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No

Hanline-Reader V3

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No

HanvonWISEreader

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No

iRex iLiad Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No

Iriver Story Yes Yes Yes No No Yes[4] Yes[4] No No No No No No

KoboeReader

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No

Nokia N900 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes

NUUTbook 2 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No

OLPC XO,Sugar

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No No

Comparison of e-book formats 24

Onyx Boox60

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No

Mac OS X Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? Yes

Windows Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes ? Yes Yes[10] ? ? Yes

Pocketbook301 Plus,302, 360°

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No

Sony Reader Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No

ViewsonicVEB612

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No

WindowsPhone 7

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No

[1][1] Proprietary format[2][2] Predecessor of ePUB[3][3] Yes, if the Duokan alternate Kindle OS (third-party software add-on) is used.[4][4] Requires latest firmware[5] http:/ / ireader. over-blog. com/[6] http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ vudroid/[7] http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ u/ nook-for-android/ 379002287[8][8] Versions support either ePUB or MobiPocket[9][9] Only ePUB version and with FW 2.0+[10][10] DRM-protected publications are supported as of Kindle for PC v1.3.0

ReferencesGeneral information

• Chandler, S. (2007). From entrepreneur to infopreneur: Make money with books, ebooks, and informationproducts. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.

•• Rich, J. (2006). Self-publishing for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.•• Cavanaugh, T. W. (2006). The digital reader: Using e-books in K-12 education. Eugene, OR: International

Society for Technology in Education.• Cope, B., & Mason, D. (2002). Markets for electronic book products. C-2-C series, bk. 3.2. Altona, Vic: Common

Ground Pub.•• Henke, H. (2001). Electronic books and epublishing: A practical guide for authors. London: Springer.•• Hanttula, D. (2001). Pocket PC handbook.

Footnotes

External links• ebookwise-1150 ebook reader device (http:/ / wiki. mobileread. com/ wiki/ EBookwise-1150)• ebook reader articles at Mobile Read Wiki (http:/ / wiki. mobileread. com/ wiki/ Main_Page)• Daisy 3: A Standard for Accessible Multimedia Books (http:/ / digbib. ubka. uni-karlsruhe. de/ volltexte/

1000010574)• Free eBooks Files Download (http:/ / thisebook. org)• Details about the most popular eBook formats (http:/ / ebookarchitects. com/ conversions/ formats. php)• An E-Book Buyer's Guide to Privacy (http:/ / www. eff. org/ deeplinks/ 2009/ 12/ e-book-privacy)• E Book Readers Compared (http:/ / www. e-readerscompared. net)

EPUB 25

EPUB

Electronic Publication (EPUB)

Filename extension .epub

Internet media type application/epub+zip (unofficial[1])

Developed by International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)

Initial release September 2007

Latest release 3.0 / October 11, 2011[2]

Type of format e-book file format

Contained by OEBPS Container Format (OCF) (ZIP)

Extended from Open eBook, XHTML, CSS, DTBook

Website IDPF Home Page [3]

EPUB (short for electronic publication; alternatively capitalized as ePub, ePUB, EPub, or epub, with "EPUB"preferred by the vendor) is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF).Files have the extension .epub.

EPUB is designed for reflowable content, meaning that the text display can be optimized for the particular displaydevice used by the reader of the EPUB-formatted book, although EPUB now also supports fixed-layout content. Theformat is meant to function as a single format that publishers and conversion houses can use in-house, as well as fordistribution and sale. It supersedes the Open eBook standard.[4]

HistoryEPUB became an official standard of the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF) in September 2007,superseding the older Open eBook standard.[5]

In August 2009, the IDPF announced that they would begin work on maintenance tasks of the EPUB standard.[6]

Two broad objectives were defined by this working group: "One set of activities governs maintenance of the currentEPUB Standards (i.e. OCF, OPF, and OPS), while another set of activities addresses the need to keep the Standardscurrent and up-to-date." The working group was expected to be active through 2010, publishing updated standardsthroughout its lifetime.[7] On April 6, 2010, it was announced that this working group would complete their update inApril 2010. The result was to be a minor revision to EPUB 2.0.1 which "corrects errors and inconsistencies and doesnot change functionality".[8] On July 2, 2010, drafts of the version 2.0.1 standards appeared on the IDPF website.

On April 6, 2010, it was announced that a working group would be formed to revise the EPUB specification.[8] In theworking group's charter draft, 14 main problems with EPUB are identified which the group will address. The groupwas chartered through May 2011, and was scheduled to submit a final draft on May 15, 2011.[9] An initial EditorsDraft for EPUB3 was published on November 12, 2010,[10] and the first public draft was published on February 15,2011.[11] On May 23, 2011, the IDPF released its proposed specification for final review.[12] On October 10, 2011,the IDPF announced that its membership had approved EPUB 3 as a final Recommended Specification.

EPUB 26

Features• Free and open• Reflowable (word wrap) and resizable text• Inline raster and vector images• Embedded metadata• DRM support• CSS styling•• Support for alternative renditions in the same file• Use of out-of-line and inline XML islands to extend the functionality of EPUB

File format

Version 3.0 (current version)EPUB 3 consists of a set of four specifications:[13]

• EPUB Publications 3.0, which defines publication-level semantics and overarching conformance requirements forEPUB Publications.

• EPUB Content Documents 3.0, which defines profiles of XHTML, SVG and CSS for use in the context of EPUBPublications.

• EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0, which defines a file format and processing model for encapsulating aset of related resources into a single-file (ZIP) EPUB Container.

• EPUB Media Overlays 3.0, which defines a format and a processing model for synchronization of text and audio.

Detailed descriptions of the differences between 3.0 and 2.0.1 can be found on the IDPF website [14].

The EPUB 3.0 format is intended to address the following criticisms:

• While good for text-centric books, EPUB may be unsuitable for publications which require precise layout orspecialized formatting, such as a comic book.[15]

• A major issue hindering the use of EPUB for most technical publications is the lack of support for equationsformatted as MathML. They are currently included as bitmap or SVG images, precluding proper handling byscreen readers and interaction with computer algebra systems. Support for MathML is included in the EPUB 3.0specification.

• Another criticism of EPUB revolves around the specification's lack of detail on linking into, between, or within anEPUB book, as well as its lack of a specification for annotation. Such linking is hindered by the use of a ZIP fileas the container for EPUB. Furthermore, it is unclear if it would be better to link by using EPUB's internalstructural markup (the OPF specification mentioned above) or directly to files through the ZIP's file structure.[16]

The lack of a standardized way to annotate EPUB books could lead to difficulty sharing and transferringannotations and therefore limit the use scenarios of EPUB, particularly in educational settings, because it cannotprovide a level of interactivity comparable to the web.[17]

EPUB 27

Version 2.0.1EPUB version 2.0.1 consists of three specifications:

• Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0.1, contains the formatting of its content.[18]

• Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0.1, describes the structure of the .epub file in XML.[19]

• Open Container Format (OCF) 2.0.1, collects all files as a ZIP archive.[20]

EPUB internally uses XHTML or DTBook (an XML standard provided by the DAISY Consortium) to represent thetext and structure of the content document, and a subset of CSS to provide layout and formatting. XML is used tocreate the document manifest, table of contents, and EPUB metadata. Finally, the files are bundled in a zip file as apackaging format.

Open Publication Structure 2.0.1

An EPUB file uses XHTML 1.1 (or DTBook) to construct the content of a book as of version 2.0.1. This is differentfrom previous versions (OEBPS 1.2 and earlier) which used a subset drawn from XHTML. There are, however, afew restrictions on certain elements. The mimetype for XHTML documents in EPUB isapplication/xhtml+xml.[18] For a table of the required XHTML modules and a description of the restrictions,please see Section 2.2 [21] of the specification.

Styling and layout are performed using a subset of CSS 2.0, referred to as OPS Style Sheets. This specialized syntaxrequires only a portion of CSS properties to be supported by reading systems and adds a few custom ones. Customproperties include oeb-page-head, oeb-page-foot, and oeb-column-number. Font-embedding canbe accomplished using the @font-face property, as well as including the font file in the OPF's manifest (seebelow). The mimetype for CSS documents in EPUB is text/css.[18] For a table of supported properties anddetailed information, please see Section 3.0 [22] of the specification.

EPUB also requires that PNG, JPEG, GIF, and SVG images be supported using the mimetypes image/png,image/jpeg, image/gif, image/svg+xml. Other media types are allowed, but creators must includealternative renditions using supported types.[18] For a table of all required mimetypes, see Section 1.3.7 [23] of thespecification.

Unicode is required, and content producers must use either UTF-8 or UTF-16 encoding.[18] This is to supportinternational and multilingual books. However, reading systems are not required to provide the fonts necessary todisplay every unicode character, though they are required to display at least a placeholder for characters that cannotbe displayed fully.[18]

An example skeleton of an XHTML file for EPUB looks like this:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8" />

<title>Pride and Prejudice</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/main.css" type="text/css" />

</head>

<body>

...

</body>

</html>

EPUB 28

Open Packaging Format 2.0.1

The OPF specification's purpose is to "[define] the mechanism by which the various components of an OPSpublication are tied together and provides additional structure and semantics to the electronic publication."[19] This isaccomplished by two XML files with the extensions .opf and .ncx.

.opf file

The OPF file, traditionally named content.opf houses the EPUB book's metadata, file manifest, and linearreading order. This file has a root element package and four child elements: metadata, manifest,spine, and guide. All of these except guide are required. Furthermore, the package node must have theunique-identifier attribute. The .opf file's mimetype is application/oebps-package+xml.[19]

The metadata element contains all the metadata information for a particular EPUB file. Three metadata tags arerequired (though many more are available): title, language, and identifier. title contains the titleof the book, language contains the language of the book's contents in RFC 3066 format or its successors, such asthe newer RFC 4646 and identifier contains a unique identifier for the book, such as its ISBN or a URL. Theidentifier's id attribute should equal the unique-identifier attribute from the package element.[19]

For a full listing of EPUB metadata, please see Section 2.2 [24] of the specification.

The manifest element lists all the files contained in the package. Each file is represented by an item element,and has the attributes id, href, media-type. All XHTML (content documents), stylesheets, images or othermedia, embedded fonts, and the NCX file should be listed here. Only the .opf file itself, the container.xml,and the mimetype files should not be included.[19] Note that in the example below, an arbitrary media-type isgiven to the included font file, even though no mimetype exists for fonts.

The spine element lists all the XHTML content documents in their linear reading order. Also, any contentdocument that can be reached through linking or the table of contents must be listed as well. The toc attribute ofspine must contain the id of the NCX file listed in the manifest. Each itemref element's idref is set to theid of its respective content document.[19]

The guide element is an optional element for the purpose of identifying fundamental structural components of thebook. Each reference element has the attributes type, title, href. Files referenced in href must belisted in the manifest, and are allowed to have an element identifier (e.g. #figures in the example).[19] A list ofpossible values for type can be found in Section 2.6 [25] of the specification.

An example OPF file:

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<package version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf" unique-identifier="BookId">

<metadata xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:opf="http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf">

<dc:title>Pride and Prejudice</dc:title>

<dc:language>en</dc:language>

<dc:identifier id="BookId" opf:scheme="ISBN">123456789X</dc:identifier>

<dc:creator opf:file-as="Austen, Jane" opf:role="aut">Jane Austen</dc:creator>

</metadata>

<manifest>

<item id="chapter1" href="chapter1.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/>

<item id="stylesheet" href="style.css" media-type="text/css"/>

<item id="ch1-pic" href="ch1-pic.png" media-type="image/png"/>

<item id="myfont" href="css/myfont.otf" media-type="application/x-font-opentype"/>

<item id="ncx" href="toc.ncx" media-type="application/x-dtbncx+xml"/>

EPUB 29

</manifest>

<spine toc="ncx">

<itemref idref="chapter1" />

</spine>

<guide>

<reference type="loi" title="List Of Illustrations" href="appendix.html#figures" />

</guide>

</package>

.ncx file

The NCX file (Navigation Control file for XML), traditionally named toc.ncx, contains the hierarchical table ofcontents for the EPUB file. The specification for NCX was developed for Digital Talking Book (DTB), is maintainedby the DAISY Consortium, and is not a part of the EPUB specification. The NCX file has a mimetype ofapplication/x-dtbncx+xml.

Of note here is that the values for the docTitle, docAuthor, and meta name="dtb:uid" elementsshould match their analogs in the OPF file. Also, the meta name="dtb:depth" element is set equal to thedepth of the navMap element. navPoint elements can be nested to create a hierarchical table of contents.navLabel's content is the text that will appear in the table of contents generated by reading systems that use the.ncx. navPoint's content element points to a content document listed in the manifest and can also include anelement identifier (e.g. #section1).[19][26]

A description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used in EPUB can be found in Section 2.4.1 [27] ofthe specification. The complete specification for NCX can be found in Section 8 [28] of the Specifications for theDigital Talking Book.[26]

An example .ncx file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE ncx PUBLIC "-//NISO//DTD ncx 2005-1//EN"

"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx-2005-1.dtd">

<ncx version="2005-1" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/">

<head>

<!-- The following four metadata items are required for all NCX documents,

including those conforming to the relaxed constraints of OPS 2.0 -->

<meta name="dtb:uid" content="123456789X"/> <!-- same as in .opf -->

<meta name="dtb:depth" content="1"/> <!-- 1 or higher -->

<meta name="dtb:totalPageCount" content="0"/> <!-- must be 0 -->

<meta name="dtb:maxPageNumber" content="0"/> <!-- must be 0 -->

</head>

<docTitle>

<text>Pride and Prejudice</text>

</docTitle>

EPUB 30

<docAuthor>

<text>Austen, Jane</text>

</docAuthor>

<navMap>

<navPoint class="chapter" id="chapter1" playOrder="1">

<navLabel><text>Chapter 1</text></navLabel>

<content src="chapter1.xhtml"/>

</navPoint>

</navMap>

</ncx>

Open Container Format 2.0.1

An EPUB file is a group of files conforming to the OPS/OPF standards that is wrapped in a ZIP file.[4] The OCFspecifies how these files should be organized in the ZIP, and defines two additional files that must be included.

The mimetype file must be a text document in ASCII and must contain the string application/epub+zip. Itmust also be uncompressed, unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. The purpose of this file is to provide amore reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.[20]

Also, there must be a folder named META-INF which contains the required file container.xml. This XML filepoints to the file defining the contents of the book. This will be the OPF file, though additional alternativerootfile elements are allowed.[20]

Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS andimages files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS.

An example file structure:

--ZIP Container--

mimetype

META-INF/

container.xml

OEBPS/

book.opf

chapter1.xhtml

ch1-pic.png

css/

style.css

myfont.otf

An example container.xml, given the above file structure:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<container version="1.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">

<rootfiles>

<rootfile full-path="OEBPS/content.opf" media-type="application/oebps-package+xml"/>

</rootfiles>

</container>

EPUB 31

Digital rights managementAn EPUB file can optionally contain DRM as an additional layer, but it is not required by the specifications.[29] Inaddition, the specification does not name any particular DRM system to use, so publishers can choose a DRMscheme to their liking. However, future versions of EPUB (specifically OCF) may specify a format for DRM.[20]

The EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM scheme. This could affect the level of supportfor various DRM systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRMincompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of asingle standard format and confusing the consumer.[30][31][32][33][34][35]

When present, DRMed EPUB files must contain a file called rights.xml within the META-INF directory at theroot level of the ZIP container.[20]

ValidationAn open source tool called epubcheck [36] exists for validating and detecting errors in the structural markup (OPS,OPF, OCF) as well as the XHTML and image files. The tool can be run from the command line, or used in webappsand applications as a library. A large part of the original work on the tool was done at Adobe Systems.[37]

Software

Software reading systemsSoftware that reads, and presumably displays, EPUB files is called a reading system. An EPUB reading system isdefined as:

“A combination of hardware and/or software that accepts OPS Publications and makes them available toconsumers of content. Great variety is possible in the architecture of Reading Systems. A ReadingSystem may be implemented entirely on one device, or it may be split among several computers....”[4]

Reading Systems and Software[4]

Software Platform DRM formatssupported

Notes

Adobe Digital Editions Windows, Mac OS X Adobe ContentServer

Requires online activation.

Aldiko Android Adobe ContentServer

Supports ePub for Android devices.

AZARDI Windows, Mac OS X,GNU/Linux

?Supports ePub 3, ePub 2 and the secure AZD format.

BookGlutton Web ? Free online ePub reader focusing on the social aspects of reading.

calibre Windows, Mac OS X,GNU/Linux None Primarily for library management, conversion, and transferring to devices, it

includes a reader. "Calibre: About" [38].

CoolReader Windows, GNU/Linux,Android

None

XML/CSS based E-Book reader for desktops and handheld devices.Supported formats: FB2, TXT, RTF, TCR, HTML, EPUB, CHM. Has GUIimplementation for E Ink base devices. Most popular SourceForge epubapplication.

Dorian Symbian ? Free ePub reader.

EPUBReader Firefox add-on None Enables reading ePub-files from within Firefox.

FBReader Windows, GNU/Linux,PDAs

? Incomplete ePub support.[39]

EPUB 32

FBReaderJ Android ? Open source.

Google Books Web application,Android, iOS

?Supports downloading purchased books as ePub and/or PDF.

iBooks iOS FairPlay[40] Books not readable directly on computers (Mac or PC) yet.

Kitabu [41] Mac OS X None Free lightweight ePub reader. Simple library management.

Lexcycle Stanza iOS, Windows, MacOS X

YesAcquired by Amazon in 2009.

Moon+ Reader Android ?

TwoDollarAppsStanzetta

WP7None

Supports ePub on Windows Phones.

Mobipocket Windows, BlackBerry,Symbian, WindowsMobile

NoneConverts EPUB into .PRC on import.

NOOK for Mac Mac OS X ? Need Barnes & Noble account just to read (free).

Okular KDE Platform ?

readMe iOS ? EPUB, FB2 and PDF support.

sReader iOS ? EPUB support.

Editing systems

Creation Software

Software Platform Notes

ABBYY FineReader Windows Commercial license. Version 11 exports to EPUB format.

Adobe InDesign Windows, MacOS X

Commercial license. Exports to EPUB format. Note that versions prior to 5.5 create EPUBs thatrequire significant editing in order to pass ePubCheck or ePubPreFlight. Plan on using Sigil orstudying Liz Castro's EPub Straight to the Point book if you want to make EPUBs using Indesign 5.0.

Atlantis Word Processor Windows,Portable app

Converts any document to EPUB; supports multilevel TOCs, font embedding, and batch conversion.Shareware.

calibre Windows, MacOS X,GNU/Linux

Conversion software and e-book organizer. Free Software under the GPL license. Allows plugins,including for editing EPUB files; there is for instance a plugin to merge several EPUB files intoone.[42]

eLML Windows, MacOS X,GNU/Linux

The eLesson Markup Language is a platform-independent XML-based open source framework tocreate eLearning content. It supports various output formats like SCORM, HTML, PDF and alsoeBooks based on the ePub format.

Feedbooks Web Free cloud service for downloading public domain works and for self-publishing.

Folium Book Studio Web Convert Microsoft Word and other documents to the EPUB 3 format and convert manuscripts totypographically corrected proofs. Edit online, design cover art or upload from another source. Drop inimages and align with text. Preview and export the EPUB or HTML for direct distribution toAmazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble, LuLu, or others.

iBooks Author Mac OS X Desktop publishing and page layout application. Free from Apple. Can export .ibooks format, whichis similar to EPUB, but contains non-standard markup.[43] Licensing agreement prevents submissionof non-free works created in the application to other distribution systems.[44]

iStudio Publisher Mac OS X Desktop publishing and page layout application. Commercial license.

EPUB 33

Lulu.com Web Upload and convert .doc, .docx, or PDF manuscripts to an ePub. Then choose a title, create a cover,describe your ePub, and pick a price. It's free to publish and sell.

oXygen XML Editor Mac OS X,Windows, Linux

XML Editor is the first tool which offers support for creating, transforming and validating documentscomposing the EPUB package. Commercial license.

Pandoc [45] GNU/Linux, MacOS X, Windows

Universal converter between many formats (even TeX -> EPUB). Free Software under the GPLlicense.

Pages Mac OS X Word processor (part of the iWork '09 suite) that can export to EPUB format (Pages '09 only, andonly with the iWork 9.0.4 update).

QuarkXPress Mac OS X,Windows

Desktop Publishing Tool, Page Layout Application. Exports also to the ePUB format. Commerciallicense.

Serif PagePlus X6 Windows Desktop Publishing Program. Exports also to the ePUB format. Commercial license.

Scrivener Windows, MacOS X

Commercial program for writers. Includes organization capabilities for fiction writers. Publishes tomultiple formats.

Sigil Windows,GNU/Linux, MacOS X

Free, Open source under GPLv3. Currently the only application that can also open and edit EPUBbooks, instead of just converting from other formats to EPUB. Does not currently support embeddingvideo or audio in EPUB.

Jutoh Windows, MacOS X, Linux

WYSIWYG ebook editor-compiler. Exports to ePUB and Mobipocket (Kindle) formats. Commerciallicense.

Hardware reading systemsThe boundary between hardware and software is not clear cut. Some of these devices are dedicated to e-book taskswhile others are platforms that include e-book readers or can have them added. See Comparison of e-book readersfor details of dedicated devices (not all support EPUB).

• Android devices (using FBReader, Aldiko)• Barnes & Noble Nook•• BeBook• Bookeen Cybook Gen3, Cybook Opus•• Boox•• COOL-ER•• Cruz (Tablet)•• eClicto• ECTACO jetBook and ECTACO jetBook Lite•• eSlick• GNU/Linux tablets and PDAs such as Sharp Zaurus and Nokia 770, n800, n810, and n900•• Hanlin eReader• iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch (Lexcycle Stanza or iBooks on iOS 3.2+)• iRex Digital Reader 800, 1000•• iRiver Story•• Kobo eReader•• Plastic Logic•• PocketBook Reader•• Sony Reader

EPUB 34

References[1] application/epub+zip has not been registered with IANA (http:/ / www. iana. org/ assignments/ media-types/ application/ ) as of June 2010.[2] "Specifications" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub). IDPF. . Retrieved January 25, 2012.[3] http:/ / www. idpf. org/[4] Conboy, Garth (May 11, 2009). "EPUB 101" (http:/ / www. idpf. org/ digitalbook09/ Presentations/ EPUB 101. pdf) (PDF). IDPF. eBook

Technologies. .[5] IDPF (Mon Oct 15, 2007). "OPS 2.0 Elevated to Official IDPF Standard" (http:/ / www. idpf. org/ forums/ viewtopic. php?t=98). IDPF. .[6] "IDPF Launches EPUB Standards Maintenance Work" (http:/ / www. idpf. org/ pressroom/ pressreleases/ EPUBMaintWGLaunch. htm).

IDPF. August 16, 2009. .[7] "Charter for EPUB Standards Maintenance WG" (http:/ / www. idpf. org/ idpf_groups/ epubmaint. htm). IDPF. August 12, 2009. .[8] "Draft Charter for revision to EPUB Standard for IDPF Comment" (http:/ / idpf. org/ idpf_groups/ epub2_1wg. htm). IDPF. April 6, 2010. .[9] "EPUB 2.1 Working Group Charter – DRAFT 0.11" (http:/ / idpf. org/ idpf_groups/ epub21wg/ IDPF-EPUB-WG-Charter-5-7-2010. html).

IDPF. May 7, 2010. . Retrieved June 6, 2010.[10] "EPUB3 Working Group" (http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ epub-revision). IDPF. November 12, 2010. .[11] IPDF. "EPUB 3" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 30). . Retrieved 21 February 2011.[12] "EPUB 3 Proposed Specification Released" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub3_proposed_spec_released). IDPF. May 23, 2011. . Retrieved 2 June

2011.[13] EPUB 3 Working Group (11 October 2011). "EPUB 3 Overview Draft" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 30/ spec/ epub30-overview. html). IDPF. .

Retrieved 11 October 2011.[14] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 30/ spec/ epub30-changes. html[15] Rothman, David (July 27, 2008). "The ePub torture test: Starring ‘Three Shadows,’ a graphic novel" (http:/ / www. teleread. org/ 2008/ 07/

27/ the-epub-torture-test-starring-three-shadows/ ). TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home. .[16] "Links, pointers, bookmarks, highlights: How should .epub do it?" (http:/ / frontmatters. com/ 2008/ 03/ 29/

links-pointers-bookmarks-highlights-how-should-epub-do-it/ ). FrontMatters. BookGlutton. March 29, 2008. .[17] Rothman, David (November 5, 2007). "'Social annotation and the marketplace of ideas': Time for an IDPF annotation standard for books and

other e-pubs!" (http:/ / www. teleread. org/ 2007/ 11/ 05/social-annotation-and-the-marketplace-of-ideas-time-for-an-idpf-annotation-standard-for-books-and-other-e-pubs/ ). TeleRead: Bring theE-Books Home. .

