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TRACKING ID: LAC-IEE-17-33

PERSUAP APPROVAL AND IEE AMENDMENTPROJECT/ACTIVITY DATAProject/ Activity Name: Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use

Action Plan(PERSUAP) for USAID/ColombiaImplementation Start/End: 01/2016 to 06/2017

Solicitation/Contract/Award Number: Various contracts and cooperative agreements relating toagricultural activities under the DOsImplementing Partner(s): Various implementing partners relating to agriculturalactivities under the DOsGeographic Location(s): Colombia

Tracking ID/link: LAC-IEE-17-33Tracking ID/link of Related SS: N/ATracking ID/link of Related IEE: LAC-IEE-09-62Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses:

N/A

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATAImplementing Operating Unit(s):(e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Colombia/Office of Environment

Funding Operating Unit(s):(e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Colombia/Office of Environment

Funding Account(s): Various funding accounts relating to agricultural activitiesunder the DOsFunding Amount: Various funding relating to agricultural activities under theDOsAmendment

FundingAmount:

N/A Amendment FundingDate:

N/A

Other Affected Unit(s): N/ALead BEO Bureau: Diana ShannonPrepared by: María Elena SantanaDate Prepared: 07/07/2017

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

Analysis Type: Initial Environmental Examination AmendmentEnvironmental Determination(s): Negative DeterminationAdditional Analyses/Reporting Required:

N/AAmendment Expiration Date: 07/07/2020

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION 2

TRACKING ID: LAC-IEE-17-33

1.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPEThe purpose of this amendment is to request approval for the USAID/Colombia Mission-wide Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan - PERSUAP update.

The initial PERSUAP document was prepared by the USAID Colombia mission in 2007, under an existing IEE numbered LAC-IEE-09-62, issued as Negative Determination with Conditions. After almost 10 years of successful application by USAID’s implementing partners, the PERSUAP needed to be updated to cover current and planned USAID/Colombia agricultural activities, addressing: a) changes in pesticides approved by the EPA and the GOC through the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), and the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development; b) changes in project activities, including crops supported and Active Ingredients (AIs) needed; and c) current PERSUAP good practice and BEO expectations.

2.0 CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE This Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)

addresses the pesticide safe use and handling issues for agricultural activities under all Development Objectives (DOs) that may utilize pesticides in USAID/Colombia.

This PERSUAP addresses: a) changes in pesticides approved by the EPA and the GOC through the Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura (ICA), and the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development; b) changes in project activities, including crops supported and Active Ingredients (AIs) needed; and c) current PERSUAP good practice and BEO expectations.

This PERSUAP complies with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures under Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), section 216.3(b)): Establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use

in USAID/Colombia for agricultural programmatic activities, that includes an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides, such that said use/support:(1)embodies the principles of safe pesticide use, and (2) per USAID policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.

This new PERSUAP appropriately fulfills all the requirements defined by USAID/Colombia.

3.0 REVISIONSAccording to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(9), there is no need to change a determination of the environmental impacts because this PERSUAP does not incorporate a change in scope or nature, so all environmental impacts were previously addressed.

No additional conditions of approval are required.

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities i

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)USAID/COLOMBIA AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

June 2017

This document has been developed by The Cadmus Group, Inc., under the GEMS II contract (award number AID-OAA-M-13- 00018) for USAID review. Until and unless this document is approved under the processes established by 22 CFR 216, it may not represent the views of USAID or the United States Government.

iPesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSCOPE SUMMARYThe Government of Colombia (GOC) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) began implementing a peace agreement on December 1, 2016, thus ending almost 50 years of internal conflict. The Colombian conflict began in the mid-1960s and has been characterized by a struggle to exert influence in Colombian territory; the principal actors have included the Colombian government, paramilitary groups, crime syndicates, and left-wing guerrillas such as FARC and the National Liberation Army. The long-running conflict has impeded government presence, economic progress, and development in many regions of Colombia. As a result, rural areas in Colombia were acutely affected.

The US Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) for 2014-2018 will focus on reducing economic disparity by supporting Colombian efforts to improve rural livelihoods, particularly for women and ethnic minorities who are disproportionately impoverished. As there are activities under all Development Objectives (DOs) that may include the use of pesticides, the PERSUAP is applicable to these activities.

The USAID CDCS identified four DOs to meet the US Mission goal of building a “Colombia more capable of implementing a durable and inclusive peace.” The four DOs are as follows:

DO1: Effective presence of democratic institutions and processes in targeted areas;

DO2: Reconciliation advanced among victims, ex-combatants, and other citizens;

DO3: Improved conditions for inclusive rural economic growth; and DO4: Environmental resiliency and low-emissions development

strengthened.