[18] IDPF (September 4, 2010). "Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0.1 - Recommended Specification" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/OPS_2. 0. 1_draft. htm). IDPF. . Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[19] IDPF (September 4, 2010). "Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0.1 - Recommended Specification" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPF_2.0. 1_draft. htm). IDPF. . Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[20] IDPF (September 4, 2010). "Open Container Format (OCF) 2.0.1 - Recommended Specification" (http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OCF_2.0. 1_draft. doc). IDPF. . Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[21] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPS_2. 0. 1_draft. htm#Section2. 2[22] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPS_2. 0. 1_draft. htm#Section3. 0[23] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPS_2. 0. 1_draft. htm#Section1. 3. 7[24] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPF_2. 0. 1_draft. htm#Section2. 2[25] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPF_2. 0. 1_draft. htm#Section2. 6[26] "Specifications for the Digital Talking Book" (http:/ / www. niso. org/ workrooms/ daisy/ Z39-86-2005. html). April 21, 2005. .[27] http:/ / idpf. org/ epub/ 20/ spec/ OPF_2. 0. 1_draft. htm#Section2. 4. 1[28] http:/ / www. niso. org/ workrooms/ daisy/ Z39-86-2005. html#NCX[29] IDPF (November 20, 2006). "IDPF's Digital Book Standards FAQs" (http:/ / www. idpf. org/ forums/ viewtopic. php?t=22). IDPF. .[30] Gelles, David (January 29, 2010). "Walls close in on e-book garden" (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/

a00ad6f8-0d0b-11df-a2dc-00144feabdc0. html). Financial Times. .[31] Rothman, David (August 13, 2009). "Adobe-DRMed ePub isn’t ‘open’: Why the New York Times urgently needs to clarify its Sony eBook

Store article" (http:/ / www. teleread. org/ 2009/ 08/ 13/adobe-drmed-epub-isnt-an-open-standard-will-nyt-distinguish-between-nonproprietary-and-common/ ). TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home. .

[32] Biba, Paul (December 21, 2009). "Does the Nook use its own incompatible DRM scheme?" (http:/ / www. teleread. org/ 2009/ 12/ 21/does-the-nook-use-its-own-incompatible-drm-scheme/ ). TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home. .

[33] Biba, Paul (January 28, 2010). "iPad adds to the DRM mess? Apple ebook DRM exclusive to Apple hardware" (http:/ / www. teleread. org/2010/ 01/ 28/ ipad-adds-to-the-drm-mess-apple-ebook-drm-exclusive-to-apple-hardware/ ). TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home. .

[34] Kendrick, James (January 28, 2010). "Who Really Needs an iPad?" (http:/ / jkontherun. com/ 2010/ 01/ 28/ who-really-needs-an-ipad/ ).jkOnTheRun. .

[35] Dave Dickson (January 27, 2010). "EPUB, iPad and Content Interoperability" (http:/ / blogs. adobe. com/ digitaleditions/ 2010/ 01/epub_ipad_and_content_interope. html). Digital Editions. .

[36] http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ epubcheck/[37] "epubcheck: Validation tool for Epub" (http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ epubcheck/ ). Google Code. . Retrieved January 29, 2010.

EPUB 35

[38] http:/ / calibre-ebook. com/ about[39] FBReader.org. "Electronic Book Formats (supported and unsupported)" (http:/ / fbreader. org/ docs/ formats. php). . Retrieved 19 July 2010.[40] Pham, Alex (February 15, 2010). "Apple to wrap digital books in FairPlay copy protection" (http:/ / latimesblogs. latimes. com/ technology/

2010/ 02/ apple-ibooks-drm-fairplay. html). Los Angeles Times. .[41] http:/ / www. 64. ee/[42] JimmXinu. "GUI Plugin: EpubMerge" (http:/ / www. mobileread. com/ forums/ showthread. php?t=169744). MobileRead Forums. .

Retrieved 24 February 2012.[43] Bott, Ed (January 22, 2012). "How Apple is sabotaging an open standard for digital books" (http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ bott/

how-apple-is-sabotaging-an-open-standard-for-digital-books/ 4378). ZDNet. . Retrieved January 30, 2012.[44] Ed Bott. "Apple's mind-bogglingly greedy and evil license agreement" (https:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ bott/

apples-mind-bogglingly-greedy-and-evil-license-agreement/ 4360). .[45] http:/ / johnmacfarlane. net/ pandoc/

External links• EPUB Wiki/Home Page (http:/ / www. daisy. org/ epub/ ) includes issue and bug tracking.• EPUB Format Construction Guide (http:/ / www. hxa. name/ articles/ content/ epub-guide_hxa7241_2007. html) (

also available in EPUB (http:/ / www. hxa. name/ articles/ content/ EpubGuide-hxa7241. epub))• Video: Format overview of the .epub file (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=vvGrFZdSDww)• Publisher Tim O'Reilly explains the importance of EPUB (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2009/ 02/ 22/

kindle-oreilly-ebooks-technology-breakthroughs_oreilly. html)• Build a digital book with EPUB (http:/ / www. ibm. com/ developerworks/ xml/ tutorials/ x-epubtut/ index. html)

from IBM developerWorks

Comparison of e-book readers

The larger Kindle DX with a Kindle2 for size comparison

An e-book reader is a portable electronic device that is designed primarily for thepurpose of reading digital books and periodicals.

e-book readers are similar in form to a tablet computer. A tablet computertypically has a faster screen capable of higher refresh rates which makes themmore suitable for interaction. The main advantages of e-book readers are betterreadability of their screens especially in bright sunlight and longer battery life.This is achieved by using electronic paper technology to display content toreaders.

Any device that can display text on a screen can act as an e-book reader, butwithout the advantages of the e-paper technology.

Comparison of e-book readers 36

Commercially available devices sold by maker or designerSome of the terms used in the charts below include:

• Library compatible – Can be used to borrow e-books from public libraries. This typically means that the EPUBand/or PDF formats with digital-rights-management (DRM) protection are supported.

Electronic-paper displays

Maker Model Intro

year

End year Screen

size

(inch)

Screen

type

Weight Screen

pixels

Screen

shades

Operating

systemTouch

screen[1]

Wireless

network

Text-to-speech Integrated

dictionary

Directory

organization

Internal

storage

Card

reader slot

Replaceable

battery

Web

browser

Library

compatible

USB

peripherals

Aluratek Libre Ebook

Reader Pro

2009

?

5 ePaper 213 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

? ? No No No No

? ? SDHC 32

GB

? No ? No

Amazon.comKindle (4th

generation)

2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 170 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No Wi-Fi No Yes Yes

2 GB

(1.25

GB) No No YesYes (US

only)No

Amazon.comKindle Touch

3G[2]

2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 220 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes

Wi-Fi,

3G

CDMA,

3G GSM

Yes Yes Yes

4 GB

(3 GB)

No No YesYes (US

only)No

Amazon.com Kindle Touch 2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 213 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes Wi-Fi Yes Yes Yes

4 GB

(3 GB)

No No YesYes (US

only)No

Amazon.comKindle 3 Wi-Fi

3G (now Kindle

Keyboard

3G[3]

2010 2011 6 eInk Pearl 247 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No

Wi-Fi,

3G

CDMA,

3G GSM

Yes Yes Yes

4 GB

(3 GB)

No No YesYes (US

only)No

Amazon.comKindle 3 Wi-Fi

(now Kindle

Keyboard[4]

2010 2011 6 eInk Pearl 241 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No Wi-Fi Yes Yes Yes

4 GB

(3 GB)

No No YesYes (US

only)No

Amazon.com Kindle DX 2009 2011 9.7 eInk Pearl 540 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

824 ×

1200

16 Linux

No

3G

CDMA

(USA),

3G GSM

Yes Yes Yes

4 GB

(3.3

GB) No NoYes

(limited)

Yes (US

only)No

Amazon.com Kindle 2 2009 2010 6 eInk 289 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No

3G

CDMA

(USA),

3G GSM

(World)

Yes Yes Yes

2 GB

(1.4

GB) No NoYes

(limited)

Yes (US

only)No

Comparison of e-book readers 37

Amazon.com Kindle 2007 2009 6 eInk 289 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

4 Linux

No CDMA No Yes No

256 MB

(180

MB)

SD

YesYes

(limited)

Yes (US

only)No

Barnes & Noble Nook 2009 2011 6 eInk 343 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Android

Bottom

Wi-Fi,

UMTS

(option)

No Yes (FW v1.5)

2 GB

(1.3

GB)

microSDHC

Yes

Yes

(FW

v1.3)

Yes No

Barnes & Noble Nook Simple

Touch

2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 212 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Android

Yes Wi-Fi No Yes Yes

2 GB microSDHC

No No Yes No

Bookeen Cybook Odyssey 2011

?

6eInk Pearl

+

HSIS[5]

195 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

YesWi-Fi,

802.11bgnNo French Yes

2 GB microSDHC

No Yes Yes No

Bookeen Cybook Orizon 2010

?

6 eInk SiPix 245 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes

Wi-Fi,

802.11bgn,

Bluetooth

2.1+EDR

No No Yes

2 GB microSDHC

No Yes Yes No

Bookeen Cybook Opus 2009

?

5 eInk 150 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

4 Linux

No No No No Yes

1 GB microSDHC

Yes No Yes No

Bookeen Cybook Gen3 2007

?

6 eInk 174 g (6.13 600 ×

800

4, 8 or

16

Linux

No No No No Yes

16 MB,

512MB,

1 GB

SD

Yes No Yes No

[ bq [6]][7] movistar ebook

bq

2011?

6 AUO

+SiPix

244 g 600 ×

800

16 LinuxYes Wi-Fi

?Yes

? 2 GB microSDHC

max 16 GBNo Yes Yes No

Condor

Technology[8]

eGriver

Touch[9]

2010

?

6 eInk 240 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes Wi-Fi Optional Yes Yes

2 GB SDHC

No Yes ? No

Condor

Technology[8]

eGriver

IDEO[9]

2010?

6 eInk?

600 ×

800

16 LinuxNo No Optional Yes Yes

1 GB SDHCNo No ? No

EBS

Technology[10]

Agebook eBook

Reader (model:

agebook+6)[11]

2010

?

6 eInk 260 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Windows CE

Stylus No Yes Yes Yes

512 MB SD

No No ? No

Elonex 621EB 2009

?

6 eInk 180 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8

? No No ? No ?

512 MB microSDHC

? ? ? No

Comparison of e-book readers 38

Endless ideasBeBook Mini

(Hanlin V5

clone)[12]

2009

?

5 eInk ? 160 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

No No No No No

512 MB SDHC

? No Yes No

Endless ideas BeBook Neo 2010

?

6 eInk ? 298 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

?

Linux

Yes Wi-Fi Yes ? ?

512 MB SDHC

? Yes ? No

Endless ideas BeBook One

(Hanlin V3

clone)

2009

?

6 eInk ? 220 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

4 Linux

No No No No No

512 MB SDHC

Yes No Yes No

EnTourage eDGe 20102011

[13] 9.7 eInk &

LCD

1400 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

825 ×

1200

8 Android

Yes

Yes,

Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth

Yes

(Pico TTS)Yes Yes

3 GB

(322

MB for

apps)

SD max 32

GB

Yes Yes Yes Yes

EnTourage Pocket eDGe 20102011

[13] 6 eInk &

LCD

700 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Android

YesWi-Fi,

Bluetooth

Yes

(Pico TTS)Yes Yes

3 GB microSD

No Yes Yes ?

FnacFnacBook

[14] 2010

?

6 eInk 240 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes

Wi-Fi,

GPRS,

Edge,

HSDPA

Yes Yes ?

2 GB microSD

No ? ? ?

Foxit Software eSlick 20092010

[15] 6 eInk 180 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No No No No No

512 MB SDHC

Yes No ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N516[16]

2009?

5 eInk?

600 ×

800

8 LinuxNo No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ?

HanvonWISEreader

N518[17]

2009?

5 eInk?

600 ×

800

8 Windows CEYes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N520[18]

2009?

5 eInk?

600 ×

800

8 Windows CENo ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N526[19]

2010?

5 eInk?

600 ×

800

8 Windows CEYes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

B630[20]

2010

?

6 eInk 263 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Windows CE

No No ? ? No ?

microSD

? No ? ?

Comparison of e-book readers 39

HanvonWISEreader

N610[21]

2010

?

6 eInk

Vizplex

260 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Windows CE

Yes No ? ? No

512 MB microSD

? No ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N618[22]

2010

?

6 eInk

Vizplex

260 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Windows CE

Yes Yes ? ? ?

512 MB microSD

? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

W622[23]

2010

?

6 eInk

Vizplex

335 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes Yes ? ? ?

512 MB microSD

? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

W800[24]

2010

?

8 eInk

Vizplex

400 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 ×

768

16 Windows CE

Yes Yes ? ? ?

512 MB microSD

? ? ? ?

Icarus ReaderIcarus Reader

Go[25]

2010

?

6 eInk 178 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

No

Wi-Fi,

UMTS

(option)

No No (FW v1.5)

2 GB

(1.3

GB)

microSD

No No Yes ?

Icarus ReaderIcarus Reader

Sense[26]

2010

?

6 Sipix 240 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes Wi-Fi No Yes Yes

2 GB

(1.3

GB)

microSD

No Yes Yes ?

Interead COOL-ER 20092010

[27] 6 eInk 178 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

No No ? ? ?

1 GB SD

Yes No Yes ?

iPapyrus[28]

iPapyrus 6[29] 2009

?6 eInk

?600 ×

800

8 LinuxOptional Optional Optional Yes Yes

2 GB SDYes Optional Yes ?

iRex Technologies Digital Reader

800

20102010

[30] 8.1 eInk 360 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

768 ×

1024

16 Linux

Yes No ? Yes Yes

128 MB SDHC

Yes No Yes ?

iRex Technologies Digital Reader

1000

20082010

[30] 10.2 eInk 700 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 ×

1280

16 Linux

Yes No No ? Yes ?

SD

? ? Yes ?

iRex Technologies iLiad 20062010

[30] 8.1 eInk 480 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

768 ×

1024

16 Linux

Yes Wi-Fi No No Yes

64 MB SD, CF

No No Yes ?

Comparison of e-book readers 40

Iriver Story 2009

?

6 eInk 233 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

No No ? ? ?

2 GB SDHC

? ? Yes ?

Iriver Iriver Story HD 2011

?

6eInk

Pearl[31]

207 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

768 ×

1024

16 Linux

No Wi-Fi No Yes ?

2 GB SDHC

No No Yes Yes

italica

GmbH[32]

Paperback 2010

?

6

?

174 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

? ? ? Yes ?

512 MB SD

? ? ? ?

JinKeHanlin V5

[12] 2008?

5 eInk?

600 ×

800

8 Linux? ? ? ? ?

384 MB SDHC? ? ? ?

JinKe Hanlin V3 2007 2008 6 eInk?

600 ×

800

12 LinuxNo No No No Yes

384 MB SDHCYes No Yes No

JinKe Hanlin V2 2006 2007 6 eInk?

600 ×

800

4 Linux? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Kobo Inc.[33] Kobo Touch 2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 200 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes Wi-Fi No Yes No

2 GB microSD

No Yes Yes ?

Kobo Inc.[33] Kobo eReader

Wireless N647

2010 2011 6 eInk 221 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No Wi-Fi No Yes ?

1 GB SDHC

No No Yes ?

Kobo Inc.[33] Kobo eReader

N416

2010 2011 6 eInk 221 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

No Bluetooth No Yes ?

1 GB SD

No Yes Yes ?

Kogan

Technologies[34]

Kogan eBook

Reader[34]

2010

?

6 eInk 228 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No No No Yes Yes

2 GB SDHC

No No ? ?

Kolporter eClicto 2007

?

6 eInk 174 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

4 Linux

No No No No ?

512 MB SD

Yes No ? ?

Newsmy[35]

e6210[36] 2011

?6 eInk 220 g (7.76 600 ×

800

16 MicroC/OS-IINo No Yes No No

4 GB SDHCYes No ? No

Onyx

International[37] Boox 60

[38] 2010

?

6 eInk 298 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

Stylus[39] Wi-Fi Optional Yes Yes

512 MB SDHC

[40] Yes ? ?

Comparison of e-book readers 41

Onyx

International[37] Boox X60

[41] 2010

?

6 eInk 298 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

Stylus[39] Wi-Fi Optional Yes Yes

512 MB SDHC

[40] Yes ? ?

Onyx InternationalBoox

A61S[42]

2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 278 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Stylus No ? ? Yes

2 GB SDHC

? ? ? ?

Onyx InternationalBoox

X61S[43]

2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 275 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No No ? ? Yes

2 GB SDHC

? ? ? ?

Onyx InternationalBoox A62

[44] 2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 298 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Stylus Yes ? ? Yes

4 GB SDHC

? ? ? ?

Onyx InternationalBoox X62

[45] 2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 298 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No Yes ? ? Yes

4 GB SDHC

? ? ? ?

Onyx InternationalBoox i62

[46] 2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 238 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

800 ×

600

16 Linux

Yes (IR) Yes ? ? ?

4 GB SDHC

? ? ? ?

Onyx

International[37] Boox M90

[47] 2011

?

9.7 eInk Pearl 520 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

825 ×

1200

16 Linux

Stylus[47] Wi-Fi Optional Yes Yes

1024

MB

SDHC

Yes Yes ? ?

Onyx

International[37] Boox M92

[48] 2011

?

9.7 eInk Pearl 520 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

825 ×

1200

16 Linux

Stylus[48] Wi-Fi Optional Yes Yes

4096

MB

SDHC

Yes Yes ? ?

PocketBook PocketBook 360

Plus

2011

?

5 eInk 150 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

NoWi-Fi

802.11b/gYes Yes Yes

2 GB microSDHC

Yes Yes Yes [49]

PocketBook PocketBook Pro

903

2010

?

9.7 eInk 581 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

825 ×

1200

16 Linux

Stylus

Wi-Fi

802.11b/g,

Bluetooth,

UMTS +

GPRS

Yes Yes Yes

2 GB microSDHC

Yes Yes Yes [49]

Comparison of e-book readers 42

PocketBook PocketBook Pro

902

2010

?

9.7 eInk 530 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

825 ×

1200

16 Linux

No

Wi-Fi

802.11b/g,

Bluetooth

Yes Yes Yes

2 GB microSDHC

Yes Yes Yes [49]

PocketBookPocketBook Pro

603[50]

2010

?

6 eInk 280 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Stylus

Wi-Fi

802.11b/g,

Bluetooth,

UMTS +

GPRS

Yes Yes Yes

2 GB microSDHC

Yes Yes Yes [49]

PocketBookPocketBook Pro

602[51]

2010

?

6 eInk 250 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

No

Wi-Fi

802.11b/g,

Bluetooth

Yes Yes Yes

2 GB microSDHC

Yes Yes Yes [49]

Samsung Papyrus 2009 ? 5 eInk ? ? 8 ? Yes No ? ? ? 512M No ? ? ? ?

Samsung E6 2010

?

6 eInk 315 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Linux

Stylus

Wi-Fi

802.11b/g,

Bluetooth

Yes Yes Yes

2 GB

(1.4

GB)

microSD

Yes

Limited

Yes ?

SonyReader Pocket

Edition

PRS-350[52]

2010 2011 5 eInk Pearl 155 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes No No Yes collections

2 GB

(1.4

GB) No No No Yes ?

SonyReader Touch

Edition

PRS-650[53]

2010 2011 6 eInk 215 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes No No Yes collections

2 GB

(1.4

GB)

SDHC, MS

Pro DUO

No No Yes ?

Sony Reader Daily

Edition PRS-900

2009 2011 7.1 eInk 283 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

1024

16 MontaVista

Linux

Yes No No Yes ?

2 GB SDHC, MS

Pro DUO

? ? Yes ?

Sony Reader Touch

Edition PRS-600

2009 2010 6 eInk 286 g (10.1 600 ×

800

8 MontaVista

Linux Yes No No Yes ?

512 MB

(380

MB)

SDHC, MS

PRO Duo No No Yes ?

Sony Reader Pocket

Edition PRS-300

2009 2010 5 eInk 220 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 MontaVista

Linux

No No No No ?

512 MB

(480

MB) No No No Yes ?

Sony Reader Pocket

Edition

PRS-300SC

2011 ? 5 eInk

Vizplex

220 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 MontaVista

Linux

No No No No ?

512 MB

(350

MB) No No No Yes ?

Comparison of e-book readers 43

Sony Reader PRS-700 2008 2009 6 eInk 283 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 MontaVista

Linux

Yes ? ? ? ?

512 MB SDHC

? ? Yes ?

Sony Reader PRS-505 2008 2009 6 eInk 250 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 MontaVista

Linux

No No No No ?

256

MB,

(192

MB)

SD, MS

No No Yes ?

Sony Reader PRS-500 2006 2008 6 eInk 250 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 MontaVista

Linux

No No No No No

92 MB SD

No No Yes ?

Sony Reader PRS-T1 2011

?

6 eInk Pearl 168 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Android

Yes (IR) Wi-Fi No Yes Yes

2 GB

(1.3

GB)

Micro-SD

No Yes Yes ?

Sony Librié 2004 2005 6 eInk 190 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

4 Linux

No No No Yes No

10 MB MS PRO

Yes No Yes ?

Spring

Design[54]

Alex eReader 2010 2011 6 eInk &

LCD

221 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

8 Android

Yes Wi-Fi No Yes No

2 GB SD

Yes Yes ? ?

Stereo

International

Enterprise Co, Ltd

(Taiwan)[55]

ES600 2009

?

6

?

240 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

16 Linux

Yes Wi-Fi No Yes Yes

2 GB SDHC

No Yes ? ?

Wolder

Electronics[56] Boox-S

[38] 2010?

6 eInk?

600 ×

800

16 LinuxNo No ? Yes Yes

512 MB SDHC? No ? ?

Maker Model Intro

year

End year Screen

size

(inch)

Screen

type

Weight Screen

pixels

Screen

shades

Operating

systemTouch

screen[1]

Wireless

network

Text-to-speech Integrated

dictionary

Directory

organization

Internal

storage

Card

reader slot

Replaceable

battery

Web

browser

Library

compatible

USB

peripherals

Non-electronic-paper displays

Comparison of e-book readers 44

Maker Model Intro

year

Screen

size

(inch)

Screen type Weight Screen

pixels

Screen

shades

Hours

reading[57]

Operating

system

Touch

screen[1]

Wireless

network

Text-to-speech Integrated

dictionary

Directory

organization

Internal

storage

Card

reader slot

Replaceable

battery

Web

browser

Library

compatible

USB

peripherals

Aluratek Libre Touch

eBook

Reader

2011 7 LCD 199 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

480 x

800

?

8 Android 1.5

Yes Yes, Wi-Fi No No ?

4 GB microSD

No Yes Yes No

Aluratek Libre Air

eBook

Reader

2011 5 LCD 170 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

480 ×

640

16

grey

scale

20 Linux+Xwindows

No Yes, Wi-Fi No No ?

512 MB microSD

No No Yes No

Aluratek Libre Color

eBook

Reader

2010 7 LCD 245 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

480 x

800

?

24 MicroC/OS-II

No No No No ?

2 GB SD

No No Yes No

Aluratek Libre Pro

eBook

Reader

2009 5 LCD 190 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

480 x

640

16

grey

scale

24 Linux+Xwindows

No No No No ?

256 MB SD

No No Yes No

Amazon.com Kindle Fire 2011 7LCD(IPS)

[58] 413 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 x

600

24-bit

color

8 Android 2.3

Yes Wi-FiNo

[59] Yes ?

8 GB

(6 GB)

No No YesYes (US

only)No

Apple Inc. iPad 2 2011 9.7LCD(IPS)

[60] 613 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 x

768

24-bit?

color

10 iOS

Yes Wi-Fi, 3G Yes

iBooks &

system-wide

dictionary

with iOS 5

Yes

16-64

GBSD via

camera

connection

kit

No Yes ? Yes

Apple Inc. iPad 2010 9.7 LCD 601 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 x

768

24-bit?

color

9 iOS

Yes Wi-Fi Yes

iBooks &

system-wide

dictionary

with iOS 5

Yes

16-64

GBSD via

Camera

Connection

Kit

No Yes ? Yes

Barnes &

Noble

Nook Color 2010 7 LCD 450 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 ×

600

16M 8 Android 2.2

YesWi-Fi

802.11b/g/n

for B&N Kids

BooksYes Yes

2 GB, 1

GB

available

microSDHC

No Yes Yes

?

Ectaco jetBook 2008 5 LCD 212 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

480 x

640

16 20 Linux

No No No Yes Yes

112 MB SDHC

No No Yes No

Elonex 705EB 2010 7 LED 190 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

480 ×

800

256? 8

? No No ? No ?

4 GB microSDHC

? No ? No

Comparison of e-book readers 45

Notion InkAdam

[61] 2011 10.1 Pixel Qi 725 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

1024 ×

600

?

15 Android

Yes Wi-Fi, 3G Yes ? ?

1GB

DDR2

RAM

1GB

SLC

microSD

Yes Yes

?

?

PocketBook PocketBook

IQ 701

2010 7 LCD 516 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

600 ×

800

262K

color

8 Android 2.0

Yes Wi-Fi Yes Yes Yes

2 GB SDHC

Yes Yes Yes No

TrekStor eBook

Reader 3.0

2011 7 LCD 275 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

800 ×

480

?

8 MicroC/OS-II

No No No No Yes

2 GB microSDHC

No No Yes No

ZzbookeReader

HD[62]

2010 7 TFT-LCD 300 g

(unknown

operator:

u'strong' oz)

800 ×

480

16 8 Linux

No No ? ? ?

2 GB microSD

? ? ? ?

Maker Model Intro

year

Screen

size

(inch)

Screen type Weight Screen

pixels

Screen

shades

Hours

reading[57]

Operating

system

Touch

screen[1]

Wireless

network

Text-to-speech Integrated

dictionary

Directory

organization

Internal

storage

Card

reader slot

Replaceable

battery

Web

browser

Library

compatible

USB

peripherals

File format supportSee Comparison of e-book formats for details on the file formats.

The most notable formats are:

• .epub is a free and open e-book standard used by most e-book readers.• .azw is Amazon’s proprietary e-book file format for the Kindle.

Maker Model Number .arg .azw .chm .djvu .doc .epub .html .lbr .lit .mobi .mp3 .opf .pdb .pdg .pdf .tr3 .txt .fb2 .rtf .tcr .cbr .cbz .gif .jpg .png .tiff .bmp .docx .html .wmv .flv .m4v .mov .avi .mpeg1/2/4

Aluratek Liber Touch eBook

Reader

9

No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes No

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

No No No Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? No

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Aluratek Libre Air eBook

Reader

11

No No No No No Yes

Partial

(non-DRM

only

No No

Partial

(non-DRM

only

Yes No No No Yes No

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

No No No Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? No No No No No No

Aluratek Libre Color eBook

Reader

10

No No No No No Yes

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

No No No Yes No No No Yes No

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

No No No Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ?

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Aluratek Libre Pro eBook

Reader

8

No No No No No Yes No No No

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Yes No No No Yes No

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

Partial

(non-DRM

only)

No No No No Yes Yes No ? ? ? ? No No No No No No

Amazon.com Kindle 3 Wi-Fi & 3G 12+No Yes ? No

Yes[63] No

Yes[63] No No

Partial (no

DRM)Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Amazon.com Kindle DX 12No Yes ? No ? No Yes No No

Partial (no

DRM)Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Amazon.com Kindle 2 12No Yes ? No ? No Yes No No

Partial (no

DRM)Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes ? ? No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Comparison of e-book readers 46

Amazon.com Kindle? No Yes ? ? No No Yes No No

Partial (no

DRM)Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Asus Eee Reader DR900 ? No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Barnes & NobleNook

Color[64][65]

15+

No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

Barnes & Noble

nook[66] 4 No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? No No ? ? ? ? ? ?

Barnes & Noble

Nook Touch[67] 8 No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes No No ? ? ? ? ? ?

BookeenCybook

Orizon[68]

8

No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

BookeenCybook

Opus[69]

6

No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

BookeenCybook

Gen3[69]

7

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

bq movistar ebook bq 14 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No

Condor Technology

Associates[8] eGriver IDEO

[9] 18

No No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Condor Technology

Associates[8] eGriver Touch

[9] 8

No No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

EBS

Technology[70]

Agebook+6 12

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Elonex eBook ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Endless ideasBeBook One (Hanlin

V3 clone)[71]

23

No No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Endless ideasBeBook Mini (Hanlin

V5 clone)[71]

23

No No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Foxit Corp. eSlick ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N516[16] ? No ? No ? No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N518[17] ? No ? No ? No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N520[18] ? No ? No ? No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

HanvonWISEreader

N526[19] ? No ? No ? No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Interead COOL-ER ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

iPapyrus

Inc.[28] iPapyrus 6

[38]? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

iRex Technologies Digital Reader 800 ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

iRex Technologies Digital Reader 1000 9 ? ? ? ? ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

iRex Technologies iLiad ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Iriver Story ? No ? No ? Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Comparison of e-book readers 47

Iriver IRiver Story HD ? No ? No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No ? No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No ? No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

italica

GmbH[32]

Paperback 1.0

6[72]

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

JinKe Hanlin V2 ? ? ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

JinKe Hanlin V3 19 ? ? ? Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

JinKe Hanlin V5 ? ? ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Kobo[33] eReader 3 No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Kobo eReader WiFi 9 No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

KoboeReader

Touch[73]

14

No No No No No Yes Yes No No

Partial

(raw

markup)

No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

Kogan

Technologies[34]

Kogan eBook Reader

16[74]

No No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Kolporter eClicto ? No ? No No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Newsmy[35]

e6210[36] ? No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No

Onyx

International[37] Boox 60

[38] 18

No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoPartial (no

DRM)Yes ? No ? Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

Onyx International

Boox X61S[75] 22

No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoPartial (no

DRM)Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No

Onyx

International[37] Boox M90

[38] 18

No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoPartial (no

DRM)Yes ? No ? Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

Onyx

International[37] Boox M92

[38] 18

No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoPartial (no

DRM)Yes ? No ? Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

PocketBook PocketBook 360 Plus 18 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

PocketBook PocketBook Pro 602 18 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

PocketBook PocketBook Pro 603 18 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

PocketBook PocketBook Pro 902 18 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

PocketBook PocketBook Pro 903 18 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ?

Samsung Papyrus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Samsung E6 ? No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Sony Librié ? No ? No ? No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

SonyReader Pocket Edition

PRS-300[76]

6

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

SonyReader

PRS-500[77]

9

No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Sony Reader PRS-505 ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes No ? Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes No Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

SonyReader Touch Edition

PRS-600[78]

12

No No ? No ? Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Sony Reader PRS-700 ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? Yes ? Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

SonyReader Daily Edition

PRS-900[79]

11

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Comparison of e-book readers 48

Spring

Design[54]

Alex eReader 5

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Stereo International

Enterprise Co, Ltd

(Taiwan)[55]

ES600[55] 8

No No ? Yes ? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

TrekStor eBook Reader 3.0 8 No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No

Velocity

Micro[80]

Cruz Reader 14+

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Velocity

Micro[81]

Cruz Tablet T103 14+

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Velocity

Micro[82]

Cruz Tablet T301 14+

No Yes ? No ? Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Wolder

Electronics[56] Boox-S

[38] 14

No No ? No ? Yes Yes No NoPartial (no

DRM)Yes ? No ? Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Maker Model Number .arg .azw .chm .djvu .doc .epub .html .lbr .lit .mobi .mp3 .opf .pdb .pdg .pdf .tr3 .txt .fb2 .rtf .tcr .cbr .cbz .gif .jpg .png .tiff .bmp .docx .html .wmv .flv .m4v .mov .avi .mpeg1/2/4

This list is missing many of the 1st and 2nd generation e-reader devices from the 1990s to 2005.

This list can be expanded by adding Unicode support information for e-readers. Such information is very difficult tofind right now.

Changes

Rebranded devices• Hanlin V3 → BeBook (EU): BeBook, Koobe [83] (HU), Astak EZ Reader (US), Lbook (UA) Papyre (Spain)• Netronix EB001 → Astak Mentor EZ Reader, Cybook Gen3 (200 MHz version)• Netronix EB600 → Cool-er, eClicto, Elonex eBook, eSlick, Astaka Mentor EZ Reader, Cybook Gen3 (400 MHz

version),• Condor eGriver touch → Medion OYO, Prestigio PER5062B, Icarus Sense, Pandigital Novel 6" Personal

eReader, Qisda QD060B00• TrekStor eBook Reader 3.0 → Prestigio Nobile PER3172B

Announced devices or prototypes• Adam by Notion Ink (Shipped January 2011)• txtr, (October 2009), 6 inch reader from Wizpac• Readius by Polymer Vision (Autumn 2008) UPDATE: Polymer Vision filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July

2009. This ebook reader will not be coming to market in its current form.• eDGe, dual screen, by enTourage (Available since April 2010)[84]

• Slate, 8.9 inch screen, by Hewlett-Packard (June–September 2010)[85]

• E6 Slider, 6 inch reader, by Samsung (Spring 2010)[86]

• Samsung E61 with QWERTY design (early 2010)[87]

• Takeop – an eBook project by Mircea Batranu (proj-2007/ prez-2009)[88]

Comparison of e-book readers 49

Discontinued models and products• Alex eReader by Spring Design, discontinued in 2011[54]

• eSlick by Foxit Corp., discontinued in late 2010[89]

• QUE proReader by Plastic Logic[90]

• Cybook, Cybook Gen1 sold by Cytale (1998–2003) then by Bookeen (2003–2007), now replaced with theCybook Gen3 and Cybook Opus

• Franklin eBookMan – 1999(?)–2002, last model

Other mobile text viewers

A Symbian OS smartphone used asan e-book reader

Some portable multimedia players and smartphones include a text viewer, e.g.several Cowon players, including the Cowon D2 and the iAUDIO U3 andMobipocket Reader for Symbian OS and Windows Mobile mobile phones anddevices. Adobe Reader mobile also turns Windows Mobile devices (for example,Samsung Omnia) into e-book viewers. Apple's iPad, iPhone,[91] and iPod Touchare acquiring status as e-book readers through a variety of e-reader apps.WordPlayer, FBReader, Aldiko or Mantano Reader turn Android phones intoe-book readers. Palm OS based devices and smartphones are also usable forreading books. PalmOS supports PalmDoc, iSilo, Mobipocket reader, PDF,HTML conversion, text format, Handstory, TealDoc among many other softwaretitles, and word processing.

Some mobile devices support word processing. Some fully functional tabletnotebooks (with screens that turn 180 degrees and lie with the back to thekeyboard) and subnotebooks are used as e-book readers.

Table notes[1][1] Touch screen: "Yes" - finger touchable; "Stylus" - touchable with stylus only; "No" - no touch screen[2] "Kindle Touch versus Kindle 3" (http:/ / reviewsebookreaders. com/ kindle-touch-versus-kindle-3/ ). reviewsebookreaders.com. . Retrieved

2011-09-30.[3] "Kindle 3 Wi-Fi 3G" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ B002FQJT3Q/ ). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-30.[4] "Kindle 3 Wi-Fi" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ B002Y27P3M). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-30.[5] "More about the Cybook Odyssey and the High Speed Ink System technology" (http:/ / bookeen. com/ blog/ cybook-odyssey-hsis/ ).

Bookeen.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-27.[6] http:/ / es. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Bq_readers[7] "bq Readers" (http:/ / es. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Bq_readers). .[8] "Condor Technology Associates" (http:/ / www. ctaindia. com). Ctaindia.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[9] IDEO (http:/ / www. ctaindia. asia),[10] "Agebook eBook Reader (model: agebook+6)" (http:/ / www. agebook. com. tr/ ). ebsteknoloji.com.tr. . Retrieved 04-08-2010.[11] "Agebook+6 eBook Reader" (http:/ / www. agebook. com. tr/ ). ebsteknoloji.com.tr. . Retrieved 04-08-2010.[12] Petr Hájek (2009-12-28). "Hanlin eReader V5 review: paper or e-paper, that is the question" (http:/ / www. maxiorel. com/

hanlin-ereader-v5-review-paper-or-e-paper-question). Maxiorel.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.[13] http:/ / blog. laptopmag. com/ would-the-entourage-edge-have-survived-in-a-post-honeycomb-world[14] "Fnac web" (http:/ / www. fnac. com/ FnacBook-Livre-numerique-3G-gratuite-et-WiFi-50-livres-offerts-inclus/ a2995447/ w-4#ficheDt). .[15] "Foxit kills off eSlick ebook reader, focuses on licensing software instead" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 08/ 04/

foxit-kills-off-eslick-ebook-reader-focuses-on-licensing-softwa/ ). 2010-08-04. . Retrieved 2011-08-27.[16] "WISEreader N516" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N516. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[17] "WISEreader N518" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N518. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[18] "WISEreader N520" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N520. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[19] "WISEreader N526" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N526. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[20] "WISEreader B630" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-B630. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-12.[21] "WISEreader N610" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N610. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-12.

Comparison of e-book readers 50

[22] "WISEreader N618" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N618. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-12.[23] "WISEreader W622" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N628. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-12.[24] "WISEreader W800" (http:/ / www. hanvon. com/ en/ products/ ebook/ products-N800. html). Hanvon.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-12.[25] "Icarus Go" (http:/ / www. icarusreader. com/ icarusreader. com/ ?q=go). Icarusreader.com. . Retrieved 2011-05-13.[26] "Icarus Sense" (http:/ / www. icarusreader. com/ icarusreader. com/ ?q=sense). Icarusreader.com. . Retrieved 2011-05-13.[27] Bowers, Simon (2010-07-13). "Court hits the off button on Cool-er e-reader company" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ business/ 2010/ jul/

13/ cool-er-ereader-interead-liquidation). London: The Guardian. . Retrieved 2011-08-16.[28] "iPapyrus Inc" (http:/ / www. ipapyrus. info/ ). iPapyrus Inc. . Retrieved 2010-03-03.[29] (http:/ / www. ipapyrus. info) (),[30] Calvin Reid (June 10, 2010). "IREX Files for Bankruptcy" (http:/ / www. publishersweekly. com/ pw/ by-topic/ digital/ devices/ article/

43466-irex-files-for-bankruptcy. html). publishersweekly.com. . Retrieved November 2, 2011.[31] "E Ink: Customer Showcase: Story HD by iRiver" (http:/ / www. eink. com/ customer_showcase_iriver_storyhd. html). eink.com. .

Retrieved 2012-02-11.[32] "italica GmbH" (http:/ / www. italicareader. com). Italicareader.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[33] "Kobo eReader" (http:/ / www. koboereader. com/ ). .[34] "iKogan eBook Reader" (http:/ / www. kogan. com. au/ shop/ ebook-reader-6-e-ink-screen/ ). kogan.com.au. . Retrieved 2010-07-28.[35] "Newsmy website" (http:/ / www. newsmy. com). .[36] "Newsmy e6210 technical specifications" (http:/ / www. newsmy. com/ en/ products_show. asp?ArticleID=521). .[37] "Onyx International" (http:/ / www. onyxboox. com/ ). onyxboox.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[38] Boox 60 (http:/ / www. onyx-international. com/ products) ( spanish (http:/ / www. wolder. com/ Wolder_Electronics/ Boox. html)), Boox-S

(spanish) (http:/ / www. wolder. com/ Wolder_Electronics/ Boox-s. html)[39] "Onyx Boox" (http:/ / www. the-ebook-reader. com/ onyx-boox. html). the-ebook-reader.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-17.[40] "Onyx Boox" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. com). onyx-boox.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-17.[41] Boox X60 (http:/ / www. onyxboox. com/ product_info. php?cPath=21& products_id=38) ( spanish (http:/ / www. wolder. com/

Wolder_Electronics/ Boox. html)), Boox-S (spanish) (http:/ / www. wolder. com/ Wolder_Electronics/ Boox-s. html)[42] "Onyx Boox A61S (in Russia)" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. ru/ boox_a61s). .[43] "Onyx Boox X61S review (in Polish)" (http:/ / technowinki. onet. pl/ wiadomosci/

premiera-ekonomiczny-e-reader-onyx-boox-x61s,1,4804928,artykul. html). .[44] "Onyx Boox A62" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. com/ onyx-boox-a62). .[45] "Onyx Boox X62" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. com/ onyx-boox-x62). .[46] "Onyx Boox i62" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. com/ onyx-boox-i62). .[47] "Onyx Boox M90 technical specifications" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. com/ onyx-boox-m90/ specifications). .[48] "Onyx Boox M92 technical specifications" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. com/ onyx-boox-m92/ specifications). .[49] "You ask — we answer" (http:/ / www. pocketbook-int. com/ us/ support/ faq). PocketBook International S.A. . Retrieved 2011-07-24.[50] PocketBook Pro 603 (http:/ / www. pocketbook-usa. com/ products/ pocketbook-603/ )[51] PocketBook Pro 602 (http:/ / www. pocketbook-usa. com/ products/ pocketbook-602/ )[52] PRS-350SC | Reader Pocket Edition | Sony | Sony Style USA (http:/ / www. sonystyle. com/ webapp/ wcs/ stores/ servlet/

ProductDisplay?productId=8198552921666257813)[53] PRS-650 | Reader Touch Edition | Sony | Sony Style USA (http:/ / www. sonystyle. com/ webapp/ wcs/ stores/ servlet/

ProductDisplay?productId=8198552921666257815)[54] "Spring Design, Inc" (http:/ / www. springdesign. com/ ). . Retrieved 14 June 2011.[55] "Stereo International Enterprise Co, Ltd (Taiwan)" (http:/ / www. punch-video. com. tw/ products/ main. php?cat=19& topage=1#201). .[56] "Wolder Electronics" (http:/ / www. wolder. com/ Wolder_Electronics/ Wolder_Electronics. html). Wolder.com. . Retrieved 2010-04-05.[57][57] battery life, usually requires Wifi/3G to be turned off[58] "Kindle Fire - Full Color 7" Multi-Touch Display with Wi-Fi - More than a Tablet" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ product/

B0051VVOB2). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-11-28.[59][59] Android 2.3 has built-in TTS that can be used by certain apps. However, the Kindle app is not one of them.[60] "iPad 2 Technical Specifications" (http:/ / www. apple. com/ ipad/ specs/ ). Apple. . Retrieved 2011-06-12.[61] "Tech Specs" (http:/ / notionink. in/ techspecs. php). NotionInk.com. . Retrieved 2011-01-01.[62] "eReader HD" (http:/ / www. zzbook. co. uk). zzbook.co.uk. . Retrieved 2011-03-29.[63] "Sending Personal Documents to Kindle" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200505520& #email).

Amazon.com: Transferring, Downloading, and Sending Files to Kindle. .[64] "NOOKcolor Tech Specs - Barnes & Noble" (http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ nookcolor/ features/ techspecs/ index.

asp?cds2Pid=35607). Barnesandnoble.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-31.[65] "NOOKcolor User Guide - Barnes & Noble" (http:/ / img1. imagesbn. com/ PImages/ nook/ encore/ support/ pdf/ User_Guide_NOOKcolor.

pdf). Barnesandnoble.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-31.[66] "NOOK Tech Specs - Barnes & Noble" (http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ nook/ features/ techspecs/ ?cds2Pid=30195).

Barnesandnoble.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.

Comparison of e-book readers 51

[67] "NOOK Tech Specs - Barnes & Noble" (http:/ / www. barnesandnoble. com/ nook/ features/ techspecs/ ?cds2Pid=30195).Barnesandnoble.com. . Retrieved 2022-6-13.

[68] "Cybook Orizon File formats" (http:/ / www. bookeen. com/ en/ cybook/ ?id=2). Bookeen. . Retrieved 2011-03-21.[69] "File formats" (http:/ / www. bookeen. com/ en/ ebooks/ fileFormats). Bookeen. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.[70] "EBS Technology" (http:/ / www. agebook. com. tr/ ). EBS Technology. . Retrieved 04-08-2010.[71] "FAQ - eBooks" (http:/ / mybebook. com/ a35/ FAQ_Ebooks/ article_info. html). Mybebook.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.[72] "italica Readers" (http:/ / www. italicareader. com). Italicareader.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.[73] "Kobo eReader Touch - Kobo Books" (http:/ / www. kobobooks. com/ touch_tech). Kobobooks.com. . Retrieved 2011-07-04.[74] "eBook Reader with 1500 Free eBook, Buy 6" E Ink eBook Reader - Kogan Technologies Pty Ltd" (http:/ / www. kogan. com. au/ shop/

ebook-reader-6-e-ink-screen/ ). Kogan.com.au. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.[75] "Onyx Boox A61S (in Russia)" (http:/ / www. onyx-boox. ru/ boox_a61s). .[76] "PRS-300 | Reader Pocket Edition | Sony | Sony Style USA" (http:/ / www. sonystyle. com/ webapp/ wcs/ stores/ servlet/

ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551& storeId=10151& langId=-1& productId=8198552921665921188#specifications). Sonystyle.com. .Retrieved 2010-12-07.

[77] Sony Electronics, Inc.. "Sony eSupport - PRS-500 - Support Information" (http:/ / esupport. sony. com/ US/ perl/ support-info.pl?info_id=505& mdl=PRS500). Esupport.sony.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-07.

[78] "PRS-600 | Reader Touch Edition | Sony | Sony Style USA" (http:/ / www. sonystyle. com/ webapp/ wcs/ stores/ servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551& storeId=10151& langId=-1& productId=8198552921665921180#specifications). Sonystyle.com. .Retrieved 2010-12-07.

[79] "PRS-900BC | Reader Daily Edition | Sony | Sony Style USA" (http:/ / www. sonystyle. com/ webapp/ wcs/ stores/ servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551& storeId=10151& langId=-1& productId=8198552921666064650#specifications). Sonystyle.com. .Retrieved 2010-12-07.

[80] "Velocity Micro Cruz Reader" (http:/ / www. cruzreader. com/ reader. php). Velocity Micro. . Retrieved 12-31-2010.[81] "Velocity Micro Cruz Tablet T103" (http:/ / www. cruzreader. com/ tablet. php). Velocity Micro. . Retrieved 12-31-2010.[82] "Velocity Micro Cruz Tablet T301" (http:/ / www. cruzreader. com/ tablet301. php). Velocity Micro. . Retrieved 12-31-2010.[83] http:/ / www. koobe. hu[84] Wed 30 Dec. "Entourage eDGe" (http:/ / www. entourageedge. com/ ). Entourage eDge. .[85] Tue 06 Apr. "The HP Slate" (http:/ / www. bestereaders. net/ the-hp-slate/ ). The Best eReaders. . Retrieved 2010-04-06.[86] Wed 01 Jan. "First hands on: Samsung E6 e-book reader" (http:/ / www. crunchgear. com/ 2010/ 01/ 06/

first-hands-on-samsung-e6-e-book-reader/ ). .[87] Samsung E61 — e-book reader with QWERTY keyboard and without touchscreen (http:/ / www. samsung. com/ uk/ news/ newsRead.

do?news_seq=17656& page=1) (February 2010)[88] Mircea Batranu. "takeop the product who change the world" (http:/ / mirceabatranu. wordpress. com/ produse/ ). .[89] "eSlick Reader" (http:/ / www. foxitsoftware. com/ ebook/ eslick_eol. html). Foxit website. Foxit Corporation. 2010. . Retrieved 17 January

2011.[90] Plastic Logic Moves On To Next Generation Product (http:/ / www. plasticlogic. com/ news/ pr_2g_aug102010. php)[91] Stone, Brad (2010-06-21). "Amazon and Barnes & Noble Cut E-Reader Prices" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 06/ 22/ technology/

22reader. html?ref=technology). The New York Times. .

References

External links• E-book Readers (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Computers/ E-Books/ Readers/ ) at the Open Directory Project• E-book Reader Database & Comparison Engine (http:/ / ereaderlookup. com)

Amazon Kindle 52

Amazon Kindle

Amazon Kindle

A third generation Kindle (now known as "Kindle Keyboard") in graphite color

Developer Amazon.com

Manufacturer Foxconn

Product family Kindle

Type E-book reader

Release date November 19, 2007

Introductory price $399

Operating system Linux 2.6.26

Power 1,750 mAh 3.7 V, lithium polymer, BA1001 model

CPU Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-11

Storage capacity Internal flash memory (available total:user)Original: 256:180 MBKindle 2: 2:1.4 GBKindle 3: 4:3 GBKindle DX: 4:3.3 GBKindle 4: 2:1.25 GBKindle Touch: 4:3 GB

Memory Kindle 3: 256 MB

Amazon Kindle 53

Display 6 in diagonal,3.6 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) × 4.8 in (unknown operator:u'strong' mm),600 × 800 pixels (0.48 megapixels),167 ppi density,Original: 4-level grayscaleKindle 2, 3, 4: 16-level grayscaleKindle DX: electronic paper 9.7 in (246 mm) diagonal, 1,200 × 824 pixels, 150 ppi

Graphics None

Input USB 2.0 port (micro-B connector),SD card (original model only),3.5 mm stereo headphone jackbuilt-in stereo speakers, andAC power adapter jack

Controller input D-pad and keyboard (some models)

Camera None

Touchpad None

Connectivity Amazon Whispernet using EVDO/CDMA AnyDATA wireless modem (selectedmodels),802.11bg Wi-Fi (Kindle 3)802.11bgn Wi-Fi (Kindle 4)

Dimensions Original8.0 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) H5.3 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) W0.8 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) DKindle 28.0 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) H5.3 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) W0.36 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) DKindle 37.5 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) H4.8 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) W0.34 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) DKindle DX 210.4 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) H7.2 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) W0.38 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) DKindle Touch6.8 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) H4.7 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) W0.40 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) DKindle 46.5 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) H4.5 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) W0.34 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) D

Weight Kindle 1, 210.2 oz (unknown operator: u'strong' g)Kindle 3unknown operator: u'strong' oz (247 g)Kindle 3 Wi-Fi onlyunknown operator: u'strong' oz (241 g)Kindle DX 218.9 oz (unknown operator: u'strong' g)Kindle 45.98 oz (unknown operator: u'strong' g)

Amazon Kindle 54

Related articles Amazon.com

Website Kindle.com [1]

The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-book readers now in their fourth generation, which enable users to shop for,download, browse, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines, blogs, and other digital media via wirelessnetworking.[2] The hardware platform, developed by Amazon.com subsidiary Lab126, began as a single device andnow comprises a range of devices — most using an E Ink electronic paper display capable of rendering 16 shades ofgray to simulate reading on paper while minimizing power consumption.

Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and a Kindle DX line (with a larger screen)introduced in 2009. Announced in September 2011, the range now includes devices with keyboards (KindleKeyboard), devices with touch sensitive screens (Kindle Touch), a tablet computer with a reader app and a colordisplay (Kindle Fire) and a low-priced model with an on-screen keyboard (Kindle).

Amazon has also introduced Kindle software for use on various devices and platforms, including MicrosoftWindows, iOS, BlackBerry, Mac OS X (10.5 or later, Intel processor only), Android, webOS, and WindowsPhone.[3] Amazon also has a "cloud" reader to allow users to read, and purchase, Kindle books from a web browser.

Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, using either standardWi-Fi or Amazon's 3G "Whispernet" network.[4] Whispernet is accessible without any monthly fee or wirelesssubscription,[5] although fees can be incurred for the delivery of periodicals and other content when roaminginternationally beyond the customer's home country. Through a service called "Whispersync," customers cansynchronize reading progress, bookmarks and other information across Kindle hardware devices and other mobiledevices.[6][7]

In the last three months of 2010, Amazon announced that in the United States, their e-book sales had surpassed salesof paperback books for the first time.[8]

Devices

First generation: Kindle

A first generation Kindle

Amazon released the Kindle First Generation[9] on November 19,2007, for US$399. It sold out in five and a half hours.[10] The deviceremained out of stock for five months until late April 2008.[11]

It is the only Kindle with expandable memory, via an SD card slot.

The device features a 6 inch (diagonal) 4-level grayscale display, with250 MB of internal memory, which can hold approximately 200non-illustrated titles.[12]

Amazon did not sell the Kindle First Generation outside the UnitedStates.[12] Plans for a launch in the UK and other European countrieswere delayed by problems with signing up suitable wireless networkoperators.[13]

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A second generation Kindle

Second generation: Kindle 2

On February 10, 2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2.[14] It becameavailable for purchase on February 23, 2009. The Kindle 2 features atext-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internalmemory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazon's estimatesthe Kindle 2 can hold about 1500 non-illustrated books. Unlike theKindle First Generation, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memorycards.[15] It was slimmer than the original Kindle.[16][17][18]

To promote the new Kindle, author Stephen King made UR, histhen-new novella, available exclusively through the Kindle Store.[19]

On October 22, 2009, Amazon stopped selling the original Kindle 2 infavor of the international version it had introduced earlier in the month.

According to an early review by iFixIt, the Kindle 2 features aFreescale 532 MHz, ARM-11 90 nm processor, 32 MB main memory,2 GB moviNAND flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithiumpolymer battery.[20]

On November 24, 2009, Amazon released a firmware update for theKindle 2 that it said increased battery life by 85% and introduces native PDF support.[21]

On July 8, 2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from the original $359 to $299. On October 7, 2009,Amazon further reduced the price of the Kindle 2 to $259.[22] The Kindle 2 was criticized[23] for its high originalretail price, compared to the $185.49 manufacturing cost estimated by iSuppli.

International version

On October 7, 2009, Amazon announced an international version of the Kindle 2 with the ability to download newtitles in over 100 countries. It became available October 19, 2009. The international Kindle 2 is physically verysimilar to the U.S.-only model, although it uses a different mobile network standard.

The original Kindle 2 used CDMA2000, for use on the Sprint network. The international version used standard GSMand 3G GSM, enabling it to be used on AT&T's U.S. mobile network and internationally in 100 other countries.[24]

Kindle 2 International Version is believed to have a noticeably higher contrast screen, although Amazon does notadvertise this.[25] Another review done by Gadget lab,[26] disputes this and actually states that the font appears to befuzzier than the first generation kindle. The review goes on to say that changes to the Kindle 2 have made it harder toread the smaller font sizes that most books use. On another website[27] they also discuss how the font size is at timesworse than the Kindle 1's. It appears that whether or not the Kindle 2 is clearer or fuzzier than the prior modeldepends on the font size. These issues became moot when Amazon sourced a higher contrast E Ink technology itdubbed "Pearl E-ink" and which it used in all of its e-reader devices thereafter.

On October 22, 2009, Amazon lowered the price on the international version from $279 to $259 and discontinuedthe U.S.-only model. On June 21, 2010, hours after Barnes & Noble lowered the price of its Nook, Amazon loweredthe price of the Kindle 2 to $189.

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Kindle DX

The larger Kindle DX with a Kindle 2 for sizecomparison

The second generation Kindle DX in graphitecolor

Amazon announced the Kindle DX on May 6, 2009. This device has alarger screen than the standard Kindle and supports simple PDF files. Itwas also the thinnest Kindle to date and offers an accelerometer, whichenables the user to seamlessly rotate pages between landscape andportrait orientations when the Kindle DX is turned on its side.[28] It ismarketed as more suitable for displaying newspaper and textbookcontent.[29] The device can only connect to Whispernet in the UnitedStates. It can be distinguished from the later International version by aserial number starting with "B004".[30]

International version

Since January 19, 2010, the Kindle DX International has shipped in100 countries.[31] The Kindle DX comes with a 9.7-inch E Ink screeninstead of the 6-inch basic Kindle screen. It has support forInternational 3G Wireless, and its serial number will start with"B005".[30]

Kindle DX Graphite

On July 1, 2010, Amazon released a new revision of the Kindle DX"Graphite" (3rd Generation Kindle DX). As well as dropping the pricefrom $489 to $379, the new Kindle DX has an E Ink display with 50%better contrast ratio (due to new E Ink Pearl technology) and comesonly in a "graphite" case color. It is speculated the case color change isto improve contrast ratio perception further, as some users found theprior white casing highlighted that the E Ink background is light grayand not white. Like the prior Kindle DX, it does not have a Wi-Ficonnection.[32] Its serial numbers start with "B009".[30] The DXGraphite (DXG) is generally accepted to be of the 3rd generation, yet itis a mix of 3rd generation hardware and 2nd generation software. TheCPU is of the same speed as Kindle 3 but it is of a different revision.Even though DX Graphite has a larger case, it has only a half thesystem memory (128MB) of the Kindle 3 (256 MB). Due to thesehardware differences, DXG runs the same firmware as Kindle 2(currently at version 2.5.8). Therefore, DXG cannot displayinternational fonts (such as the Cyrillic font, Chinese, or any othernon-Latin font), and PDF and the web browser are limited to Kindle 2features.

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Third generation: Kindle KeyboardAmazon announced a new generation of the Kindle on July 28, 2010.[33] While Amazon does not officially addnumbers to the end of each Kindle denoting its generation, reviewers, customers and press companies often refer tothis updated Kindle as the "K3" or the "Kindle 3".[34][35][36]

Kindle Keyboard. (Left to right) Volume control,headphone jack, microphone, USB and power

switch

The Kindle Keyboard is available in two versions. One of these, theKindle Wi-Fi, was initially priced at US$139 / GB£111, and connectsto the Internet exclusively via Wi-Fi networks.[33] The other version,considered a replacement to the Kindle 2, was priced at US$189 /GB£152 and includes both 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity.[33] The built-infree 3G connectivity uses the same wireless signals that cell phonesuse, allowing it to have download and purchase capability from anylocation with cell service.[33] The new Kindle with 3G is available intwo colors: classic white and graphite. Both models use the new E ink"Pearl" display, which has a higher contrast than prior displays and afaster refresh rate. However, it remains slower than traditionalLCDs.[37]

The Kindle Keyboard uses a Freescale i. MX353 applications processor, Freescale MC13892 power managementchip, Epson EINK controller and Samsung DRAM and flash. Other hardware changes include a larger 1,750 mAhlithium-ion polymer battery, AnyDATA DTP-600W 3G GSM modem and Atheros AR6102G 802.11bg Wi-Fi chip.

The third-generation Kindle is 0.5 inches shorter and 0.5 inches narrower than the Kindle 2. It supports additionalfonts and international Unicode characters. An experimental browser based on the popular WebKit rendering engineis included, as well as text-to-speech menu navigation. Internal memory is expanded to 4 GB, with approximately3 GB available for user content. Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading on a single charge with thewireless turned off.[33]

Pre-orders for the new Kindle began at the same time as the announcement of the device, and Amazon beganshipping the devices on August 27, 2010 in the United States and United Kingdom. With the announcement of theKindle Keyboard, Amazon also launched an Amazon.co.uk version of the Kindle store. On August 25, 2010,Amazon announced that the Kindle 3 was the fastest-selling Kindle ever.[38]

In late January 2011, Amazon announced that digital books were outselling their traditional print counterparts for thefirst time ever on its site, with an average of 115 Kindle editions being sold for every 100 paperback editions.[39]

An ad-supported version, the "Kindle with Special Offers" was introduced on May 3, 2011, with a price reduction of$25 less at $114. On July 13, 2011, Amazon announced that due to a sponsorship agreement with AT&T, the priceof the Kindle 3G with Special Offers would be lowered to $139, $50 less than the Kindle 3G.[40] With the 2011Kindle announcement, the price of the "Kindle Keyboard with Special Offers" was reduced to $99.

The Kindle Keyboard generally received good reviews after launch. In their Kindle Keyboard Review, ReviewHorizon,[41] describes it as offering "the best reading experience in its class" while Engadget[42] says "In thestandalone category, the Kindle is probably the one to beat".

After the introduction of the low priced Kindle version, and Kindle Touch and Kindle Fire readers in September2011 Amazon began describing the older Kindle version as the 'Kindle Keyboard' instead of the Kindle 3.

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Fourth generation: Kindle

Kindle

Fourth-generation Kindle

Amazon announced the fourth generation Kindle on September 28,2011, offering models with and without ad-support, retailing for $79and $109 respectively. Retaining the 6 inch e-ink display of theprevious Kindle model as well as Amazon's experimentalweb-browsing capability (when within Wi-fi range), the fourthgeneration Kindle features a slightly smaller and lighter form factor[43]

as well as five hard keys, a cursor pad, an on-screen rather thanphysical keyboard, a flash storage capacity of 2GB, and an estimatedone month battery life.[44][45]

Kindle Touch

Amazon announced a touchscreen version of the Kindle on September28, 2011; available with Wi-Fi ($99 ad-supported, $139 no ads) orWi-Fi/3G connectivity ($149 ad-supported, $189 no ads). Via 3G thedevice is able to connect to the Kindle Store, download books andperiodicals, and access Wikipedia. Experimental web browsing(outside of Wikipedia) on Kindle Touch 3G is only available overWi-Fi. [46]. The device uses the same 6-inch E-ink screen of the previous Kindle model, with the addition of aninfrared touch-screen control.[43] Like its predecessor, the Kindle Touch has a capacity of 4 gigabytes and battery lifeof two months.[47] The Kindle Touch began to ship on November 15, 2011.[48]

Kindle FireAmazon announced an Android-based tablet with a color touch screen on September 28, 2011. It costs $199 and hasa 7-inch IPS display. This is the first Kindle without an E Ink display. Unlike previously released Kindles, it has no3G option. The Kindle Fire also has an unused light sensor but lacks a microphone, camera, and an SD card reader. Ithas 8GB of storage and a projected battery life of up to eight hours. [33]

Kindle applicationsAmazon released a "Kindle for PC" application in late 2009, available as a free download for Windows 7, Vista, andXP.[49] This application allows thousands of books to be read on a personal computer in color, with no Kindle unitrequired, as e-books can simply be purchased from Amazon's store.[50] Amazon later released a version for theMacintosh, in early 2010.[51] In June 2010, Amazon released a "Kindle for Android" version. With the Androidapplication release, versions for the Apple iPhone, the iPad, Windows and Mac computers, and BlackBerrycellphones are also available.[52] In January 2011, Amazon released Kindle for Windows Phone 7.[53] In July 2011,Kindle for HP TouchPad (running under WebOS) was released in the US as beta.[54] At this writing (November2011) Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a similar application for Linux. In August 2011, Amazonreleased an HTML5 based webapp supporting Chrome and Safari Browser called Kindle Cloud Reader.[55]

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Kindle salesSpecific Kindle sales numbers are not released by the company; however, Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO ofAmazon.com, stated in a shareholders' meeting in January 2010 that "millions of people now own Kindles."[56]

According to anonymous inside sources, over three million Kindles have been sold as of December 2009,[57] whileexternal estimates, as of Q4-2009, place the number at about 1.5 million.[58] According to James McQuivey ofForrester Research, estimates are ranging around four million, as of mid-2010.[59] On March 6, 2011, AT&T storesofficially started sales of the Amazon Kindle. [60]

In 2010, Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e-reader category, accounting for 59% of e-readers shipped,and it gained 14 percentage points in share.[61] According to an IDC study from March 2011, sales for all e-bookreaders worldwide reached 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were Kindle models.[62]

In December 2011, Amazon announced sales figures for the first time: since the end of November customers bought"well over" one million Kindles per week; this includes all available Kindle models and also the Kindle Firetablet.[63]

Document availabilityContent from Amazon and some other content providers is primarily encoded in Amazon's proprietary Kindle format(AZW). It is also possible to load content in various formats from a computer by simply transferring it to the Kindlevia USB (for free) or by emailing it to a registered email address provided by Amazon (for a fee via 3G, or free viaWi-Fi); the email service can convert a number of document formats to Amazon's AZW format and then transmit theresult to the associated Kindle over Whispernet. In addition to published content such as books and periodicals,Kindle users can also access the Internet, free of charge, via either Wi-Fi or 3G.[64]

The New Yorker subscribed on a"Kindle Keyboard"

The Kindle's terms of use forbid transferring Amazon e-books to another user ora different type of device.[65] However, Amazon announced on December 30,2010 that lending books on Kindles was allowed.[66] Users can select readingmaterial using the Kindle itself or through a computer at the Amazon Kindlestore and can download content through the Kindle Store, which upon the initiallaunch of the Kindle had more than 88,000 digital titles available for download.This number continued steadily increasing to more than 275,000 by late 2008,and exceeded 500,000 in the spring of 2010. As of July 4, 2011, there were morethan 765,000 books available for download,[67] about 36,000 of them in Germanlanguage.[68] In late 2007, new releases and New York Times best sellers werebeing offered for approximately US$11, with first chapters of many booksoffered as free samples. Many titles, including some classics, are offered free ofcharge or at a low price, which has been stated to relate to the cost of adaptingthe book to the Kindle format. Magazines, newspapers and blogs via RSS areprovided by Amazon per a monthly subscription fee or a free trial period. Newspaper subscriptions cost fromUS$1.99 to $27.99 per month; magazines charge between $1.25 and $10.99 per month, and blogs charge from $0.99to $1.99 per month.[69] Amazon e-book sales overtook print for one day for the first time on Christmas Day of2009.[70]

International users of Kindle pay different prices for books depending on their registered country. For U.S.customers traveling abroad, Amazon originally charged a $1.99 fee to download books over 3G while overseas. Thatcharge was quietly dropped in May 2010. Fees remain for wireless delivery of periodical subscriptions and personaldocuments.

In addition to the Kindle store, paid content for the Kindle can be purchased from various independent sources such as Fictionwise, Mobipocket and Baen Ebooks. Public domain titles are also obtainable for the Kindle via content

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providers such as Project Gutenberg and World Public Library. A survey has revealed that the Kindle store has morethan twice as much paid content as its nearest competitor, Barnes and Noble.[71]

The device is sold with electronic editions of its owner's manual; the U.S. version also includes the New OxfordAmerican Dictionary and the UK version the Oxford Dictionary of English (not to be confused with the OxfordEnglish Dictionary). Users are able to purchase different dictionaries from the Kindle store as specified in theincluded manual.[72][73] The Kindle also contains several free experimental features including a basic webbrowser.[74] Users can also play music from MP3 files in the background in the order they were added to the Kindle.Operating system updates are designed to be received wirelessly and installed automatically during a period in sleepmode in which wireless is turned on.[75]

File formats

First generation Kindle

The first generation Kindle can read only unprotected Mobipocket books (MOBI, PRC), plain text files (TXT),Topaz format books (TPZ), and Amazon's proprietary DRM-restricted format (AZW).

Kindle 2 and Kindle Keyboard

The Kindle 2 (U.S. and International) added native Portable Document Format (PDF) capability with the Version 2.3firmware upgrade.[21] Earlier versions could not generally read PDF files, but Amazon provided "experimental"conversion to the native AZW format,[76] with the caveat that not all PDFs may format correctly.[77] Kindle 2 addedthe ability to read Audible Enhanced (AAX) format, but dropped the ability to read Audible versions 2 and 3.

On the Kindle 2, it was possible to view HTML files that were stored directly on the unit itself. This allowed creationof local offline content in linked web-pages that could be used even if the unit had no active connection to theinternet at the time. Such pages could be accessed by directing the browser address to the local filesystem (forexample, file:///mnt/us/test.html) as opposed to a live website address (for example, Wikipedia). The Kindle 3 is notable to browse local HTML in this manner, only live external websites.

Fourth generation Kindle

The fourth generation Kindle, Kindle Touch and Kindle Touch 3G are able to display Kindle (AZW), TXT, PDF,unprotected MOBI, and PRC files natively. HTML, DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, and BMP are usable throughconversion. The Touch and Touch 3G versions are also able to play Audible (Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX)) andMP3 files.[78]

Email conversionAmazon offers an email-based service that will convert JPEG, GIF, PNG and BMP graphics to AZW.[79] Amazonwill also convert HTML pages and Microsoft Word (DOC) documents through the same email-based mechanism,which will send a Kindle-formatted file to the device via 3G for $0.15 per MB or via WiFi for free. However, thefree WiFi conversion is not available to customers outside USA and UK, and this fact is not revealed to the customeruntil after the purchase has been made. These services can be accessed by sending emails to<kindleusername>@kindle.com and to <kindleusername>@free.kindle.com for Whispernet-delivered andWiFi-delivered file conversion, respectively — and are available to true Kindle devices, Apple iOS devices runningKindle app version 2.9 or greater and not to other devices running the Kindle application (i.e., android, etc.). [80] Thefile that the user wants to be converted needs to be attached to these emails. Users could also convert PDF and otherfiles to the formats first-generation Kindles could read using third-party software. The original Kindle could readaudio in the form of MP3s and Audible audiobooks (versions 2, 3 and 4), which had to be transferred to the Kindlevia USB or on an SD card.

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EPUBThe Kindle platform cannot use documents in the international EPUB ebook standard format. However there issoftware available (e.g., calibre) which can convert a non-DRM EPUB file into the unprotected Mobipocket formatthat the Kindle can read. Additionally, Amazon offers a free program called KindleGen which converts EPUB andseveral other formats.[81]

Multiple device abilities and organizationA book may be downloaded from Amazon to several devices at the same time. The devices sharing the book must beregistered to the same Amazon account. A sharing limit typically ranges from one to six devices, depending on anundisclosed number of licenses set by the book publisher. When a limit is reached, the user must remove the bookfrom some device[82] or unregister a device containing the book[83] in order to add a book to another device.

The original Kindle and Kindle 2 did not allow the user to organize books into folders. The user could only selectwhat type of content to display on the home screen and whether to organize by author, title, or download date.Kindle software version 2.5 (released July 2010) allowed for the organization of books into "Collections" whichroughly corresponds to folders except for the fact that a collection can not include other collections, and that onebook may be added to multiple collections. These collections are normally set and organized on the Kindle itself.calibre has a plugin that makes it possible to organize these collections on a computer. There remains no option toorganize by series or series order, as the AZW format does not possess the needed metadata fields.

User-created annotationsUsers can bookmark, highlight and look up content. Pages can be dog-eared for reference and notes can be added torelevant content. While a book is open on the display, menu options allow users to search for synonyms anddefinitions from the built-in dictionary. The device also remembers the last page read for each book. Pages can besaved as a "clipping", or a text file containing the text of the currently displayed page. All clippings are appended toa single file, which can be downloaded over a USB cable.[84] Due to the TXT format of the clippings file allformattings like bold, italics, bigger fonts for headlines etc. are stripped off the original text. But not only that, theclippings file does not keep paragraph breaks, which means the clipping is, as long it may be, completelyunstructured.

Textbook rentalsOn July 18, 2011, Amazon began a program that allows college students to rent Kindle textbooks from threedifferent publishers for a fixed period of time.[85]

Kindle Development Kit (KDK)On January 21, 2010, Amazon announced the forthcoming release of their Kindle Development Kit.[86] Their aim isto allow developers to build 'active content' for the Kindle, and a beta version was announced with a February 2010release date. A number of companies have already experimented with delivering active content through the Kindle'sbundled browser, and the KDK promises 'sample code, documentation and the Kindle Simulator' together with a newrevenue sharing model for developers.[87]

The KDK is based on the Java Programming Language, specifically, the JSR 1.1.2 Personal Basis flavor of packagedJava APIs.

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Kindle Direct PublishingConcurrently with the Kindle device, Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing, where authors and publishersindependently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide. In open beta testing as of late2007, the platform has been promoted to established authors by an e-mail[88] and by advertisements at Amazon.com.Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and$200.00 per download.[88]

In a December 5, 2009 interview with The New York Times, CEO Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon.com keeps 65%of the revenue from all ebook sales for the Kindle.[89] The remaining 35% is split between the book author andpublisher. After numerous commentators observed that Apple's popular App Store offers 70% of royalties to thepublisher, Amazon began a program that offers 70% royalties to Kindle publishers who agree to certainconditions.[90]

Other criticisms involve the business model behind Amazon's implementation and distribution of e-books.[91][92]

Amazon introduced a software application allowing Kindle books to be read on an iPhone or iPod Touch.[93]

Amazon soon followed with an application called "Kindle for PCs" that can be run on a Windows PC. Due to thebook publisher's DRM policies, Amazon claims that there is no right of first sale with e-books. Amazon states theyare licensed, not purchased; so unlike paper books, buyers do not actually own their e-books according to Amazon.This has however never been tested in the courts and the outcome of any action by Amazon is by no means certain.The law is in a state of flux in jurisdictions around the world.[94][95]

Remote content removalOn July 17, 2009, Amazon.com withdrew certain Kindle titles, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four by GeorgeOrwell, from sale, refunded the cost to those who had purchased them, and remotely deleted these titles frompurchasers' devices after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish the titles in question.[96] Notes andannotations for the books made by users on their devices were left in a separate file, but "rendered useless" withoutthe content they were directly linked to.[97][98] The move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty-Fouritself. In the novel, books, magazines and newspapers in public archives that contradict the ruling party are eitheredited long after being published or destroyed outright; the removed materials go "down the memory hole",nickname for an incinerator chute.[99] Customers and commentators noted the resemblance to the censorship in thenovel, and described Amazon's action in Orwellian terms. Some critics also argued that the deletion violated theKindle's Terms of Service, which states in part:[100]

"Upon your payment of the applicable fees set by Amazon, Amazon grants you the non-exclusive right to keepa permanent copy of the applicable Digital Content and to view, use and display such Digital Content anunlimited number of times, solely on the Device or as authorized by Amazon as part of the Service and solelyfor your personal, non-commercial use."

Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener stated that the company is "… changing our systems so that in the future wewill not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances."[101] On July 23, 2009, Amazon CEO JeffBezos posted an apology about the company's handling of the matter on Amazon's official Kindle forum. Bezos saidthe action was "stupid", and that the executives at Amazon "deserve the criticism received."[102]

On July 30, 2009, Justin Gawronski, a Michigan high school senior, and Antoine Bruguier, a California engineer, filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Gawronski argued that Amazon had violated their terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of Nineteen Eighty-Four he had purchased, in the process preventing him from accessing annotations he had written. Bruguier also had his copy deleted without his consent, and found Amazon practiced "deceit" in an email exchange. The complaint, which requested class-action status, asked for both monetary and injunctive relief.[98][103] The case was settled on September 25, 2009, with Amazon agreeing to pay $150,000 divided between the two plaintiffs, on the

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understanding that the law firm representing them, Kamber Edelson LLC, "...will donate its portion of that fee to acharitable organization...".[104] The settlement also saw Amazon guaranteeing wider rights to Kindle owners overtheir eBooks:

For copies of Works purchased pursuant to TOS granting "the non-exclusive right to keep a permanentcopy" of each purchased Work and to "view, use and display [such Works] an unlimited number oftimes, solely on the [Devices]. . . and solely for [the purchasers'] personal, non-commercial use",Amazon will not remotely delete or modify such Works from Devices purchased and being used in theUnited States unless (a) the user consents to such deletion or modification; (b) the user requests a refundfor the Work or otherwise fails to pay for the Work (e.g., if a credit or debit card issuer declines to remitpayment); (c) a judicial or regulatory order requires such deletion or modification; or (d) deletion ormodification is reasonably necessary to protect the consumer or the operation of a Device or networkthrough which the Device communicates (e.g., to remove harmful code embedded within a copy of aWork downloaded to a Device).[105]

On September 4, 2009, Amazon offered affected users a restoration of the deleted ebooks, an Amazon giftcertificate, or a check for the amount of $30.[106]

In December 2010, three eBooks by author Selena Kitt were removed due to violations of Amazon's publishingguidelines. For what Amazon describes as "a brief period of time," the books were unavailable for redownload byusers who had already purchased them. This ability was restored after it was brought to Amazon's attention;however, no remote deletion took place.[107]

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com/ brierdudley/ 2007/ 11/ chatting_with_amazons_kindle_d. html). Seattle Times. . Retrieved 28 December 2010.[3] Perez, Sarah (2010-05-18). "Kindle for Android Is Coming" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ external/ readwriteweb/ 2010/ 05/ 18/

18readwriteweb-kindle-for-android-is-coming-24445. html). The New York Times. .[4] "Kindle Wireless Reading Device - 2nd Generation" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ B0015T963C). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-14.[5] "What is the Amazon Whispernet wireless feature and how does it work?" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071122184806/ http:/ / www.

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[6] "Kindle for iPhone home page" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ feature. html?docId=1000301301). . Retrieved 30 December 2009.[7] Kafka, Peter. "That Was Fast: Kindle, Meet the iPhone." (http:/ / mediamemo. allthingsd. com/ 20090303/

that-was-fast-kindle-meet-the-iphone/ ?reflink=ATD_yahoo_ticker). . Retrieved 30 December 2009.[8] "Amazon Kindle e-book downloads outsell paperbacks" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ business-12305015). BBC News. 28 January 2011. .

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kindle-sells-out-in-two-days/ ). Engadget.com. . Retrieved 2007-11-21.[11] Sorrel, Charlie (April 21, 2008). "Amazon's Kindle Back in Stock" (http:/ / blog. wired. com/ gadgets/ 2008/ 04/ amazons-kindle. html).

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2009-06-10.[13] Butler, Sarah (October 17, 2008). "No UK Kindle Launch Before Xmas" (http:/ / www. thebookseller. com/ news/

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[19] "UR, Exclusively on Amazon's Kindle" (http:/ / www. stephenking. com/ promo/ ur_kindle/ ). StephenKing.com. Self-published. . Retrieved2009-02-10.

[20] "Kindle 2 First Look" (http:/ / www. ifixit. com/ Guide/ First-Look/ Kindle-2/ 624/ 1). iFixit.com. . Retrieved 2009-02-25.[21] "Amazon Extends Battery Life of Newest Kindle by 85 Percent and Adds Native PDF Reader" (http:/ / phx. corporate-ir. net/ phoenix.

zhtml?c=176060& p=irol-newsArticle& ID=1358968& highlight=). News Release. Amazon. . Retrieved November 21, 2009.[22] "Amazon cuts price of Kindle to $259" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2009/ 10/ 07/ technology/ amazon_kindle/ index. htm). CNNMoney.com.

October 7, 2009. . Retrieved 2011-04-17.[23] Slattery, Brennon (April 22, 2009). "Amazon's $359 Kindle 2 Costs $185.49 to Build" (http:/ / www. pcworld. com/ article/ 163609/

amazon_kindle_markup_cost_revealed. html). PC World. . Retrieved 2009-04-22.[24] Levy, Steven (2009-10-06). "Kindle Goes International — With a Little Help From AT&T" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ gadgetlab/ 2009/ 10/

international-kindle/ ). Wired. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.[25] "Does the new Kindle have better contrast?" (http:/ / reviews. cnet. com/ 8301-18438_7-10394163-82. html) - by David Carnoy - cnet

Reviews - November 10, 2009 - © 2010 CBS Interactive. All rights reserved.[26] "Kindle 2’s Fuzzy Fonts Have Users Seeing Red" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ gadgetlab/ 2009/ 04/ kindle-2-displa/ ) - by By Priya Ganapati -

Gadget Lab April 13, 2009 - Wired.com © 2011 Condé Nast Digital. All rights reserved.[27] "Kindle-1 vs. Kindle-2" (https:/ / sites. google. com/ a/ etccreations. com/ kdesignworks/ Home/ kindle-1-vs-kindle-2) - K Design Works[28] Amazon.com: Kindle DX Wireless Reading Device (9.7" Display, U.S. Wireless): Kindle Store (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/

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technology/ companies/ 04reader. html). The New York Times. .[30] Amazon Kindle DX Software Updates http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200529740[31] Kehe, Marjorie (January 6, 2010). "Kindle DX: Amazon takes on the world" (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ Books/ chapter-and-verse/

2010/ 0106/ Kindle-DX-Amazon-takes-on-the-world). The Christian Science Monitor. . Retrieved 6 January 2010.[32] by Amazon. "Kindle DX Wireless Reading Device, Free 3G, 3G Works Globally, Graphite, 9.7" Display with New E Ink Pearl Technology:

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dp/ B003FSUDM4). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.[34] Loeffler, Shawn (6 August 2010). "Amazon Kindle 3" (http:/ / www. craveonline. com/ lifestyle/ article/ amazon-kindle-3-108669).

CraveOnline. . Retrieved 28 December 2010.[35] Palmer, Jay (2010-08-14). "Amazon's Kindle 3" (http:/ / online. barrons. com/ article/ SB50001424052970203880104575419370633020834.

html?mod=googlenews_barrons). Barrons.com. . Retrieved 2011-03-19.[36] Pepitone, Julianne (July 29, 2010). "Is Kindle 3 a game-ender for e-reader wars?" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2010/ 07/ 29/ technology/

kindle_3/ index. htm). CNN. .[37] Pogue, David (25 August 2010). "New Kindle Leaves Rivals Farther Back" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 08/ 26/ technology/

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kindle_for_pc_released_color_kindle_coming_soon. html). PC World. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.[50] "Kindle for PC adds flexibility, but not a whole lot more" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ software/ news/ 2009/ 11/

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[51] Miller, Ross (2010-03-18). "Kindle for Mac now finally available" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 18/kindle-for-mac-now-finally-available/ ). Engadget.com. AOL Inc. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.

[52] Bilton, Nick (2010-06-28). "Amazon Releases Kindle App for Android Phones" (http:/ / bits. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 06/ 28/amazon-kindle-app-now-available-for-android/ ?pagemode=print). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.

[53] "Amazon release Kindle for Windows Phone 7" (http:/ / www. pcinpact. com/ actu/ news/ 61175-amazon-kindle-metro-windows-phone-7.htm). .

[54] "Now you can curl up with a good book (or two, or three, or 950,000) on your TouchPad" (http:/ / blog. palm. com/ palm/ 2011/ 07/now-you-can-curl-up-with-a-good-book-or-two-or-three-or-950000-on-your-touchpad. html). 2011-07-18. .

[55] "Amazon’s Answer To Apple’s Terms: A Web-Based Kindle Cloud Reader — Brilliant On PC, Better On iPad" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/2011/ 08/ 09/ kindle-cloud-reader/ ). TechCrunch. 2011-08-09. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.

[56] "Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Sales up 42% to $9.5 Billion" (http:/ / www. businesswire. com/ news/ home/ 20100128006703/en/ Amazon. com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Sales-42-9. 5. . . ). Business Wire. 2010-01-28. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.

[57] Arrington, Michael (2010-01-29). "3 Million Amazon Kindles Sold, Apparently" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2010/ 01/ 29/3-million-amazon-kindles-sold-apparently/ ). TechCrunch. . Retrieved 2010-04-18.

[58] Radcliffe, Mitch (2009-12-26). "Updating Kindles sold estimate: 1.49 million" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ Ratcliffe/ ?p=486). ZDNet. .Retrieved 2009-12-28.

[59] Wilhelm, Alex (2010-07-29). "How Many Kindles Have Been Sold?" (http:/ / thenextweb. com/ us/ 2010/ 07/ 29/how-many-kindles-have-been-sold/ ). The Next Web. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.

[60] "AT&T To Start Selling Amazon Kindle 3G In US Stores, Beginning March 6" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2011/ 02/ 28/att-to-start-selling-amazon-kindles-in-us-stores-beginning-march-6/ ). TechCrunch. February 28, 2011. .

[61] Mark Walsh, mediapost.com. " Kindle, Nook Gain In E-Reader Race (http:/ / www. mediapost. com/ publications/ ?fa=Articles.showArticle& art_aid=147627)." March 29, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.

[62] Nearly 18 Million Media Tablets Shipped in 2010 with Apple Capturing 83% Share; eReader Shipments Quadrupled to More Than 12Million. (http:/ / www. idc. com/ about/ viewpressrelease. jsp?containerId=prUS22737611& sectionId=null& elementId=null&pageType=SYNOPSIS) Press release by IDC, 10. March 2011.

[63] Alistair Barr: Amazon touts 'one million per week' Kindle sales. (http:/ / www. itnews. com. au/ News/284854,amazon-touts-one-million-per-week-kindle-sales. aspx) 19. December 2011.

[64] "Kindle Wireless Reading Device, Wi-Fi, Graphite, 6" Display with New E Ink Pearl Technology: Kindle Store" (http:/ / www. amazon.com/ dp/ B002Y27P3M). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-03-19.

[65] "Amazon Kindle: License Agreement and Terms of Use" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200144530). Amazon.com, Inc. 2009-02-09. . Retrieved 2010-12-02.

[66] Hastings, Rob (1 January 2011). "Amazon allows customers to lend e-books to just one friend" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ life-style/gadgets-and-tech/ news/ amazon-allows-customers-to-lend-ebooks-to-just-one-friend-2173356. html). The Independent. . Retrieved 2 January2011.

[67] "Kindle Books: Kindle Store : Nonfiction, Fiction, History, Advice & How-to, Business & Investing & More" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/Books-Kindle/ b?node=154606011). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.

[68] Amazon.de: Kindle-Shop › Kindle eBooks. (German). (http:/ / www. amazon. de/ gp/ search/ref=sr_ex_p_n_date_0?rh=n:530484031,n:!530485031,n:530886031)

[69] Ricker, Thomas (2007-11-19). "Amazon Kindle available now on Amazon" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2007/ 11/ 19/amazon-kindle-available-now-on-amazon). Engadget.com. . Retrieved 2007-11-21.

[70] Allen, Katie (December 28, 2009). "Amazon e-book sales overtake print for first time" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ business/ 2009/ dec/28/ amazon-ebook-kindle-sales-surge). The Guardian (London). . Retrieved 2009-12-28.

[71] King, Sammy. "Survey of Kindle, Nook, iPad, Sony and OverDrive eBook Store Collection Size" (http:/ / www. ebookreaderguide. com/2011/ 03/ 13/ kindle-nookcolor-ipad2-sony-overdrive-which-ebookstore-has-most-ebook-titles/ ). eBookReaderGuide.com. . Retrieved 13March 2011.

[72] "Dictionaries & Thesauruses: Kindle Store : Thesauruses, Kindle Default Dictionaries & More" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/b?node=158143011). Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.

[73] "Help: Customize Your Reading" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200375680). Amazon.com. .Retrieved 2011-08-18.

[74] "Accessing Basic Web" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?ie=UTF8& nodeId=200137070). Amazon.com. .Retrieved 2007-11-22.

[75] "Kindle Software Updates" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200324680& ). Amazon.com. . Retrieved2009-11-27.

[76] "Reading Personal Documents on Your Kindle" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200140600).Amazon.com. 2007. pp. "How to Use Your Kindle" section. . Retrieved 2007-11-23.

[77] Amazon (2009). "Amazon.com: Kindle 2: Amazon's New Wireless Reading Device (Latest Generation): Kindle Store" (http:/ / www.amazon. com/ dp/ B00154JDAI). Amazon. . Retrieved 2009-03-07.

[78] "Kindle Touch: Touchscreen e-Reader with Wi-Fi and E Ink Display" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ Kindle-Touch-Wi-Fi-Ink-Display/ dp/

B005890G8Y/ ref=amb_link_357575542_6?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER& pf_rd_s=gateway-center-column&

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pf_rd_r=0AT5M8TTZVCME8G835WM& pf_rd_t=101& pf_rd_p=1321408942& pf_rd_i=507846). Amazon.com. 2011-09-30. . Retrieved2011-09-30.

[79] "Reading Personal Documents on your Kindle" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200140600).Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2007-11-22.

[80] http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html/ ref=hp_pdoc_main_short_us?nodeId=200767340[81] "Kindle Publishing Programs" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ feature. html?docId=1000234621). Amazon.com. 2011-07-12. . Retrieved

2011-08-18.[82] "Help: Organizing Your Kindle Content on" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200505560& #remove).

Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.[83] "Help: Managing Your Kindle on" (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display. html?nodeId=200375710#yourkindle).

Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.[84] "Kindle User Guide" (http:/ / g-ecx. images-amazon. com/ images/ G/ 01/ digital/ fiona/ general/ Kindle_User_Guide. pdf) (PDF).

Amazon.com. . Retrieved 2009-02-07.[85] Larry Dignan, ZDNet. " Amazon launches Kindle textbook rentals (http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ btl/

amazon-launches-kindle-textbook-rentals/ 52568)." July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.[86] "Amazon Announces Kindle Development Kit--Software Developers Can Now Build Active Content for Kindle" (http:/ / phx. corporate-ir.

net/ phoenix. zhtml?c=176060& p=irol-newsArticle& ID=1377349& highlight=). Amazon.com. January 21, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-01-21.[87] Johnson, Alex (26 January 2010). "Amazon to launch app store for Kindle e-reader" (http:/ / uk. ibtimes. com/ articles/ 20100126/

amazon-launch-app-store-kindle-ereader. htm). International Business Times. . Retrieved 28 December 2010.[88] Munarriz, Rick Aristotle (November 27, 2007). "Why Kindle Will Change the World" (http:/ / www. fool. com/ investing/ general/ 2007/

11/ 27/ why-kindle-will-change-the-world. aspx). Motley Fool. . Retrieved 2007-11-27.[89] Solomon, Deborah (December 6, 2009). "Questions for Jeffrey P. Bezos: Book Learning" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 12/ 06/

magazine/ 06fob-q4-t. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved December 22, 2009.[90] Henry Blodget (2010-01-20). "Amazon Fires Missile At Book Industry, Launches 70% Kindle Royalty Option" (http:/ / www.

businessinsider. com/ henry-blodget-amazon-fires-torpedo-at-book-industry-launches-70-kindle-royalty-option-2010-1). Businessinsider.com.. Retrieved 2011-08-18.

[91] Perlow, Jason. "Kindle Economics" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ perlow/ ?p=9441). ZDNet.com. pp. "Tech Broiler" blog. . Retrieved2009-03-06.

[92] Frommer, Dan. "Bad News for the Kindle: iPhone 3G + Apps (AAPL, AMZN)" (http:/ / www. businessinsider. com/ 2008/ 7/bad-news-for-the-kindle-iphone-3g-apps-aapl-amzn-). BusinessInsider.com. pp. "Silicon Alley Insider" section. . Retrieved 2009-03-06.

[93] "Kindlenomics Zero: When e-Texts Have No Entry Cost" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ perlow/ ?p=9570). ZDNet.com. pp. "Tech Broiler"blog. . Retrieved 2009-03-06.

[94] "Gizmodo – Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader Locked Up: Why Your Books Are No Longer Yours – Amazon:" (http:/ / gizmodo. com/369235/ amazon-kindle-and-sony-reader-locked-up-why-your-books-are-no-longer-yours). Gizmodo. Gawker Media. March 21, 2008. .Retrieved 4 July 2009.

[95] "Kindle owners find out about DRM's ever-present threat – Ars Technica:" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ gadgets/ news/ 2009/ 04/amazon-kindle-incidents-highlight-drm-limitations-once-again. ars). Gear & Gadgets. Ars Technica. April 16, 2009. . Retrieved 4 July 2009.

[96] Pogue, David (2009-07-17). "Some E-Books Are More Equal Than Others" (http:/ / pogue. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 07/ 17/some-e-books-are-more-equal-than-others/ ). Pogue.blogs.nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.

[97] Stone, Brad (July 18, 2009). "Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 07/ 18/ technology/companies/ 18amazon. html). The New York Times: p. B1. .

[98] "Plaintiff's Complaint in JUSTIN GAWRONSKI and A. BRUGUIER v. AMAZON.COM, INC" (http:/ / www. prnewschannel. com/ pdf/Amazon_Complaint. pdf). PR News Channel. July 30, 2009. .

[99] George Orwell, 1984, Part One, Chapter 4[100] "Why Amazon went Big Brother on some Kindle e-books" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ tech-policy/ news/ 2009/ 07/

amazon-sold-pirated-books-raided-some-kindles. ars). Ars Technica. 2009-07-17. . Retrieved 2009-07-19.[101] Fried, Ina (2009-07-17). "Amazon says it won't repeat Kindle book recall – CNet News" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/

8301-13860_3-10290047-56. html?tag=newsEditorsPicksArea. 0). News.cnet.com. . Retrieved 2011-08-18.[102] "Amazon Chief Says Erasing Orwell Books Was 'Stupid'" (http:/ / bits. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 07/ 23/

amazon-chief-says-erasing-orwell-books-was-stupid/ ), The New York Times, July 23, 2009[103] Fowler, Geoffrey A. (2009-07-30). "Lawsuit: Amazon Ate My Homework" (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ digits/ 2009/ 07/ 30/

lawsuit-amazon-ate-my-homework/ ). The Wall Street Journal. .[104] "Amazon settles lawsuit over deleted Kindle copy of '1984'" (http:/ / www. techflash. com/ seattle/ 2009/ 09/

amazon_settles_lawsuit_over_deleted_1984. html). Techflash.com. 2009-09-30. . Retrieved 2011-03-19.[105] KindleCase1 (http:/ / assets. bizjournals. com/ cms_media/ pdf/ KindleCase1. pdf?site=techflash. com) - The Business Journals - American

City Business Journals, Inc.[106] Amazon.com Offers to Replace Copies of Orwell Book (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 09/ 05/ technology/ companies/ 05amazon.

html) The New York Times September 4, 2009

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[107] Amazon's latest Kindle deletion (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ media/ news/ 2010/ 12/amazons-latest-kindle-deletion-erotic-incest-themed-fiction. ars) Ars Technica December 15, 2010

External links• Kindle Store (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ b?node=133141011), official• Source code to GPL portions of Kindle (https:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ help/ customer/ display.

html?ie=UTF8& nodeId=200203720)• The Revolution Will Be Digitalized, City Journal, June 13, 2008 (http:/ / www. city-journal. org/ 2008/

eon0613gs. html)• Video: Charlie Rose Interview with CEO Jeff Bezos about the Kindle November 19, 2007 (http:/ / www.

charlierose. com/ shows/ 2007/ 11/ 19/ 1/ a-conversation-with-amazon-com-ceo-jeff-bezos)

Textbook

Textbook

A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch ofstudy. Textbooks are produced according to the demands ofeducational institutions. Although most textbooks are only published inprinted format, many are now available as online electronic books andincreasingly, although illegally, in scanned format in P2P networks.

History

The ancient Greeks wrote texts intended for education. The moderntextbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by theprinting press. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammarby Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids (e.g.,alphabet books), as well as individuals who taught themselves.

The Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.) lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmissionwere changing. Before the invention of the Greek alphabet 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recitedaloud, much like Homer's epic poems.

The new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development Socrates fearedwould weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Paradoxically, we know about Socrates'concerns only because they were written down by his student Plato in his famous Dialogues.) [1]

The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. The inventionis attributed to German metalsmith Johannes Gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy andconstructed a wooden-screw printing press to transfer the image onto paper.

Gutenberg's first and only large-scale printing effort was the now iconic Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s — a Latintranslation from the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament, copies of which can be viewed on theBritish Library website www.bl.uk [2]. Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the firsttime. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was stratospherically expensive, printed books began to spread widelyover European trade routes during the next 50 years, and by the 16th century printed books had become more widelyaccessible and less costly.[3]

Compulsory education and the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children. Textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century New England Primer and

Textbook 68

the 19th century McGuffey Readers.

Technological advances change the way people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making itincreasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have accessto electronic and PDF books, online tutoring systems and video lectures. An example of e-book publishing isPrinciples of Biology from Nature Publishing.

Most notably, an increasing number of authors are foregoing commercial publishers and offering their textbooksunder a creative commons or other open license. The New York Times recently endorsed the use of free, open,digital textbooks in the editorial "That book costs how much?" [4]

Market

The "broken market"The textbook market does not operate in exactly the same manner as most consumer markets. First, the endconsumers (students) do not select the product, and the product is not purchased by faculty or professors. Therefore,price is removed from the purchasing decision, giving the producer (publishers) disproportionate market power to setprices high. Similarities are found in the pharmaceutical industry, which sells its wares to doctors, rather than theultimate end-user (i.e. patient).

This fundamental difference in the market is often cited as the primary reason that prices are out of control. The term"Broken Market" first appeared in Economist James Koch's analysis of the market commissioned by the AdvisoryCommittee on Student Financial Assistance.[5]

This situation is exacerbated by the lack of competition in the textbook market. Consolidation in the past fewdecades has reduced the number of major textbook companies from around 30 to just a handful.[6] Consequently,there is less competition than there used to be, and the high cost of starting up keeps new companies from entering.

New editions & the used book marketStudents seek relief from rising prices through the purchase of used copies of textbooks, which tend to be lessexpensive. Most college bookstores offer used copies of textbooks at lower prices. Most bookstores will also buyused copies back from students at the end of a term if the book is going to be re-used at the school. Books that arenot being re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-30% of the new cost, fordistribution to other bookstores where the books will be sold. Textbook companies have countered this byencouraging faculty to assign homework that must be done on the publisher's website. If a student has a newtextbook then he or she can use the pass code in the book to register on the site. If the student has purchased a usedtextbook then he or she must pay money directly to the publisher in order to access the website and completeassigned homework.

Students who look beyond the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or title, author andedition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers.

Most leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math & science.Harvard economics chair James K. Stock has stated that new editions are often not about significant improvementsto the content. "New editions are to a considerable extent simply another tool used by publishers and textbookauthors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to keep up prices," [7] A study conducted by The Student PIRGsfound that a new edition costs 12% more than a new copy of previous edition, and 58% more than a used copy of theprevious edition. Textbook publishers maintain these new editions are driven by faculty demand. The Student PIRGs'study found that 76% of faculty said new editions were justified “half of the time or less” and 40% said they werejustified “rarely” or “never.”[8] The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report containsfactual inaccuracies regarding the annual average cost of textbooks per student.[9]

Textbook 69

The Student PIRGs also point out that recent emphasis on electronic textbooks, or "eTextbooks," does not alwayssave students money. Even though the book costs less up-front, the student will not recover any of the cost throughresale.[10]

BundlingAnother publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is "bundling," or shrink-wrapping supplementalitems into a textbook. Supplemental items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online passcodes and bonusmaterial. Students do not always have the option to purchase these items separately, and often the one-time-usesupplements destroy the resale value of the textbook.[11]

According to the Student PIRGs, the typical bundled textbook is 10%-50% more than an unbundled textbook, and65% of professors said they “rarely” or “never” use the bundled items in their courses.[8]

A 2005 Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report found that the production of these supplemental items wasthe primary cause of rapidly increasing prices:

While publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factorcontributing to increases in the price of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers havemade in new products to enhance instruction and learning...While wholesalers, retailers, and others donot question the quality of these materials, they have expressed concern that the publishers’ practice ofpackaging supplements with a textbook to sell as one unit limits the opportunity students have topurchase less expensive used books....If publishers continue to increase these investments, particularlyin technology, the cost to produce a textbook is likely to continue to increase in the future.[12]

Bundling has also been used as a means of segmenting the used book market. Each combination of a textbook andsupplemental items receives a separate ISBN. A single textbook could therefore have dozens of ISBNs that denotedifferent combinations of supplements packaged with that particular book. When a bookstore attempts to track downused copies of textbooks, they will search for the ISBN the course instructor orders, which will locate only a subsetof the copies of the textbook.