The DO1 is intended to strengthen Colombia’s democratic institutions and state presence in areas transitioning out of conflict; particularly, they support increased, transparent, and accountable public investment and service provision; access to justice; and respect for human rights. Furthermore, DO2 supports the peace process by assisting the GOC with implementation of the 2011 Victims and Land Restitution Law, as well as reconciliation and reparation processes, with an emphasis on Afro- Colombian and indigenous communities who disproportionately suffered the effects of conflict.

DO3 was developed based on the hypothesis that economic opportunities and growth in rural areas are critical to addressing long-term drivers of conflict. Efforts under DO3 will include developing a modern system to maintain land ownership and titling data; building local government capacity to compete for and invest available public funds in productive infrastructure; and continuing support of public-private partnerships to increase access to competitive agricultural markets and strengthen the capacity of producer associations to provide services and benefits to their members.

Finally, under DO4, USAID will implement the US Government Presidential

HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENTThe Executive Summary and Sections 2-4 of this document are intended for USAID reviewers.CORs/AORs and Implementing Partners (IPs) should first read this introduction and then turn directly to and read Section 5: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP).

The SUAP is the definitive, stand-alone statement of compliance


Initiative for Global Climate Change, supporting the protection of Colombia’s biodiversity. Proposed activities under DO4 include sustaining low-carbon development by increasing investments in clean energy and lowering emissions, improving community resilience to changing weather patterns, and protecting significant ecosystems. Given Colombia’s status as a middle-income country and its growing capacity for


addressing its own development challenges, USAID plans to gradually transition its relationship with Colombia from one of assistance to one of increasing partnership.

USAID will support partnerships with the private sector to increase investment in conflict geographies, pairing small producers and ethnic minorities with private firms to help them access higher-paying markets for competitive agricultural products. To that end, USAID will work to strengthen producer associations, a linchpin of the rural economy, to provide services and benefits to their members (mainly small farmers), including securing markets, negotiating with buyers, and providing extension services.These efforts will support rural economic development, provide alternative livelihoods and help farmers escape poverty.

This Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) addresses the pesticide safe use and handling issues for agricultural activities under all DOs.

PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDSProductive agricultural activities require effective pest management across target crops, which, under some circumstances, requires the use of chemical controls. Pest management needs for certain agricultural activities are detailed in Annex A: Pests and Diseases of Target Crops, and Available and Recommended Control Methods.

PURPOSEIn compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)(22 CFR 216.3(b)), this PERSUAP:

Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized by USAID/Colombia.

Establishes requirements attendant to support of these pesticides, such that said pesticide use/support; (1) embodies the principles of safe pesticide use and, (2) per USAID policy, is within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

STRUCTUREThe Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER, Sections 3 and 4) establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use, which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (A through L) required at 22 CFR 216.3(b).

PROGRAMMATIC SCOPE

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP; Section 5) provides a succinct, definitive stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template (sub-section 5.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. This may be accomplished using the Monitor system environmental management plan. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete the environmental management plan

vPesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia

This PERSUAP covers agricultural project activities undertaken aspart of the CDCS, and it focuses on the use of pesticides and IPM methods in agriculture. The PERSUAP is also designed such that it may be used to cover future USAID/Colombia activities across DOs targeting the same or similar crops (and pests), using or supporting the use of Active Ingredients (AIs) addressed in this document, so long as those programs comply with the requirements established herein.

Current or future economic growth programs may include other agricultural activities such as seed treatment or use of pesticides for post-harvest storage, or use of pesticides in other activities that may require pest control. Should future projects necessitate use of pesticide AIs or products not covered by this PERSUAP, or covered for different uses, an amendment to this PERSUAP will be necessary, otherwise other pesticide AIs or products must be considered.


LIST OF APPROVED PESTICIDESUpon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticides listed in Table 6 (as AIs) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Colombia agricultural projects. This approval is subject to compliance with any conditions enumerated in this list and those enumerated in the Environmental Management Plan from the MONITOR system; similar information is outlined in the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) provided in Section 5. A summary of these conditions is provided in section 5.3. Table 15 and Table 16 in Annex B provide human health and ecological toxicological summaries as well as US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) registration status for each pesticide reviewed by this PERSUAP.

Furthermore, approved biological pesticides are registered with both US EPA and Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA). Additional information on biological pesticides approved for use in Colombia is available on ICA’s website (Other Areas - Plant Protection - Fertilizers and Bioinsumos Farm, http://www.ica.gov.co/getdoc/a5c149c5-8ec8-4fed-9c22-62f31a68ae49/Fertilizantes-y-Bio- insumos-Agricolas.aspx ). ICA’s list identifies both the input and the specific crop for which the biological pesticide has been found to be effective via research trials.

PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR AGRICULTURAL USEAIs are chemicals in the pesticide products. Pesticide product labels include the name of each AI and its concentration in the product.

The same AI may be found in hundreds of pesticide products with different names.

Products with similar brand names may have different AIs. Products with the same name and AIs may have different concentrations. Some AIs work on a broad spectrum of pests. Others are more

targeted, killing only certain organisms.

Conventional pesticides are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate pests. Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Generally, biopesticides are made of living things, come from living things, or are found in nature. They tend to pose fewer risks than conventional chemicals. Very small quantities can be effective and they tend to break down more quickly, which means less pollution.Biopesticides are generally classified as biochemical, microbial, and plant-derived protectants. Microbial biopesticides that include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and yeast can be manufactured from various strains that are initially screened from different natural habitats. This results in isolate specificity of application including geographical locations. In the United States, AIs can be in products that are designated as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) as well as in products designated as general use pesticides. RUPs are pesticides which are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or a person under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. In the United States, certification programs are administered by the federal government, individual states, and by company policies that vary from state to state.1 Restrictions can apply to the particular crop, formulations, concentrations, or uses.

Both glyphosate and 2,4-D are herbicides that have been classified as


possibly carcinogenic by the WHO, but that have few substitutes at this time. As such, they are conditionally approved under this PERSUAP; however, USAID will annually review their status, both with ICA and the US EPA. If the status changes, then IPs must follow the restrictions applicable to the new status for glyphosate and 2,4-D.Please note that the list of products available in Colombia in Table 6 (in Section 5.2) should not be construed as a recommendation of the products listed. These products represent

1 EPA. (n.d.). Pesticide Worker Safety. Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report. Retrieved August 17, 2015, from http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/restricted-use-products-rup-report


products currently available in Colombia, but they should undergo additional review in the context of Cautionary Advice and Restrictions provided in column 2 of the approved pesticides table in Section 5.2.For recommendations for AIs, please see Annex A, Table 12, which includes recommendations for particular crops. Selection of specific products must be guided by careful examination of the product label, Material Safety Data Sheet and product registration status with US EPA. If the product is not registered by US EPA, it is necessary to compare the product to those available in the United States in order to establish whether it should be approved for general or restricted use.In the United States, some pesticide products are designated as RUPs due to the potential to cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment and injury to applicators or bystanders without added restrictions. As mentioned above, RUPs are not available for purchase or use by the general public. Therefore, in this PERSUAP, pesticides that would be classified as RUPs in the United States are not approved for use by smallholder farmers.

The skull and crossbones symbol and the word “Poison” identify pesticide products that are determined to be in Toxicity Class I based on at least one of the following acute toxicity studies: acute oral, acute dermal or acute inhalation. They are also required if methanol (methyl alcohol used as a solvent) is present at 4% or more.

In the United States, RUPs may only be used be certified professional applicators. Unfortunately, there is no adequate private or governmental control in Colombia over certification of pesticide applicators for high toxicity risk pesticides (categorized as Ia or Ib by the WHO). In practice, these types of high risk pesticides are often used by small farmers, including women, adolescents, and even children.Additionally, many families plant their crops near their homes or water sources, where pesticide application increases risk to human and environmental health. Furthermore, there is limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE), increasing the risk of unsafe pesticide exposure. For these reasons, and the risks of poor management, RUPs should not be approved for use by smallholder farmers in Colombia.

Only general use pesticides are approved for use by smallholder farmers by this PERSUAP. RUP products containing AIs listed in Table 6 may only be used by professionally trained, pest control specialists. Further, RUPs should only be considered in the case of a crop plague or disease that cannot be controlled through IPM methods or non-RUPs authorized in this PERSUAP. In these cases, RUP application should be completed by trained, professional pesticide applicators who use adequate PPE and follow all the appropriate mitigation measures for the safety of humans, plant and animal life, and the local environment. IPs are responsible for training and safe use of pesticides.