Legislation on the state and federal level seeks to limit the practice of bundling, by requiring publishers to offer allcomponents separately.[13] Publishers have testified in favor of bills including this provision,[14] but only in the casethat the provision exempts the loosely defined category of "integrated textbooks." The Federal bill[15] only exempts3rd party materials in integrated textbooks, however publisher lobbyists have attempted to create a loophole throughthis definition in state bills.[16][17]

Price disclosureGiven that the problem of high textbook prices is linked to the "broken" economics of the market, requiringpublishers to disclose textbook prices to faculty is a solution pursued by a number of legislatures.[18] By insertingprice into sales interactions, this regulation will supposedly make the economic forces operate more normally.

No data suggests that this is in fact true. However, The Student PIRGs have found that publishers actively withholdpricing information from faculty, making it difficult to obtain. Their most recent study found that 77% of faculty saypublisher sales representatives do not volunteer prices, and only 40% got an answer when they directly asked.Furthermore, the study found that 23% of faculty rated publisher websites as “informative and easy to use” and lessthan half said they typically listed the price.[19]

The US Congress passed a law in the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Act that would require pricedisclosure.[13][20][21] Legislation requiring price disclosure has passed in Connecticut,[22] Washington,[23][24]

Minnesota,[25] Oregon,[23] Arizona,[26] Oklahoma,[27] and Colorado.[17] Publishers are currently supporting pricedisclosure mandates, though they insist that the "suggested retail price"[28] should be disclosed, rather than the actualprice the publisher would get for the book.

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Used textbook marketOnce a textbook is purchased from a retailer for the first time, there are several ways a student can sell his/hertextbooks back at the end of the semester. Students can sell to 1) the college/university bookstore; 2) fellow students;or 3) a number of online Web sites or student swap service.

Campus buyback

As for buyback on a specific campus, faculty decisions largely determine how much a student receives. If a professorchooses to use the same book the following semester, even if it is a custom text, designed specifically for anindividual instructor, bookstores often buy the book back. The GAO report found that, generally, if a book is in goodcondition and will be used on the campus again the next term, bookstores will pay students 50 percent of the originalprice paid. If the bookstore has not received a faculty order for the book at the end of the term and the edition is stillcurrent, they may offer students the wholesale price of the book, which could range from 5 to 35 percent of the newretail price, according to the GAO report.[12]

When students resell their textbooks during campus “buyback” periods, these textbooks are often sold into thenational used textbook distribution chain. If a textbook is not going to be used on campus for the next semester ofcourses then many times the college bookstore will sell that book to a national used book company. The used bookcompany then resells the book to another college bookstore. Finally, that book is sold as used to a student at anothercollege at a price that is typically 75% of the new book price. At each step, a markup is applied to the book to enablethe respective companies to continue to operate.

Student to student sales

Students can also sell or trade textbooks among themselves. After completing a course, sellers will often seek outmembers of the next enrolling class, people who are likely to be interested in purchasing the required books. Thismay be done by posting flyers to advertise the sale of the books or simply soliciting individuals who are shopping inthe college bookstore for the same titles. Many larger schools have independent websites set up for the purpose offacilitating such trade. These often operate much like digital classified ads, enabling students to list their items forsale and browse for those they wish to acquire.

Student online marketplaces

Online marketplaces are one of the two major types of online websites students can use to sell used textbooks.Online marketplaces may have an online auction format or may allow the student to list their books for a fixed price.In either case, the student must create the listing for each book themselves and wait for a buyer to order, making theuse of marketplaces a more passive way of selling used textbooks. Unlike campus buyback and online book buyers,students are unlikely to sell all their books to one buyer using online marketplaces, and will likely have to send outmultiple books individually.

Online book buyers

Online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for a profit.Like online marketplaces, online book buyers operate year-round, giving students the opportunity to sell their bookseven when campus "buyback" periods are not in effect. Students enter the ISBN numbers of the books they wish tosell and receive a price quote or offer. These online book buyers often offer "free shipping" (which in actuality isbuilt into the offer for the book), and allow students to sell multiple books to the same source. Because online bookbuyers are buying books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than students can get on online marketplaces.However, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their service. Some even claimthat buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than even textbookrental services.

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Textbook exchanges

In response to escalating textbook prices, limited competition, and to provide a more efficient system to connectbuyers and sellers together, online textbook exchanges were developed. Most of today's sites handle buyer and sellerpayments, and usually deduct a small commission only after the sale is completed.

According to textbook author Henry L. Roediger (and Wadsworth Publishing Company senior editor Vicki Knight),the used textbook market is illegitimate, and entirely to blame for the rising costs of textbooks. As methods of"dealing with this problem", he recommends making previous editions of textbooks obsolete, binding the textbookwith other materials, and passing laws to prevent the sale of used books.[29] The concept is not unlike the limitedlicensing approach for computer software, which places rigid restrictions on resale and reproduction. The intent is tomake users understand that the content of any textbook is the intellectual property of the author and/or the publisher,and that as such, subject to copyright. Obviously, this idea is completely opposed to the millennia-old tradition of thesale of used books, and would make that entire industry illegal.

Rental programsAccording to Nicole Allen of The Student PIRGs, renting is “the best short-term” way to lower textbook costs.[30]

PIRG data found that students using existing textbook rental services pay $130 to $240 per year plus some coursematerials, while students attending public four-year colleges currently pay an average of $800 to $900 to purchasetheir textbooks each year.[31]

"According to a NACS OnCampus Research survey, more than 2,400 of the Association’s more than 3,000 memberstores were offering textbook rental programs of some kind as of January 2010. This is up from only 300 or so in thefall of 2009, and the total is expected to grow until almost all of NACS’ 3,000 member stores will be offeringtextbook rentals by fall of 2011. This recent growth has been sparked by student demand, campus stores wishing toprovide more options to students, and governmental encouragement through federal grants." [32]

In-store rentals are processed by either using a kiosk and ordering books online with a third party facilitator orrenting directly from the store's inventory. Some stores use a hybrid of both methods, opting for in-store selections ofthe most popular books and the online option for more obscure titles or books they consider too risky to put in therental system.

Open textbooksThe latest trend in textbooks is "open textbooks." An open textbook is a free, openly licensed textbook offered onlineby its author(s). According to PIRG, a number of textbooks already exist, and are being used at schools such as theMIT and Harvard.[33] A 2010 study published found that open textbooks offer a viable and attractive means to meetfaculty and student needs while offering savings of approximately 80% compared to traditional textbook options.[34]

Although the largest question seems to be who is going to pay to write them, several state policies suggest that publicinvestment in open textbooks might make sense.[35] To offer another perspective, any jurisdiction might find itselfchallenged to find sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the effort of creatingan open textbook without realistic compensation, in order to make such a proposal work.

The other challenge involves the reality of publishing, which is that textbooks with good sales and profitabilitysubsidize the creation and publication of low demand but believed to be necessary textbooks. Subsidies skewmarkets and the elimination of subsidies is disruptive; in the case of low demand textbooks the possibilitiesfollowing subsidy removal include any or all of the following: higher retail prices, a switch to open textbooks, areduction of the number of titles published.

On the other hand, independent open textbook authoring and publishing models are developing. Most notably, the startup publisher Flat World Knowledge already has dozens of college-level open textbooks that are used by more than 900 institutions in 44 countries.[36][37][38] Their innovative business model[39] is to offer the open textbook free

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online,[40][41] and then sell ancillary products that students are likely to buy if prices are reasonable - print copies,study guides, ePub, .Mobi (Kindle), PDF download, etc. Flat World Knowledge compensates its authors withroyalties on these sales.[42] Generated revenue is also used to fund high-quality publishing activities, making the FlatWorld financial model sustainable. Flat World Knowledge intends to have open textbooks available for the 125highest-enrolled courses on college campuses within the next few years.[43]

CK-12 FlexBooks are the open textbooks designed for United States K-12 courses.[44] CK-12 FlexBooks aredesigned to facilitate conformance to national and United States and individual state textbook standards. CK-12FlexBooks are licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license, are easy to update, and easy to customize.CK-12 FlexBooks are free to use online and offer formats suitable for use on portable personal reading devices andcomputers - both online and offline. Formats for both iPad and Kindle are offered. School districts may select a titleas is or customize the open textbook to meet local instructional standards. The file may be then accessedelectronically or printed using any print on demand service without paying a royalty, saving 80% or more whencompared to traditional textbook options. An example print on demand open textbook title, "College Algebra" byStitz & Zeager through Lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $20 ordered one at a time (March, 2011).[45]

(Any print on demand service could be used - this is just an example. School districts could easily negotiate evenlower prices for bulk purchases to be printed in their own communities.) Teacher's editions are available foreducators and parents. Titles have been authored by various individuals and organizations and are vetted for qualityprior to inclusion in the CK-12 catalog. An effort is underway to map state educational standards correlations.[46]

Stanford University provided a number of titles in use.[47] CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with amission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide using astandards driven, open-licensed, web-based, collaborative content aggregation model.[48]

Curriki is another modular K-12 content non-profit "empowering educators to deliver and share curricula." SelectedCurriki materials are also correlated to U.S. state educational standards.[49] Some Curriki content has been collectedinto open textbooks and some may be used for modular lessons or special topics.

Wikibooks

Wikibooks is a Wikimedia project that aims to provide and promote the editing of open-content textbooks.Wikibooks is for textbooks, annotated texts, instructional guides, and manuals. These materials can be used in atraditional classroom, an accredited or respected institution, a home-school environment, as part of a Wikiversitycourse or for self-learning. As a general rule only instructional books are suitable for inclusion. Most types of books,both fiction and non-fiction, are not allowed on Wikibooks, unless they are instructional. The use of literaryelements, such as allegory or fables as instructional tools can be permitted in some situations.

Although the project does not permit verbatim copies of pre-existing works (those would be covered byWikiSource), it does permit annotated texts, which are a kind of text that includes an original text within it andserves as a guide to reading or studying that text. Annotated editions of previously published source texts may onlybe written if the source text is compatible with the project's license.

MIT OpenCourseWare

Provides several open textbooks.

International market pricingSimilar to the issue of reimportation of pharmaceuticals into the U.S. market, the GAO report[12] also highlights a similar phenomenon in textbook distribution. Retailers and publishers have expressed concern about the reimportation of lower-priced textbooks from international locations. Specifically, they cited the ability students have to purchase books from online distribution channels outside the United States at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for U.S. retailers. Additionally, the availability of lower-priced textbooks through these channels

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has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores find it difficultto explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the National Association of College Stores. Retailersand publishers have also been concerned that some U.S. retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large scaleby ordering textbooks for entire courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. While the 1998Supreme Court decision Quality King v. L'anza protects the reimportation of copyrighted materials under thefirst-sale doctrine, textbook publishers have still attempted to prevent the U.S. sale of international editions byenforcing contracts which forbid foreign wholesalers from selling to American distributors.[50] Concerned about theeffects of differential pricing on college stores, the National Association of College Stores has called on publishers tostop the practice of selling textbooks at lower prices outside the United States.[51] For example, some U.S.booksellers arrange for drop-shipments in foreign countries which are then re-shipped to America where the bookscan be sold online at used prices (for a "new" unopened book). The authors often getting half-royalties instead offull-royalties, minus the charges for returned books from bookstores.

Production

Cost distribution

According to the National Association of College Stores, the entire cost of the book is justified by expenses, withtypically 11.7% of the price of a new book going to the author's royalties (or a committee of editors at the publishinghouse), 22.7% going to the store, and 64.6% going to the publisher. The store and publisher amounts are slightlyhigher for Canada. Bookstores and used-book vendors profit from the resale of textbooks on the used market, withpublishers only earning profits on sales of new textbooks.

Research

According to the GAO study published July 2005:

Following closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbookand supply prices have risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last two decades.

Rising at an average of 6 percent each year since academic year 1987-1988, compared with overall averageprice increases of 3 percent per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases,which averaged 7 percent per year. Since December 1986, textbook and supply prices have nearly tripled,increasing by 186 percent, while tuition and fees increased by 240 percent and overall prices grew by 72percent. While increases in textbook and supply prices have followed increases in tuition and fees, the cost oftextbooks and supplies for degree-seeking students as a percentage of tuition and fees varies by the type ofinstitution attended. For example, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-timestudent for academic year 2003-2004 was $898 at 4-year public institutions, or about 26 percent of the cost oftuition and fees. At 2-year public institutions, where low-income students are more likely to pursue a degreeprogram and tuition and fees are lower, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time,full-time student was $886 in academic year 2003-2004, representing almost three-quarters of the cost oftuition and fees.[12]

According to the 2nd edition of a study by the United States Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG) published inFebruary 2005: "Textbook prices are increasing at more than four times the inflation rate for all finished goods,according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index. The wholesale prices charged by textbookpublishers have jumped 62 percent since 1994, while prices charged for all finished goods increased only 14percent. Similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just 19 percent during the sametime period."

According to the 2007 edition of the College Board’s Trend in College Pricing Report published October 2007:"College costs continue to rise and federal student aid has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, whiletextbooks, as a percentage of total college costs, have remained steady at about 5 percent."

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K-12 textbooksIn most U.S. K-12 public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to purchase from a selection ofbooks that have been approved by the state Department of Education. Teachers receive the books to give to thestudents for each subject. Teachers are usually not required to use textbooks, however, and many prefer to use othermaterials instead. Textbook publishing in the U.S. is a business primarily aimed at large states. This is due to statepurchasing controls over the books. The Texas State Board of Education spends in excess of $600 million annuallyon its central purchasing of textbooks.

High schoolIn recent years, high school textbooks of United States history have come under increasing criticism. Authors such asHoward Zinn (A People's History of the United States), Gilbert T. Sewall (Textbooks: Where the Curriculum Meetsthe Child) and James W. Loewen (Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook GotWrong), make the claim that U.S. history textbooks contain mythical untruths and omissions, which paint awhitewashed picture that bears little resemblance to what most students learn in universities. Inaccurately retellinghistory, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from ancient Rome to the SovietUnion (USSR) and the People's Republic of China. The content of history textbooks is often determined by thepolitical forces of state adoption boards and ideological pressure groups.

Science textbooks have been the source of ongoing debates and have come under scrutiny from severalorganizations. The presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific material has been debated in several courtcases. Poorly designed textbooks have been cited as contributing to declining grades in mathematics and science inthe United States and organizations such as the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) have criticized thelayout, presentation, and amount of material given in textbooks.

Discussions of textbooks have been included on creation and evolution in the public education debate. The Smith v.Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County case brought forward a debate about scientific fact beingpresented in textbooks.

In his book, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, the late physics Nobel Prize laureate Richard P. Feynmandescribed his experiences as a member of a committee that evaluated science textbooks.[52] At some instances, therewere nonsensical examples to illustrate physical phenomena; then a company sent — for reasons of timing — atextbook that contained blank pages, which even got good critiques. Feynman himself experienced attempts atbribery.

MathematicsLargely in the US, but increasingly in other nations, K-12 Mathematics textbooks have reflected the controversies ofnew math and reform mathematics which have sought to replace traditional mathematics in what have been calledthe math wars. Traditional texts, still favored in Asia and other areas, merely taught the same time-testedmathematics that most adults have learned. By contrast "progressive" approaches seek to address problems in socialinequity with approaches that often incorporate principles of constructivism and discovery. Texts such as TERC andCMP discourage or omit standard mathematics methods and concepts such as long division and lowest commondenominators. For example an index entry to multiply fractions would lead to "devise your own method to multiplyfractions which work on these examples", and the formula for the area of a circle would be an exercise for a studentto derive rather than including it in the student text. By the 2000s, while some districts were still adopting the morenovel methods, others had abandoned them as unworkable.

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Higher educationIn the U.S., college and university textbooks are chosen by the professor teaching the course, or by the department asa whole. Students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses,although alternatives to owning textbooks, such as textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, areavailable in some instances.

In some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay fortextbooks themselves, although higher education is free of charge otherwise.

With higher education costs on the rise, many students are becoming sensitive to every aspect of college pricing,including textbooks, and in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. The 2005 Government AccountabilityOffice report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate ofinflation in the past two decades. A 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost students $900 per year, and thatprices increased four times the rate of inflation over the past decade.[53] A June 2007 Advisory Committee onStudent Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, “Turn the Page,” reported that the average U.S. student spends$700–$1000 per year on textbooks.[54]

While many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the ACSFA also found that assigningblame to any one party—faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive andwithout merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions,which included a movement toward open textbooks and other lower-cost digital solutions.

Textbook prices are considerably higher in Law School. Students ordinarily pay close to $200 for case booksconsisting of cases available free online.

Textbook bias on controversial topicsIn cases of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, the writer might be biased towards one way oranother. Topics such as actions of a country, presidential actions, and scientific theories are common potentialbiases.

References[1][1] Marcia Clemmitt, "Learning Online Literacy," in "Reading Crisis?" CQ Researcher, Feb. 22, 2008, pp. 169-192.[2] http:/ / www. bl. uk/[3] British Library, “Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible,” www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/background.html.[4] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 04/ 25/ opinion/ 25fri4. html[5] Koch, James P. "An Economic Analysis of Textbook Prices and the Textbook Market" (http:/ / www. ed. gov/ about/ bdscomm/ list/ acsfa/

kochreport. pdf) (PDF), 2006-09. Retrieved on 2008-07-31.[6] Rose, Marla Matzer. City at the head of the class: Consolidation, talent pool have made Columbus a hotbed for educational publishers. (http:/

/ web. archive. org/ web/ 20110523050151/ http:/ / www. dispatch. com/ live/ contentbe/ dispatch/ 2007/ 08/ 05/ 20070805-D1-01. html)August 5, 2007. Retrieved 2/14/09. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. dispatch. com/ live/ contentbe/ dispatch/ 2007/ 08/ 05/20070805-D1-01. html) on 23 May 2011.

[7] D'Gama, Alissa and Benjamin Jaffe. " Professors Find Differents Uses for Textbook Profits (http:/ / www. thecrimson. com/ article.aspx?ref=522288)." The Harvard Crimson, 4 March 2008. Retrieved on 7 October 2011.

[8] Rip-off 101: How the Current Practices of the Textbook Industry Drive Up the Cost of College Textbooks (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/textbooks/ reports/ ripoff-101) The Student PIRGs (2004)

[9] Capriccioso, Rob. Throwing Down the Book (http:/ / www. insidehighered. com/ news/ 2006/ 08/ 29/ textbooks). Inside Higher Ed, August29, 2006. Retrieved 2/14/09.

[10] Allen, Nicole. Course Correction: How Digital Textbooks Are Off Track and How to Set Them Straight (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/textbooks/ reports/ course-correction). The Student PIRGs (2008)

[11] Required Reading: A Look at the Words Publishing Tactics at Work (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ textbooks/ reports/ required-reading),The Student PIRGs (2006)

[12] " College Textbooks: Enhanced Offerings Appear to Drive Recent Price Increases (http:/ / www. gao. gov/ docsearch/ abstract.php?rptno=GAO-05-806)." U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, 2005. Abstract. Retrieved 7 October 2011.

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[13] Analysis of Textbook Affordability Provisions in H.R. 4137 (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ textbooks/ campaign/ hr4137), The StudentPIRGs

[14] http:/ / www. leg. state. co. us/ CLICS/ CLICS2008A/ commsumm. nsf/ 58e6d054c29cbe1287256e5f00670a70/78f66284de2d10b28725740400734883?OpenDocument

[15] " Higher Education Opportunity Act (http:/ / thomas. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ bdquery/ z?d110:h. r. 04137:)." H.R.4137, U.S. House ofRepresentatives, 110th Congress (2007-2008.) Public Law No. 110-315. Retrieved 7 October 2011.

[16] HB 2048 (http:/ / www. house. mo. gov/ billtracking/ bills081/ bills/ hb2048. htm). Missouri House of Representatives, 28 August 2008.Retrieved 7 October 2011.

[17] Summarized History for Bill Number SB08-073 (http:/ / www. leg. state. co. us/ clics/ clics2008a/ csl. nsf/ billsummary/6A69934AE701F1788725738C0065864E). Colorado General Assembly, 2008. Last updated 04 August 2008. Retrieved 07 October 2011.

[18] http:/ / www. insidehighered. com/ news/ 2007/ 04/ 13/ textbooks[19] Zomer, Saffron. Exposing the Textbook Industry (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ textbooks/ reports/ exposing-the-textbook-industry), The

Student PIRGs (2007)[20] (http:/ / thomas. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ bdquery/ z?d110:h. r. 04137)[21] http:/ / stingyscholar. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 02/ house-passes-legislation-to-make. html[22] http:/ / www. cga. ct. gov/ 2006/ ACT/ PA/ 2006PA-00103-R00HB-05527-PA. htm[23] http:/ / www. leg. state. or. us/ 07reg/ measpdf/ sb0300. dir/ sb0365. b. pdf[24] Washington Governor Signs College Textbook Transparency Act (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ release/ news-releases/

washington-governor-signs-college-textbook-transparency-act2), The Student PIRGs (Press Release)[25] http:/ / www. revisor. leg. state. mn. us/ revisor/ pages/ search_status/ status_detail. php?b=House& f=HF1063& ssn=0& y=2007[26] http:/ / www. azleg. gov/ DocumentsForBill. asp?Bill_Number=1175[27] http:/ / webserver1. lsb. state. ok. us/ 2007-08HB/ HB2103_int. rtf[28] http:/ / chronicle. com/ daily/ 2008/ 01/ 1465n. htm[29] http:/ / www. psychologicalscience. org/ observer/ getArticle. cfm?id=1712[30] http:/ / www. kansascity. com/ 201/ story/ 501408. html[31] Guide to Establishing Textbook Rental Services (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ textbooks/ reports/ rental-services-guide), The Student

PIRGs[32] National Association of College Stores. (http:/ / www. nacs. org/ advocacynewsmedia/ faqs/ faqontextbookrentalprograms. aspx), "FAQ on

Textbook Rental Programs", accessed October 25, 2011.[33] See PIRG's Catalog of Open Textbooks (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ open-textbooks/ catalog) for examples of open textbooks[34] A Cover to Cover Solution (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ uploads/ 66/ 4d/ 664d09ba9bc97cc9138eda5faac5e061/

A-Cover-To-Cover-Solution. pdf) by Nicole Allen of the Student PIRGs. 2010.[35] http:/ / www. leginfo. ca. gov/ pub/ 07-08/ bill/ asm/ ab_2251-2300/ ab_2261_bill_20080221_introduced. html[36] Flat World Knowledge President Eric Frank Addresses Oregon Legislators on Solving Textbook Affordability. (http:/ / pressitt. com/ smnr/

Flat-World-Knowledge-President-Eric-Frank-Addresses-Oregon-Legislators-on-Solving-Textbook-Affordability-/ 3569/ ) Pressitt. February21, 2011.

[37] Open-source textbook co. Flat World goes back to school with 40,000 new customers (http:/ / digital. venturebeat. com/ 2009/ 08/ 20/open-source-textbook-co-flat-world-blasts-goes-back-to-school-with-40000-new-customers) - Venture Beat 8/20/09

[38] 150,000 College Students Save $12 Million Using Flat World Knowledge Open Textbooks. (http:/ / www. marketwire. com/ press-release/150000-College-Students-Save-12-Million-Using-Flat-World-Knowledge-Open-Textbooks-2010-1307980. htm) Marketwire. August 23,2010.

[39] Flat World Knowledge: Open College Textbooks (http:/ / opensource. com/ education/ 10/ 2/flat-world-knowledge-open-college-textbooks-disrupting-traditional-textbook-publishin) by Sanford Forte. Opensource.com. February 23,2010.