Training requirements are specified in the SUAP (Section 5). Furthermore, all pesticides that are suspected carcinogens and/or classified as highly dangerous have been rejected in this PERSUAP. For more complete information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table 15 and Table 16.All approved AIs in this PERSUAP were reviewed for their properties in both the US EPA database and the ICA database. Note that when evaluating any pesticide product, one must evaluate all its AIs against the list of approved AIs in Table 6.


PESTICIDES REJECTED AND BANNEDOnly pesticides specifically approved (i.e., appearing in the “list of approved pesticides” described above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use across all DO programs. For reference, Table 7 documents pesticides (as AIs) that were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and US EPA and ICA registration status for each pesticide are presented in Table 15 in Annex B and in Table 16.

The pesticides rejected from use include AIs that are not registered by ICA or US EPA, those classified as US EPA Toxicity Class I (extremely toxic) AIs, and/or those classified as WHO Toxicity Class Ia (extremely hazardous) and Ib (highly hazardous) substances. AIs that are known to be potential or


possible carcinogens, and/or are found mostly in products designated as RUPs, are also rejected by this PERSUAP.

Furthermore, AIs that are internationally classified as Prior Informed Consent chemicals by the Rotterdam Convention (Table 5) or Persistent Organic Pollutants by the Stockholm Convention (Table4) are rejected.

SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS OF USE FOR PESTICIDES:A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be supported with

USAID funds in USAID/Colombia activities. These pesticides are delineated in Section 5.2. (Pesticide “support” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all AIs are approved by this PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM- based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information to help IPs develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid;

D. Projects must require the use and maintenance of appropriate personal PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices;

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.

F. Regardless of the level of USAID funding (whether USAID is a minor donor or major donor), all activities that include pesticide use are required to meet the guidelines of this PERSUAP.

G. USAID regulations are intended to flow down from the direct recipients of funding to any sub-recipients (e.g., through subsequent grants or loans). Therefore, all projects that provide grants and loans for agricultural activities are responsible for ensuring enforcement of the requirements established by this PERSUAP.

These conditions are detailed in the SUAP template (see Section 5.4) for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. In general, a project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed environmental management plan (EMP) based on the SUAP template via the MONITOR system, informing the AOR/COR and MEO, 30 days before the implementation of the activity. The project implementer must update the EMP annually. If for some reason the MONITOR system is not available, a SUAP must be completed and submitted to the AOR/COR and MEO based on the template in Section 5.4. The SUAP template may also be used on an ongoing basis to track and guide implementation.

With respect to pesticides, the EMP generated by MONITOR satisfies the requirement for an environmental management plan (EMP). Project EMPs must simply incorporate the MONITOR EMP by reference. When there is direct purchase by the farmers, they must maintain a record of the purchase as outlined in Annex C, Table 20. Additionally, when the product is provided by a technician or other third party, the farmer must record the product information using the same record.


Low-risk AIs not requiring approval under this PERSUAP. Note that some particularly low-risk AIs are exempt from regulation under the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and therefore can be used by IPs without approval via this PERSUAP. These are listed at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015- 12-15.pdf . (A list of pesticide inert ingredients that are exempt from FIFRA is available at: www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-01/documents/section25b_inerts.pdf.)

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT & SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

USAID/COLOMBIA AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

Supported by the US Agency for International Development

Bogota, Colombia Prepared by: The Cadmus Group, Inc.

Under the GEMS II contract (award number AID-OAA-M-13-00018)


TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................II

How To Use This Document.................................................................................................. iiScope Summary................................................................................................................... iiPest Management Needs..................................................................................................... iiiPurpose................................................................................................................................ iiiStructure.............................................................................................................................. iiiProgrammatic Scope............................................................................................................ iiiList of Approved Pesticides.................................................................................................. iv

Pesticides Approved for Agricultural Use.....................................................................ivPesticides Rejected and Banned...........................................................................................vSummary of Conditions of Use for Pesticides.......................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................IXTABLES........................................................................................................XIFIGURES......................................................................................................XIACRONYMS.................................................................................................XIIISECTION 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................1

How To Use This Document..................................................................................................11.1...................................................................................................................................... Pur

pose and Scope.............................................................................................................11.2........................................................................................................................................R

egulatory Requirements, the PERSUAP Concept, and Analytical Approach.....................2Regulatory Requirements Attendant to USAID-Funded Support for Pesticides............2USAID Policy: Integrated Pest Management................................................................2The PERSUAP...............................................................................................................2USAID/Colombia Pest Management Needs for Agricultural Projects.............................3

1.3......................................................................................................................................Development of This PERSUAP...........................................................................................3

SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT...........................................................52.1......................................................................................................................................Pri

ority Geographic Places/Areas of Project Intervention...................................................52.2......................................................................................................................................Ag

riculture in Colombia.....................................................................................................6Climate and Rainfall....................................................................................................7

SECTION 3: PER, PART 1—PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS, PESTICIDES AVAILABLE, AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY.....................................................................................................................8

3.1...................................................................................................................................... Identification of Target Activities........................................................................................8

3.2......................................................................................................................................Grants and Loans..............................................................................................................9

3.3...................................................................................................................................... IPM Practices....................................................................................................................9

3.4....................................................................................................................................Current Pesticide Use/Availability.......................................................................................10

3.5......................................................................................................................................Available Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Application Equipment......................11

3.6....................................................................................................................................Pesticide Knowledge and Awareness..................................................................................11

3.7....................................................................................................................................Agricultural Extension........................................................................................................11

3.8.................................................................................................................................... List of Candidate Pesticides................................................................................................11

xPesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia

SECTION 4: PER, PART 2—THE 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS......................................12Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides..........................................................................12

Colombia Registration Status.....................................................................................12US EPA Registration Status........................................................................................13Toxicity/Safety...........................................................................................................13Need..........................................................................................................................14Efficacy in Local Circumstances.................................................................................14Availability.................................................................................................................14

Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is Part of an IPM Program...............14Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment...........................................................................................................................................15

Crop Production.........................................................................................................15Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, Either Human or Environmental, Associatedwith the Proposed Use, and Measures Available to Minimize Such Hazards.......................15Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticides for the Proposed Use.........................17

Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems.........................................................................................................................18

Environmental Impact of Pesticides...........................................................................18Pesticides in Soil........................................................................................................18Pesticide Drift............................................................................................................19Effect on Non-Target Terrestrial Organisms...............................................................19Water Pollution..........................................................................................................19Humid and Arid Ecosystems......................................................................................19Fungicides..................................................................................................................19Herbicides..................................................................................................................20Organic Pesticides.....................................................................................................20Toxicology Information..............................................................................................20

Factor H: The Conditions under Which the Pesticide Is To Be Used, Including Climate, Flora, Fauna,Geography, Hydrology, and Soils........................................................................................21

Topography................................................................................................................21Soils...........................................................................................................................21Climate......................................................................................................................22Climate Change.........................................................................................................22Hydrology..................................................................................................................23Biodiversity................................................................................................................23Protected Areas.........................................................................................................23Agricultural Land Use.................................................................................................24Factor I: The Availability and Effectiveness of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control

Methods..............................................................................................................................24Factor J: The Requesting Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use andDisposal of the Requested Pesticide...................................................................................24

Pesticide Registration Process...................................................................................24Relevant Institutions..................................................................................................25Regulatory Enforcement............................................................................................26International Conventions and Treaties.....................................................................26

Factor K: The Provisions Made for Training of Users and Applicators..................................29Factor L: The Provisions Made for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of the Pesticides.30

SECTION 5: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP).................................................315.1.................................................................................................................................... Intr

oduction.......................................................................................................................315.2....................................................................................................................................Allo

wed Pesticides.............................................................................................................31Pesticides Approved for Agricultural Use...................................................................31Pesticides Rejected and Banned................................................................................44


5.3....................................................................................................................................Summary of Compliance Requirements...........................................................................61

5.4....................................................................................................................................Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker....................................................63

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES......................................................................71ANNEX A: PESTS AND DISEASES OF TARGET CROPS, AND AVAILABLE AND RECOMMENDED CONTROL METHODS...................................................................................................................73ANNEX B: PESTICIDE PROFILES: TOXICOLOGY...............................................199

B.1...................................................................................................................................Orientation: Pesticide Toxicity and Risk............................................................................199

B.2................................................................................................................................... Summary Toxicology Profiles of Pesticides Assessed by This PERSUAP.............................201

ANNEX C: MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING............238C.1Integrated Pest Management.....................................................................................238C.2Understanding Pesticide Risks...................................................................................239C.3Understanding Pesticide Label and Material Safety Data Sheet.................................240C.4Pesticide Safety and Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment................................241C.5Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray Drift.............................243C.6Pesticide Transport and Storage................................................................................243C.7First Aid......................................................................................................................244C.8Proper Pesticide Container Disposal...........................................................................246C.9Monitoring and Data Record Keeping.........................................................................246