[40] Organizational Behavior v1.1 (http:/ / www. flatworldknowledge. com/ pub/ organizational-behavior-v1. 1/ 141350#pdf-1) by Talya Bauer& Berrin Erdogan. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. 2010. (Free online open textbook format sample - PDF view)

[41] Introduction to Psychology (http:/ / www. flatworldknowledge. com/ pub/ introduction-psychology/ 296056#web-296056) by CharlesStangor. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. 2010. (Free online open textbook format sample - web view)

[42] See Flat World Knowledge's website (http:/ / www. flatworldknowledge. com/ authors)[43] Flat World Knowledge gets $15 million in Funding. (http:/ / www. publishersweekly. com/ pw/ by-topic/ industry-news/ financial-reporting/

article/ 45842-flat-world-knowledge-gets-15-million-in-funding. html) Publishers Weekly. January 20, 2011.[44] CK-12 FlexBooks. (http:/ / www. ck12. org/ flexbook/ ) Homepage.[45] Carl Stitz/Jeff Zeager on Ohio Textbook HQ (http:/ / ohiotextbookhq. ning. com/ page/ carl-stitzjeff-zeager) 2010.[46] CK-12 - Standards Correlations (http:/ / www. ck12. org/ about/ standards) United States.[47] Human Biology - Genetics (http:/ / www. ck12. org/ flexbook/ flexbook/ 4925) CK-12 FlexBook by The Program in Human Biology,

Stanford University. (sample of free web access format)[48] About CK-12 Foundation (http:/ / www. ck12. org/ about/ )[49] Curriki.org (http:/ / www. curriki. org/ ) Homepage.

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[50] Lewin, Tamar (21 October 2003). "Students Find $100 Textbooks Cost $50, Purchased Overseas" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2003/ 10/21/ us/ students-find-100-textbooks-cost-50-purchased-overseas. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 24 September 2009.

[51] "Testimony of Marc L. Fleischaker, Counsel, National Association of College Stores" (http:/ / purl. access. gpo. gov/ GPO/ LPS56745).Hearing on "Are College Textbooks Priced Fairly?". U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Education and the Workforce,Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness. 20 July 2004. Archived from the original (http:/ / republicans. edlabor. house. gov/ archive/hearings/ 108th/ 21st/ textbooks072004/ fleischaker. htm) on 07 October 2011. . Retrieved 24 September 2009.

[52] http:/ / www. redshift. com/ ~jmichael/ html/ feynman. html[53] Rip-off 101: Second Edition (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ textbooks/ reports/ ripoff-101-2nd-edition), The Student PIRGs (2005)[54] http:/ / www. ed. gov/ about/ bdscomm/ list/ acsfa/ edlite-txtbkstudy. html

Further reading• Slatalla, Michelle (August 30, 2007), "Knowledge Is Priceless but Textbooks Are Not" (http:/ / www. nytimes.

com/ 2007/ 08/ 30/ fashion/ 30Cyber. html), New York Times.

Open textbookAn open textbook is an openly-licensed textbook offered online by its author(s) or through a non-profit orcommercial open-licensed publisher. The open license sets open textbooks apart from traditional textbooks byallowing users to read online, download, or sometimes print the book at no additional cost.[1] Some open textbookmodels allow users the choice to use free online access or low-cost alternate formats such as print, audio, or e-bookas a means to pay authors modest royalties and fund publication expenses.

Open textbooks are increasingly seen as a potential solution to some of the challenges with the traditional textbookpublishing model.[2] Open textbooks were identified in the New Media Consortium's 2010 Horizon Report as acomponent of the rapidly progressing adoption of open content in higher education.[3] Open textbooks are acomponent of open educational resources.[4][5]

DefinitionFor a textbook to be considered open, it must be licensed in a way that grants a baseline set of rights to users that areless restrictive than its standard copyright.[6][7] A license or list of permissions must be clearly stated by the author.[8]

Generally, the minimum baseline rights allow users at least the following:

•• to use the textbook without compensating the author•• to copy the textbook, with appropriate credit to the author•• to distribute the textbook non-commercially•• to shift the textbook into another format (such as digital or print)

Many authors also grant rights such as:

•• to add, remove or alter content in the textbook, often on the condition that derivative works must have the samelicense

•• to copy and distribute the textbook without giving credit to the author•• to use the textbook commercially

An example from The Community College Open Textbook Collaborative, a leading force in the field, describes therequirements of an open text book as: free, or very nearly free; easy to use, get and pass around; editable soinstructors can customize content; printable; and accessible so it works with adaptive technologies that serve theneeds of disabled students, including those with learning disabilities.[9]

The CK-12 Foundation uses similar standards but also must assure offerings are in harmony with state requirements. From their website, "FlexBooks conform to national and state textbook standards [for K-12 educational textbooks and materials]. They are free, easy to update and easy to customize. With FlexBooks, you can customize your

Open textbook 78

textbooks to support your innovative work in the classroom. The CK-12 Foundation provides FlexBooks free toanyone who wants to use them."[10]

AffordabilitySince open textbooks can be used at no cost with technology mediation and printed at the cost of production, the useof open textbooks would reduce the cost of education significantly.[11]

Open textbooks are also seen by advocates as potential competition in the textbooks market.[12] Nicole Allen ofMake Textbooks Affordable told USA Today:[13]

"The open textbooks that are out there serve as proof that it is possible to have a high-quality opentextbook that is being used in classrooms. They might just be the thing that will change the textbookindustry for the better."

Overall, open textbooks have been found by the Student PIRGs to offer 80% or more savings to higher educationstudents over traditional textbook publishers.[14][15][16] Research commissioned by the Florida State Legislaturefound similarly high savings and the state has since implemented a system to facilitate adoption of opentextbooks.[17]

In the Florida legislative report, the governmental panel found after substantial consultation with educators, students,and administrators that "there are compelling academic reasons to use open access textbooks such as: improvedquality, flexibility and access to resources, interactive and active learning experiences, currency of textbookinformation, broader professional collaboration, and the use of teaching and learning technology to enhanceeducational experiences." (OATTF, p. i) Similar state-backed initiatives are underway in Washington,[18] Ohio,[19]

California,[20] and Texas.[21]

K-12 AffordabilityResearch at Brigham Young University has produced a web-based cost comparison calculator for traditional andopen K-12 textbooks. To use the calculator the inputs commercial textbook cost, planned replacement frequency,and number of annual textbook user count are required. A section is provided to input time requirements foradaptation to local needs, annual updating hours, labor rate, and an approximation of pages. The summary sectionapplies an industry standard cost for print-on-demand of the adapted open textbook to provide a cost per student peryear for both textbook options. A summed cost differential over the planned period of use is also calculated.[22]

MilestonesIn November 2010, Dr. Anthony Brandt was awarded an "Access to Artistic Excellence" grant from the NationalEndowment for the Arts for his innovative music appreciation course in Connexions.[23] "Sound Reasoning"[24]

"takes a new approach [to teaching music appreciation]: It presents style-transcendent principles, illustrated byside-by-side examples from both traditional and contemporary music. The goal is to empower listeners to be able tolisten attentively and think intelligently about any kind of music, no matter its style. Everything is listening based; noability to read music is required." The module being completed with grant funds is entitled "Hearing Harmony." Dr.Brandt cites choosing the Connexions open content publishing platform because "it was an opportunity to present aninnovative approach in an innovative format, with the musical examples interpolated directly into the text."

In December 2010, open textbook publisher Flat World Knowledge was recognized by the American Library Association's Business Reference and Services Section (ALA BRASS)[25] by being named to the association's list of "Outstanding Business Reference Sources: The 2010 Selection of Recent Titles." The categories of business and economics open textbooks from Flat World Knowledge's catalog were selected for this award and referenced as "an innovative new vehicle for affordable (or free) online access to premier instructional resources in business and economics."[26] Specific criteria used by the American Library Association BRASS when evaluating titles for

Open textbook 79

selection were:

"A resource compiled specifically to supply information on a certain subject or group of subjects in aform that will facilitate its ease of use. The works are examined for authority and reputation of thepublisher, author, or editor; accuracy; appropriate bibliography; organization, comprehensiveness, andvalue of the content; currency and unique addition to the field; ease of use for intended purpose; qualityand accuracy of indexing; and quality and usefulness of graphics and illustrations. Each year moreelectronic reference titles are published, and additional criteria by which these resources are evaluatedinclude search features, stability of content, graphic design quality, and accuracy of links. Worksselected are intended to be suitable for medium to large academic and public libraries."

Connexions announced a series of two grants in early 2011 that will allow them to produce a total of 20 opentextbooks. The first five titles will be produced over an 18 month time frame for Anatomy & Physiology, Sociology,Biology, Biology for non-majors, and Physics. The second phase will produce and additional 15 titles with as of yetindeterminate subjects. It is noted the most expensive part of producing an open textbook is image rights clearing. Asimages are cleared for this project, they will be available for resuse in even more titles.[27]

The Text and Academic Author's Association awarded a 2011 Textbook Excellence Award ("Texty")[28] to the firstopen textbook to ever win such recognition this year. A maximum of eight academic titles can earn this award eachyear. The title "Organizational Behavior"[29] by Talya Bauer and Berrin Erdogan earned one of seven 2011 TextbookExcellence Awards granted. Bauer & Erdogan's "Organizational Behavior" open textbook is published by Flat WorldKnowledge.

InstructionOpen textbooks are flexible in ways that traditional textbooks are not,[30] which gives instructors more freedom touse them in the way that best meets their instructional needs.[31][32]

One common frustration with traditional textbooks is the frequency of new editions, which force the instructor tomodify the curriculum to the new book. Any open textbook can be used indefinitely, so instructors need only changeeditions when they think it is necessary.

Many open textbooks are licensed to allow modification. This means that instructors can add, remove or alter thecontent to better fit a course's needs. Furthermore, the cost of textbooks can in some cases contribute to the quality ofinstruction when students are not able to purchase required materials. A Florida governmental panel found aftersubstantial consultation with educators, students, and administrators that "there are compelling academic reasons touse open access textbooks such as: improved quality, flexibility and access to resources, interactive and activelearning experiences, currency of textbook information, broader professional collaboration, and the use of teachingand learning technology to enhance educational experiences."[33] (OATTF, p. i)

AuthorizationsThe most common open licenses are:

• Creative Commons Attribution[34]• Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike[34]• Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike[34]• GNU Free Documentation License [35]

Waivers [36] of copyright include:

• Creative Commons Public Domain Certification [37]

Open textbook 80

AuthorshipAuthor compensation for open textbooks works differently than traditional textbook publishing. By definition, theauthor of an open textbook grants the public the right to use the textbook for free, so charging for access is no longerpossible. However, numerous models for supporting authors are developing. For example, a startup open textbookpublisher called Flat World Knowledge pays its authors royalties on the sale of print copies and study aids.[38] Otherproposed models include grants, institutional support and advertising.[39]

LegislationLegislation "to authorize grants for the creation, update, or adaption of open textbooks" and assure those developedwould be made available under favorable licenses was introduced into the 111th United States Congress, both in theSenate[40][41][42] and the House of Representatives.[43] Findings specific to open textbooks detailed in the bill textare:

1. The growth of the Internet has enabled the creation and sharing of open content, including open educationalresources.

2. The President has proposed a new, significant Federal investment in the creation of online open-source coursesfor community colleges that will make learning more accessible, adaptable, and affordable for students.

3.3. The President has challenged the United States with a goal of having the highest college graduation rate in theworld by 2020.

4. More than 80 percent of the 23,000,000 jobs that will be created in the next 10 years will require postsecondaryeducation, but only 36 percent of all 18- to 24-year-olds are currently enrolled in postsecondary education.

5. The high cost of college textbooks continues to be a barrier for many students in achieving higher education, andaccording to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, 200,000 qualified students fail to enroll incollege each year due to cost.

6. The College Board reported that for the 2007-2008 academic year an average student spent an estimated $805 to$1,229 on college books and supplies.

7. Making high quality open textbooks freely available to the general public could significantly lower collegetextbook costs and increase accessibility to such education materials.

8. Open textbooks can improve learning and teaching by creating course materials that are more flexible, adaptable,and accessible through the use of technology.

This legislation did not reach the floor of either chamber for debate or vote prior to the conclusion of the 111thCongress.

Industry OppositionThe current higher education textbook industry has voiced stiff opposition to creation and adoption of opentextbooks, actively seeking to thwart competition through aggressive lobbying and spreading disinformation.[44] Theindustry is represented by Bruce Hildebrand, a former Senior Vice President from the controversial firm Hill &Knowlton International Public Relations, who is now acting as Executive Director for Higher Education for theAssociation of American Publishers.[45]

Open textbook 81

ProjectsA number of projects seek to develop, support and promote open textbooks. Two very notable advocates andsupporters of open textbook and related open education projects include the William and Flora HewlettFoundation[46] and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.[47]

Higher Ed• Make Textbooks Affordable [48]• Open Textbook Catalog [49]

• Faculty Statement on Open Textbooks [50]

• The Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources [51]

• The Open Textbook Project [52]

• Flat World Knowledge [53]

• Rice University Press [54]

• Community College Open Textbook Collaborative [55]

• Einstein University [56]

K-12•• California Open Source Textbook Project•• Global Text• Free Textbooks Poland [57]

• CK-12 Foundation FlexBooks [58]

• Free High School Science Texts - South Africa

General• Connexions [59]

•• Wikibooks• The Collaborative Books [60]

• MERLOT - Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching [61]

• Saylor Foundation Open Textbook Initiative [62]

References[1] Learn More About Open Textbooks (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ open-textbooks?id=wi), the Student PIRGs[2] Open Education Conference 2009. (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=ikWU6H-AqMA) Interactive Open Textbook Panel Discussion.

(Video, 1:02:08) Murugan Pal, CK12 Foundation; Eric Frank, Flat World Knowledge; Cable Green, WA State Board for Community andTechnical Colleges; Barbara Illowsky, De Anza College; Steve Acker, Ohio State University.

[3] 2010 Horizon Report, Chapter 7 (http:/ / wp. nmc. org/ horizon2010/ chapters/ open-content/ ) Johnson, L., Levine, A., Smith, R., & Stone, S.(2010) for the New Media Consortium and the EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. Accessed Dec 23, 2010.

[4] Open Educational Resources. (http:/ / www. arl. org/ sparc/ oer/ ) SPARC.[5] Free to Learn Guide (http:/ / wiki. creativecommons. org/ images/ 6/ 67/ FreetoLearnGuide. pdf) by Hal Plotkin. "An Open Educational

Resources Policy Development Guidebook for Community College Governance Officials." (Funded by The William and Flora HewlettFoundation) Living document is open-licensed for iterative improvement. Creative Commons. 2010.

[6] Considerations for Creative Commons Licensing of Open Educational Resources: The Value of Copyleft (http:/ / www. bgsu. edu/ cconline/open/ introduction. html) by Charles Lowe, Bowling Green State University. Computers and Composition Online. September, 2010.

[7] Open Knowledge Definition (OKD) (http:/ / www. opendefinition. org/ okd/ ) Open Knowledge Foundation.[8] TEDxNYED: (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Rb0syrgsH6M) Open Education and the Future presentation by David A. Wiley. March

6, 2010.[9] Welcome to College Open Textbooks! (http:/ / www. collegeopentextbooks. org/ ) College Open Textbooks. (Funded by The William and

Flora Hewlett Foundation)[10] CK-12 FlexBooks (http:/ / ck-12. org/ flexbook/ ) customizable, standards-aligned, free digital textbooks for K-12.

Open textbook 82

[11] Huffington Post, (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ sarah-sather/ i-in-the-public-interest_b_745672. html) In The Public Interest : OpenTextbooks and the Tech-Friendly Generation by Sarah Sather. Sep 30, 2010.

[12] Connexions. (http:/ / cnx. org/ content/ m15226/ latest/ ) What are open textbooks? February 26, 2009. Accessed December 29, 2010.[13] Online 'open textbooks' save students cash (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ news/ education/ 2008-07-09-open-textbooks_N. htm), USA

Today, July 10, 2008[14] New Report Finds Switching To Open Textbooks Saves Students Thousands (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ release/ news-releases/

textbooks/ new-report-finds-switching-to-open-textbooks-saves-students-thousands) by Nicole Allen. September 30, 2010[15] A Call for Open Textbooks (http:/ / www. insidehighered. com/ news/ 2010/ 10/ 01/ textbooks) by Steve Kolowich. Inside Higher Ed.

October 1, 2010.[16] The Textbook Alternative That Could Save Students $700 Per Year (http:/ / www. ecampusnews. com/ top-news/

the-textbook-alternative-that-could-save-students-700-per-year/ ) by Dennis Carter. eCampus News. October 7, 2010[17] Florida Open Access Textbook Task Force Final Report (http:/ / www. theorangegrove. org/ pdf/ OATTF_Final_Report_All_sections. pdf)

submitted in fulfillment of the requirements contained in 1004.091(2) F.S. February 27, 2010.[18] Washington's 2-year Colleges Out to Beat High Cost of Textbooks (http:/ / seattletimes. nwsource. com/ html/ localnews/

2013373872_textbooks08m. html?syndication=rss) by Katherine Long. The Seattle Times. November 7, 2010.[19] Ohio’s Digital Textbook Project Webinar Summary (http:/ / www. libraries. wright. edu/ noshelfrequired/ ?p=1630) by Sue Polanka. No

Shelf Required: Ebooks in Libraries. Wright State University. October 25th, 2010.[20] Open Textbooks In California (http:/ / www. ed. gov/ technology/ netp-2010/ open-textbooks-california) U.S. Department of Education.

2010.[21] Governor: Texas Should Move to Online Textbooks (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ ap/ financialnews/ D9EUFAVG0. htm) by Kelley

Shannon (AP) in Business Week. April 7, 2010.[22] "Can My K-12 School Save Money with Open Textbooks?" (http:/ / opencontent. org/ calculator/ ) Department of Instructional Psychology

and Technology and the Center for the Improvement of Teacher Education and Schooling at Brigham Young University. Research funded byThe William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. 2011.

[23] Dr. Anthony Brandt wins National Endowment for the Arts Grant for Connexions Course (http:/ / cnx. org/ news/dr-anthony-brandt-wins-national-endowment-for-the-arts-grant-for-connexions-course) on Connexions. November 23, 2010.

[24] Sound Reasoning (http:/ / www. soundreasoning. org/ ) by Dr. Anthony Brandt. Houston, TX: Connexions.[25] Business Reference & Services Section (BRASS) (http:/ / www. ala. org/ ala/ mgrps/ divs/ rusa/ sections/ brass/ index. cfm), American

Library Association Reference and User Services Association. 2011.[26] Outstanding Business Reference Sources: The 2010 Selection of Recent Titles. (http:/ / www. rusq. org/ 2010/ 12/ 29/

outstanding-business-reference-sources-the-2010-selection-of-recent-titles/ ) American Library Association Reference and User ServicesQuarterly. December 29, 2010.

[27] "Connexions Conference 2011: Part 3 (http:/ / collegeopentextbooks. org/ blog/ ?tag=connexions) by Barbara Illowsky. February 20, 2011.[28] Description of Textbook Excellence Awards ("Textys") (http:/ / www. taaonline. net/ awards/ textys. html) from the Text and Academic

Author's Association. 2011.[29] Organizational Behavior (http:/ / www. flatworldknowledge. com/ pub/ organizational-behavior-v1. 1/ 141350#pdf-1) by Talya Bauer and

Berrin Erdogan. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. 2010.[30] OER: The Myth of Commercial Textbook Reliability (http:/ / collegeopentextbooks. ning. com/ profiles/ blogs/

oer-the-myth-of-commercial) by Geoff Cain. College Open Textbooks Community. March 19, 2011.[31] ASU Statepress. (http:/ / www. statepress. com/ 2010/ 02/ 25/ open-source-alternatives-bring-flexibility-to-textbooks/ ) Open Source

Alternatives Bring Flexibility to Textbooks. February 25, 2010.[32] 7 Things You Should Know About Open Textbook Publishing (http:/ / www. educause. edu/ ir/ library/ pdf/ ELI7070. pdf) by Judy Baker

and Jacky Hood. Educause Learning Initiative. March 8, 2011.[33] Florida Open Access Textbook Task Force Final Report (http:/ / www. theorangegrove. org/ pdf/ OATTF_Final_Report_All_sections. pdf)

submitted in fulfillment of the requirements contained in 1004.091(2) F.S. February 27, 2010.[34] http:/ / creativecommons. org/ about/ licenses[35] http:/ / www. gnu. org/ licenses/ #FDL[36] http:/ / en. wiktionary. org/ wiki/ waiver#English[37] http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ publicdomain/[38] Flat World Knowledge (http:/ / www. flatworldknowledge. com/ authors), Author's World[39] Resources on Open Textbooks (http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ open-textbooks/ resources?id=wi), the Student PIRGs[40] S.1714.IS Open College Textbook Act of 2009 (http:/ / thomas. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ z?c111:s1714:) ("Introduced in Senate" = IS) by

Richard Durbin (D-IL). Sep 24, 2009.[41] Open Textbook bill (http:/ / opensource. com/ education/ 09/ 12/ open-textbook-bill) by Greg DeKoenigsberg. Opensource.com. Dec 15,

2009.[42] "Free Online Textbooks Becoming a Reality" (http:/ / uwire. com/ 2010/ 07/ 26/ free-online-textbooks-becoming-a-reality/ ) by Tanika

Cooper. Daily Nebraskan, University of Nebraska via UWire: The College Network. July 26, 2010.[43] H.R.4575 - Open College Textbook Act of 2010 (http:/ / www. opencongress. org/ bill/ 111-h4575/ show) sponsored by David Wu (D-OR).

Feb 2, 2010.

Open textbook 83

[44] "Publishers Criticize Federal Investment in Open Educational Resources" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ query?url=http:/ / chronicle. com/blogs/ wiredcampus/ publishers-criticize-federal-investment-in-open-educational-resources& date=2011-05-31) by Josh Keller. The Chronicleof Higher Education. May 24, 2011.

[45] Campus Overload Live with Jenna Johnson: College Textbooks (http:/ / live. washingtonpost. com/ campus-overload-live-0113. html)January 13, 2011.

[46] Open Educational Resources (http:/ / www. hewlett. org/ programs/ education-program/ open-educational-resources) The William and FloraHewlett Foundation.

[47] Washington State Community and Technical Colleges Launch the Washington State Student Completion Initiative (http:/ / www.gatesfoundation. org/ press-releases/ Pages/ grant-to-launch-washington-state-student-completion-initiative-091014. aspx) The Bill andMelinda Gates Foundation. Oct 14, 2009.

[48] http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ textbooks?id=wi[49] http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ open-textbooks/ catalog?id=wi[50] http:/ / www. studentpirgs. org/ open-textbooks/ faculty-statement?id=wi[51] http:/ / cccoer. wordpress. com/[52] http:/ / www. insidehighered. com/ news/ 2008/ 04/ 29/ textbooks[53] http:/ / www. flatworldknowledge. com[54] http:/ / ricepress. rice. edu/[55] http:/ / collegeopentextbooks. org[56] http:/ / einstein-university. org[57] http:/ / wolnepodreczniki. pl/[58] http:/ / www. ck12. org/[59] http:/ / cnx. org/[60] http:/ / knol. google. com/ k/ internet-medical-publishing/ collaborative-books/ 1bbsle13m97c0/ 83#[61] http:/ / www. merlot. org/[62] http:/ / www. saylor. org/ otc/

External links• Open Textbooks: Bringing Innovation to Business Programs (https:/ / www2. gotomeeting. com/ register/

762282290) Open textbooks are gaining momentum. But what exactly is an open textbook? How do new,disruptive business models harness technology and drive innovation at schools like Virginia State University andBoston College? And what does this mean for you—how can you leverage open textbooks to increase innovationand lower costs for your course, department and/or school? Watch this one-hour webcast to learn more. Thiswebcast includes commentary by Virginia State University professor, Andrew Feldstein, and Boston Collegeprofessor and Flat World Author, John Gallaugher. Originally recorded 2010.

• Shining a Light on Textbook Affordability: Emerging Solutions in Ohio (https:/ / www2. gotomeeting. com/register/ 304295835) The University System of Ohio has been a national leader in supporting innovations thathelp eliminate textbook costs as a financial barrier to college. Listen to Darlene McCoy, Associate ViceChancellor, Division of Affordability and Efficiency, the University System of Ohio; Steve Acker, ResearchDirector, eTextOhio Project; and Eric Frank, President and Co-Founder, Flat World Knowledge, for a one-hourwebcast to discuss solutions and innovations for Ohio. Originally recorded 2010.

• How to Drive College Costs Down and Quality Up in TX and CA: Emerging Textbook Solutions (https:/ / www2.gotomeeting. com/ register/ 399352082) California and Texas are poised to be national leaders in efforts to reducebarriers to higher education and combat escalating textbook prices. Join CA Senate Majority Leader Dean Florez;Dr. Charles Cook, Vice Chancellor, Houston Community College System; Eric Frank, President, Flat WorldKnowledge; and Dennis Passovoy of The University of Texas at Austin for this webcast on new textbookaffordability initiatives and the rise of open textbooks. One-hour webcast. Originally recorded 2010.

Article Sources and Contributors 84

Article Sources and ContributorsE-book  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=479825101  Contributors: *Kat*, 1990-Higgy-2007, 23skidoo, 3looty, 7&6=thirteen, 7dollarbooks, ALargeElk, ANTIcarrot, AUG,Acalamari, Acerawiki, Adashiel, Aesire, AgarwalSumeet, Ahabr, Airplaneman, Aladin p, AlainV, Alanbly, Alex.tan, Alexf, Alhambra11, Alkalar, America2inc, Amontero, Amorymeltzer,Andrewmu, AndroklesDK, Andrus Kallastu, Andyjsmith, Anetode, Angmering, Anna Frodesiak, Anna512, Anthony, Anthonyhcole, Apple2, Apwade, Aquaihoi, Aragor, Arance36, Armia05,Arnona-b, Arnos78, Artdhtml, Asialu, Asiftahir, Aspiringlib, Assertion, Audacia14, Auntof6, Auric, Avihu, AxelBoldt, Az1568, Azcolvin429, Babrinton, Bah23, Baileycw, Bajsejohannes,Balancer, BalfourCentre, Baradon, Barek, Bargainz, Beetstra, Beland, Bella King, Bennodini, Betacommand, BevinBrett, Biasoli, Bidgee, Bihco, Bkatong, Bkobres, Blogbob, Blogfaweb,Bmex8oh8, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Bonsai8, Boockoo, Booyabazooka, Brainsteinko, Branko, Bravewolf, Breez187, BrennaLyons, Brighterorange, Bt227, Burn theasylum, Bvershbow, CMG, Caknuck, Ccacsmss, Centrx, Ceyockey, Chalmers Stanley, Chimaeridae, Chocolateboy, Chris Chittleborough, Chris Roy, Chris55, Chuunen Baka, Cinderellii,CitizenB, Cjstarkey, Ckatz, Ckdaro, Closedmouth, Cloudz679, Cntras, Cogburnd02, Compliance-Expert, Comraderick, Coolcaesar, Correogsk, Cowlinator, Cpalm541, CrQAZ, Crossmr, CubicHour, Cubs Fan, Cvf-ps, Cwitty, Cynergistics, Cyrius, Cyy006, DGG, DStoykov, DVD R W, Damian Yerrick, Danakin, Dancanm, Danny lost, Darkimmortal, Darrenhusted, Darth Panda,Datafoxy, David Haslam, David Levy, Davidbspalding, Davidrothman, Dbvisel, Dcoetzee, Dczarnik, Deltabeignet, Denisgomes, Deor, Diamondland, DigiLibraries, Dingfelder, Disavian,Discospinster, Dissident, Dittobook, Dns008, Domokoscats, Donbert, Donnelly1111, Dougher, Dougofborg, Download, Downloadebooksfree, Drakkenfyre, DreamGuy, Drew444, Drmies, Ds13,Duke1919, Dusoft, Dyousif, Dysprosia, E-book free downlod, E-doc-s, ETAreaLSi2, Ebcbiz, Ebk lg, Ebookarray, Ebookbillboard, Ebookdaddy, Ed g2s, Edirectory, Edmapa, Edward, Ef1659,Egardiner0, Einker, Einstien galilei, El C, Elikser, Emj, Engr irfan80, EnriFsaloo2, Epf, Ereaderprince, Eric.pc.kuo, Ericlark, EthicsGradient, Etoo897, Eveda, Evolutionbook, Excirial,Explosionsnevermakeasound, Extraordinary, Fabartus, Fadli55, Fan-1967, Fang Aili, Fatcatpress, Feedmelit, Fences and windows, Feneric, Feraudyh, Ferengi, Find100, Firefem, Flameeyes,Flowanda, Following specific instructions whispered by a mysterious cat, Foobar, FourtySixNtwo, Fra 011 011, Francis Schonken, Fredrik, Fredzz22, Freeebooks, Freeresellebooks, FreplySpang,Fureon, GD 6041, Gagangambhir, Galoubet, Garagebandjunky7, Garydauphin, Gdo01, George The Dragon, Gershevich Artem, Gheesh, Ghewgill, Ginsengbomb, Girl2k, Girlwithgreeneyes,Godzil, Gogo Dodo, Gogogo0, Gokhanege, Goldenrowley, Goodwrite, GosiLWsaqi6, Gravitan, Green Cardamom, Green caterpillar, Griffic, GroupLx, Gsarwa, Guajero, Gurch, Gwernol, H,HFuruseth, Haakon, Hamidhamid1985, Hannes1983, Hbackman, Hede2000, Heikja-1, HellDragon, Henry W. Schmitt, Hermione1980, Hgaber, Hielor, Hispalois, Hjebasingam, Hohum,Hon-3s-T, Hoof Hearted, Hooverbag, Hpfreak26, Hu12, Hughcharlesparker, Husond, Ibagli, Ifyr, Imaglang, Imran, Inductiveload, Inferno, Lord of Penguins, Interarticle, Internet on the side,Ipsign, Irishguy, Itai, Iupolisci, J. M., J.delanoy, JRSP, Jacek Kendysz, Jamaolo, JamesBWatson, Jamesontai, Jaysweet, Jburnette, Jeff wannamaker, Jeffandmisty, Jeorge48, Jeremykemp, JeromeCharles Potts, Jerryobject, Jersyko, JetLover, Jic, Jiddisch, Jim1138, Jnorton7558, Joan Rocaguinard, Jodi.a.schneider, Joeclark, JohnTechnologist, Jonytrav, Josephprymak, JoshSteveenson1980,Jpbowen, Jpgordon, Jsgriswold, Jtbright, Jyot.book, Jypmontoya, JzG, KGasso, Kablammo, Kastibergue, Kchishol1970, Keds0, Keilana, Kencaesi, Khalaan, Kibiusa, Killian441, King Edward II,Kinu, Klilikakis, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knyght27, Kozuch, Kungming2, Kuru, L Kensington, LGagnon, Lascoot, Lateg, Laurenjf, Lcw27, LeaveSleaves, Lennoxman2, Lexieluthor, Lgcebs,LibrarianB, Lijnema, LilHelpa, Linkspamremover, Listlist, Litevsky, Lloydbudd, Logan, LordVader717, Lotje, Love Krittaya, LukeShu, Luna Santin, Lynndavidnewton, M barnette author,MER-C, Mackthefinger, Majurac, MakeRocketGoNow, Mandel, Manujchandra, Map nil, Marcel6604, MarcoTolo, Marcus Qwertyus, Mariordo, Mark Richards, Mark126, Marktanner83,Marsbound2024, Materialscientist, Mattabat, Maximilian Schönherr, Maxí, Mazurek, McGeddon, McSly, Mcstack, Mecandes, Meelar, Mel Etitis, Meloman, Mercurywoodrose, Meshmarketer,Metalslug, Mfolkes, Mhking, Mhuhl, Michinari, Mikaey, Mike Rosoft, Mike.lifeguard, Mikebru, Mikebrux, Mikeshk, Mikiher, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mindmatrix, Minghong, Missdejoir, Misza13,Mjpotter, Mmmpotatoes, Mobilegeek, Moonwatcher13, Mopicoreau, Morbusgravis, Mostafadam, Mr. Lefty, MrOllie, Mrwojo, Msruzicka, Mwanner, Mwexler, Mx3, Mybooksiwrite,Mylifecoach, Myriad1900, N.j.hansen, Nabeth, Nakon, Nathan2055, Nathan8225, NawlinWiki, Nbarth, Nealmcb, Nebeto, Netfreak, Netgaze, Netgazed, Netrat, Ng.j, Nick, Nick UA, Nigelj,Nikai, Nikkiash, Nixdorf, Noisy, Nopetro, Notinasnaid, Nsaa, Nudecline, Nurg, Ohnoitsjamie, Oicumayberight, Olgerd, Olybrius, One, Ooza, Open2universe, Open4D, Osprey3, OverlordQ,Oxymoron83, Oyster Flute, OzAnt, PVB-ENG, Pamplemousse, Paralympiakos, Patrick, Peejaydee, Pegship, Pegua, Pepso2, Perspective, Peter Karlsen, Petersam, Pgdn963, Pgk, Ph.eyes, Piast93,Pietjepuk, Pinaki ghosh, Pion, Piotrus, Pmsyyz, Pnm, Pol098, Polluks, Poweroid, Ppp, Prolog, Prostosheva, ProtezBacakliCekirge, Puramyun31, Purple Koopa, Pyfan, Qasimirshad, Qeny,Quercus basaseachicensis, Quillaja, Quinnanya, Qxz, R.t.double.u, RHaworth, RJASE1, RW Marloe, Radiofinger, Rags015, Rahulweb4stuff, RainbowOfLight, Ral315, Rama, Ramya.arjun,Random user 8384993, Ratfox, Ratish1234, Ravedid, Ravenmewtwo, Rboatright, Rdenis, Rebeccat79, RedWolf, Reddi, Reedy, Remark47, Resurgent insurgent, Retired username, Revan46,RexNL, Ripepette, Riversidewriter, Robbycharters, Roncaglia, Ronz, Roorky, RoyBoy, RoyLeban, Rronline, Rufous, Russframe, Ruzulo, Ryulong, SF007, SJP, ST47, SWAdair, Saber girl08,Sackibook, SageEvans, Sak8, Sam Hocevar, Sander Säde, Sandstein, Scarian, Scrapking, Scuv, Sderose, Seowens, SeventyThree, Shadow1, Shahidsidd, Shoobeye, Shoreu, Shrish, Signalhead,Siliconov, Sion20, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Sirana, Skippi, Smimrans, SmokeyTheCat, Sofkins, Sonjareese, Soolbeat, Soumyasch, Spartaz, Spasemunki, Srleffler, Ste.thebest88,Stephan Leeds, Stephan Meyer, Stephen Gilbert, Stephenb, Sticky keys, Stwalkerster, Suffusion of Yellow, Superjustin, Supersion, SuzanneFleming, Sylvain1972, Sylviarenee, THEN WHOWAS PHONE?, TMC1221, TakuyaMurata, Tasc, TashaCurly, Thaurisil, The Librarian At Terminus, TheAlphaWolf, TheDoctor10, Theconceptbook, Themiamikid, Thermofan, ThomasBlomberg, Thomasedisonalva, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tiffany amber66, Tobias Bergemann, Todayifeelhatred, Toedland, Tom W.M., TomasBat, Tony Sidaway, Tormondo, Tpbradbury,TreasuryTag, True Pagan Warrior, Trusilver, Turnstep, TwoOneTwo, Tyrfan, Ubcule, Uconnhopeful, Ugaruer, Uhai, Uni223344, Urhixidur, Urod, Utcursch, Uzume, Vamshi 12345,Vannhuthanh, Vasu99a, Vdwpatrick, Veinor, Versageek, Vinodxx, Viridae, VirtualTales, Vrenator, Wat3rm0le, Wattpad, Wayned, Wayp123, Wbakker2, Wbmj2, Website Facts, Weregerbil,Weyes, WhyBeNormal, Wiki alf, WikianJim, Wikiclerk00004, Wikigirl0129, William M. Connolley, Willthispasswordwork, Wimt, Wingman1331, Wingman4l7, Wmahan, Wolfcm,Wongmas214, Woohookitty, Wpgspatula, Wuhwuzdat, Wwwwolf, Wytukaze, Xezbeth, Xiaoshuang, Xlation, Xomid, Y Dude, Yerpo, Yesdontstop, Yoda47, Yong54321, Yoric, Yworo, Z-1411,Zanzibarfiction, Zaphraud, Zfr, ZimZalaBim, Zoeb, Zoicon5, Zollerriia, Zsinj, Zundark, Zzuuzz, Սահակ, کاشف عقیل ,أحمد مصطفى السید, आशीष भटनागर, √2, 1388 anonymous edits

Comparison of e-book formats  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=479060422  Contributors: 51kwad, Abdelazer, Advait, Airplaneman, Alan Liefting, AlistairMcMillan,Alphaman, AndrewHowse, Andyjsmith, Anon lynx, Ant75, Apparition11, Arthurattwell, Barbacana, Barsoomian, Berney, Bizzybody, Bjjohns, Bkell, Bob bobato, Bokarevitch,Bookdigitalreader, Bpaepen, CZEdwards, Canterbury Tail, Captpackrat, Chowbok, Chris55, Cjstarkey, Ckatz, Cogniac, CultureArchitect, Cutterx2202, D6, Daisypedia, Dbagnall,DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Djdevine, Dmy49, Docbrij, DoriSmith, Download, Downsize43, Drilnoth, Durval, Dusoft, EastTN, Eastlaw, Epochwolf, Erik Zachte, ErkDemon, Eveda, Evilsaltine, Fayenatic london, Fottry55i6, Fram, Froth, Gc9580, Getheren, Ghettoblaster, Giordanogalli, Glenn, Gsenechal, Guy0307, Guyjohnston, Hacker, Hylaride, INS Pirat, Iron999, Ishanoval,Ivoras, JPaul, Jam37, Jeremykemp, Jimad, John Vandenberg, JohnSawyer, Jonabbey, Jrc14, Jrsposter, Jtowler, Juliphang, Kathleen.wright5, Kimchi.sg, Kocio, Krischik, Kwamikagami,Lawman15, Lbecque, Leroycas, Lgcebs, LittleBenW, Lmitchell6, MW Walter, MacMog, Maguirer, Markus3000, Mattbayly, MbcoopUSA, Mbecker, McSly, Mcstrother,MetaManFromTomorrow, Metageek, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mimarx, Minwu, Mr. Stradivarius, MrOllie, Mthwaite, Mukerjee, Nanodance, Natesgate, NateshDaniel, Nathan2055, Nbarth, Obscurett,OlavN, Ooellis, Orange Suede Sofa, Papovik, Patrick, Patrick1982, Paulienator, Ph.eyes, Phamming, Phatom87, Philantrop, Philorock, Pol098, Prashanthns, Pro2type, Prosfilaes, Psb777,PublishMarket, Q Chris, Quillaja, R'n'B, RJFJR, RLE64, Ratfox, Reddi, Richard Harvey, Richardigp, RickBeton, Rokfaith, Roorky, Rsmith8080, Saberwyn, SajjadG, Samphan-raruenrom,Sandstein, Saurael, Seabay, Seba5618, Signalhead, Slipstream, Snorre, Sofkins, Sook65, Sp33dyphil, Stf, Sydseale, Talber74, Tatianaza, Tedder, TenPoundHammer, Tfgbd, Thatguyflint,Themfromspace, Thumperward, Tienthinhbk, Tinysun, Tloc, Tns2023, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tom Worthington, Trankhanhhoang, Vadmyst, VanishedUser314159, Vexorg, Virtualphtn, Vobios,Voidvector, Volvuspa, Wigorniensis, Wikimike2007, Wikipedian314, Woohookitty, Woopdeedoodaa, Xaxxonjolly, Xompanthy, Yoric, Zoeb, Zundark, Zwayb, 309 anonymous edits

EPUB  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=479263413  Contributors: Abdelazer, Aboriginal Noise, Aconnercoash, Alan.A.Mick, Alfpooh, AlisteRrr, AndyCarrott, Ant,Arigatosan777, Astrogeek, Auric, Avaarga, AvdN, AxelBoldt, Badchenn, Basil.bourque, Bedbuggie, Bender235, Berland, BerlinSight, Bernstein2291, BillJelen, Bluezy, Cander0000,Cantons-de-l'Est, Cegerr, Certes, Chaotix63, Chuck SMITH, Circutus, Ckatz, Cleverfellow, Compliance-Expert, Cookj128371, Cornellier, Cstansbury, Cybercobra, DHR, DanR777, Dandv,DarleneCypserEsq, David Haslam, Delepster, Dnorman, Doca, Docbrij, DoreenTC, DoriSmith, Download, Dremeley, Drttm, Ds13, Dumbledore1905, EALacey, Ebelular, Emashable, Enervation,Enquire, Ezepub, Falcon8765, Fanta2, Fidech, Fisler, FleetCommand, Fred Gandt, Gaius Cornelius, Gal Buki, Ghettoblaster, Gillian2008, Girl2k, Godzil, GoingBatty, Goltz20707,Harmvandendorpel, Horatio, Horkana, Hxa7241, Ibwriting2010, Iggymwangi, Irrawaddy, JWilk, Jeremykemp, Jimthing, Jodi.a.schneider, Jon404, Jrc14, Kaoticflame, Kdmurray, Kensai,Khozman, Kimdino, Kinu, Koavf, Kocio, Krischik, Kyube, Lorenzo De Tomasi, Lwyx, McFortner, Mikelv100, Mindmatrix, Mohaas05, Moocha, Mpescatrice, MrOllie, Mushroom, Mzajac,Nahsh.ut, Nataliapc, Nbarth, NetKingCol, Nono64, Nparlante, Olybrius, Omerta-ve, Opertinicy, Orderud, Oregon180, Ouiivo, Pengyanan, Perey, Ph.eyes, Philipolson, Pnm, Priyank bolia,QuantumEleven, Quibik, Quillaja, Reelrt, ResearchRave, Rich Farmbrough, Richardigp, Ronlongo, Salamurai, Sandstein, Scorpion 80, Seabay, Sethkills, Shaunm, ShelleyAdams, Smither,Spkr4dead, Stf, Tanguy Ortolo, Thelibrarypunk, Thoughtdot42, Tijfo098, Timrucw, Tinuvielt, To Serve Man, Tomcsy, Trevorbsmith, Trunone, Turtlens, Tymofiy, Vt100, Weathereye,Webgandalf, Wikitaco444, WndrBr3d, Woodshed, Wwwwolf, Xe7al, Xmlizer, Xompanthy, Yappy2bhere, Yeng-Wang-Yeh, Yoyoma101, Yworo, ZigZagZoug, Zosoin, Ztudiozak, Zundark,Սահակ, 291 ,דוד שי anonymous edits

Comparison of e-book readers  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=478870232  Contributors: 16@r, 7macaw, Abune, Adhirk, AgarwalSumeet, Agent007bond, Agentbla, Agentxyz, Agoramaster, Ahoerstemeier, Ajithpr, Alboran, AlfonsVH, Amercade, AncientMorgoth, Ander13, AndrewHowse, Andyjsmith, Anna Frodesiak, Aperculum, Apparition11, Aquaihoi, ArlindoPereira, Aseidl, AshBergs, Aszymanik, BLASTanna, Badger Drink, Barek, Benoitb, BillGatos, Billlund, Bizzybody, Bjankuloski06en, Bob123123321123213123123, Bomazi, Brainsteinko, Briantriger, Bsegonnes, Callidior, Cameron Scott, Caribsa89, Cckkcc, Cedric.taschereau, Centrx, Cgallgu, ChadMiller, ChaosData, Cherubino, Chorpo, Chowbok, Chris the speller, Chris55, Cjstarkey, Ckatz, Classical geographer, Contentverse, Cowantp, Cvf-ps, Cybertooth, DGG, DHR, Dan Polansky, Davice, Dazed But Not Confused, Degdol, DerekStOnge, DervishD, Digitalbookreader, Dittobook, Dmy49, Doca, Docu, Doktor Faustus, Drew444, Drutt, Dxco, Eastlaw, Eefrune, Einker, El233s, Elonka, Elranzer, Eltiar, Enervation, Enfenion, Eno, Ereaderprince, Erlba zifra, Etoo897, Excirial, Excogitation, EyeMD, Ezguyhere, Falcon9x5, Fayenatic london, Ferengi, Fishnet37222, Flatterworld, Fothergill Volkensniff IV, Fraantik, Freshyndel, Frietjes, GD 6041, Gamesteacher, Generally Sentient, Geothermal, Ghat, Ginga ninja 007, Glenn, Godzil, Gogo Dodo, Goochelaar, Goodereader, Goodwrite, Grabowski78, Graeme Bartlett, Green Cardamom, Gsarwa, Haltendehand, Hans Adler, HappyInGeneral, Harryzilber, HectorH, Hjebasingam, Hohum, Hutcheson, I42, IOException, Ianalexandermartin, IbRas, Icestorm815, Ignirtoq, Impermanente, Isthisthingworking, ItalicaGmbH, Itangalo, JRSJH, Jamzewsizazamcze, Jaraat, Jasontownsend, Jbajic, Jdscott50, Jeffq, JenniferHeartsU, Jeremykemp, JerryCim, Jerryobject, JesseChisholm, Jetxee, Jixzad123, JocK, Johnuniq, Jointech, JorgeGG, JorisvS, JoshFalK2, Jroesch, Judhmfr, Juhko, Jujutacular, KTo288, Kaganer, Kai445, Kaitan67, Kamath.nakul, Kangou, Katieh5584, Keegscee, Kieff, Kineticman, Koavf, Kociak, Kolobochek, Kozuch, Krabat, Kwamikagami, Lalebarde, Laned130, Little Professor Stonecold, Logix16, Longershanks, LovesMacs, Lvr, MER-C, Mac.mcwong, Macgeiger, Magioladitis, Mahjongg, Malick78, MarcoTolo, Marcus Qwertyus, Marcus Rowland, Martarius, Matt Crypto, Matt Geer, Mattg82, Matthew Stannard,

Article Sources and Contributors 85

Maxim Leyenson, McNeight, Mdwh, Me-123567-Me, Medvedev, Mervyn, Mesmaster, Mfoxtrot, Middle Aged, Mikebru, Mindmatrix, Minexcorporation, Minwu, Mirceabtr, Monk of the highestorder, MrOllie, Mstempin, Mushroom, Nairbv, Nameetpai, NawlinWiki, Nbarth, Newman.x, Nickybrandt, Nil Einne, Nirion, Nopetro, Nudecline, Oeuftete88, Ohconfucius, Olea, Ondra.pelech,Onyxwar, Oteta, Patrick, PedroFonini, Pengo, Petersam, Pgdn963, Ph.eyes, Phamming, PhilKnight, Philantrop, PhilipMW, Phlegat, Physicistjedi, Pietjepuk, Pjones11, Pnm, Posix memalign,Quillaja, R3morse, Ralucadina, Rami Selin, Razorflame, Riva3000, Rknelissen, RobertbEZ, Robertodamen, Rockysmile11, Roncaglia, Ronz, Rsmith8080, RuchitaP, Ryanli, Sailsbystars,Salamurai, Sallym, Sandstein, Saturnian, Sbmeirow, Schol-R-LEA, Schplaf, Sciubba, Seabay, Seans Potato Business, Sempai, Senator2029, Servel333, Shadowjams, Sidewalkfins, Sitethief,Skier Dude, Smartbook, Sofkins, Sparkie82, Spel-Punc-Gram, Sri s3, Starsandtopsoils, Steve2011, Stevens937, Swim--AR, Sykoninja, Synaptophysin, TDWolsey, TammieJJordan, Tartarus,TastyPoutine, Tatianaza, Test3, Theconceptbook, Theonethird, Thezachperson31, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tinucherian, Tkech, Tloc, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tommy Jansen, Tordail, Tpbradbury,Trini1313, Triplebaconator, Tslocum, Tthaas, Tvtechhead, Ulric1313, UnneededAplomb, Uwe Hermann, Versageek, VividTree, Vlad2000Plus, Vrenator, W.Bowers, WarwickAllison,Wavelength, Welsh, Wilberth, Wolfgang K, Woohookitty, Wpgspatula, Xcvista, Xpi6, Yworo, Zirka, Zodon, 748 ,أحمد مصطفى السید ,דוד שי anonymous edits

Amazon Kindle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=479527694  Contributors: 159753, 1980fast, 403forbidden, 7&6=thirteen, 842U, A. B., A8UDI, AaronSw, Abwayax,Addihockey10, Agari, AgarwalSumeet, Ageekgal, Agent007bond, Airplaneman, Akatombo, Alan R. Fisher, Alanbeaulieu, Alarob, Alex.muller, Ali babua, Allstarecho, Alperen, Alvareo,Alyeska, Amazonperson1, Andavane, Andrewhime, Andy M. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Amazon Kindle 3.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MaximilianSchönherr, NotFromUtrecht, Petrus AdamusFile:KDX and K2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KDX_and_K2.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: ShakataGaNaiFile:N73 ebook.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:N73_ebook.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: FerengiFile:Amazon Kindle logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amazon_Kindle_logo.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Amazon.com. Original uploader wasFallschirmjäger at en.wikipediaFile:Amazon Kindle 3.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MaximilianSchönherr, NotFromUtrecht, Petrus AdamusFile:Amazon Kindle - Wikipedia.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amazon_Kindle_-_Wikipedia.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: ShakataGaNaiFile:Amazon-kindle-gen2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amazon-kindle-gen2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Evan-AmosFile:Kindle DX Graphite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kindle_DX_Graphite.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: User:Excelsior25File:Kindle3plugs.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kindle3plugs.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Julien GONG Min from Beijing,ChinaFile:Kindle4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kindle4.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:DifbobatlFile:Kindle 3 by Jleon.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kindle_3_by_Jleon.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Jleon (talk)(Transfered by Rdrozd/Original uploaded by Jleon)Image:Textbook.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Textbook.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Dhscommtech (talk)AliMoore. Original uploader was Dhscommtech at en.wikipedia

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