TABLESTABLE 1. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP................................................................8TABLE 2. US EPA TOXICITY CATEGORIES.........................................................................................................................................16TABLE 3. WHO CLASSIFICATION SCHEME*.........................................................................................................................................17TABLE 4. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION.........................................................................................................................................26TABLE 5. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION*.........................................................................................................................................27TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIS) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B).........................................................................................................................................32TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAP.........................................................................................................................................44TABLE 8. IPM/SAFE USE REQUIREMENTS AND RELEVANT RESOURCES.........................................................................................................................................62TABLE 9. PERSUAP COMPLIANCE TRACKER—PART 1.........................................................................................................................................63TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART II.........................................................................................................................................64TABLE 11. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAP.........................................................................................................................................73TABLE 12. CROP-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN.........................................................................................................................................74TABLE 13. PESTICIDE LABEL WARNINGS........................................................................................................................................199TABLE 14. CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY: US EPA AND WHO........................................................................................................................................200TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES........................................................................................................................................201TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES........................................................................................................................................232TABLE 17. HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTS........................................................................................................................................242TABLE 18. FIRST AID MEASURES FOR HANDLING PESTICIDES........................................................................................................................................245TABLE 19. PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERS........................................................................................................................................246TABLE 20. EXAMPLE OF MONITORING AND RECORD KEEPING CHART


........................................................................................................................................246

FIGURESFIGURE 1. COLOMBIA MAP..................................................................................................5FIGURE 2. USAID TARGET REGIONS MAP............................................................................6FIGURE 3. PESTICIDE LABEL EXAMPLE........................................................................................................................................241FIGURE 4. SYMBOLS RELATING THE RISKS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PESTICIDE........................................................................................................................................241FIGURE 5. PPE INFOGRAPHIC........................................................................................................................................242


ACRONYMSAI Active IngredientAOR/COR Agreement Officer’s

Representative/Contract Officer’s RepresentativeCAN La Comunidad Andina de Naciones

CDCS Country Development Cooperation StrategyCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCFU Colony-Forming UnitDO Development ObjectiveEMP Environmental Management PlanFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

NationsIARC International Agency for Research on CancerICA Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario

IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios AmbientalesIEE Initial Environmental Examination

IP Implementing PartnerIPM Integrated Pest ManagementIPMP Integrated Pest Management PlanIR Intermediate ResultLD Lethal DoseMADS Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable

DevelopmentMEO Mission Environmental OfficerMSDS Material Safety Data SheetPAN Pesticide Action Network InternationalPER Pesticide Evaluation ReportPERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use

Action PlanPIC Prior Informed ConsentPOPs Persistent Organic PollutantsPPE Personal Protective EquipmentREI Restricted Entry IntervalRUP Restricted Use PesticideSUAP Safer Use Action PlanUSAID United States Agency for International

DevelopmentUS EPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency World Health Organization of

1Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPEIn compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (under Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), section 216.3(b)), this Colombia agricultural portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):

Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized for USAID/Colombia agricultural programmatic activities.

Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides, such that said use/support: (1) embodies the principles of safe pesticide use, and (2) per USAID policy, is within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use are established through the first sections of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which culminates with an assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (see Box 1) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) in Section 5 provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12- factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Rather than completing and submitting a SUAP, each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete the environmental management plan in MONITOR and submit to its Agreement Officer’s Representative/Contract Officer’s Representative (AOR/COR) and Mission Environmental Officer (MEO). In Colombia, the MONITOR environmentalmanagement plan may be substituted for the SUAP template. If for some reason,

HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENTThe Executive Summary and Sections 2-4 of this document are intended for USAID reviewers.CORs/AORs and Implementing Partners (IPs) should first read this introduction and then turn directly to and read Section 5: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP).

The SUAP is the definitive, stand-alone statement of compliance

BOX 1. The 12 Pesticide ANALYSIS FACTORS

A. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) registration status of the proposed pesticides

B. Colombia’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide and ICA registration status of the proposed pesticides

C. Basis for selection of pesticidesD. Extent to which the proposed

pesticide use is part of an IPM program

E. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

F. Any acute and long-term toxicological issues with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

G. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

H. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

I. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils


MONITOR is unavailable, the project implementer must submit a completed SUAP using the template in Section 5.


1.2 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS, THE PERSUAP CONCEPT, AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHREGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT TO USAID-FUNDED SUPPORT FOR PESTICIDESAll USAID-funded activities are subject to pre-implementation environmental review, starting with a screening process that determines the level of potential environmental risk. Activities considered as having moderate or unknown risks are subject to an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), including use of pesticides. USAID’s pre-implementation environmental review procedures are defined by 22 CFR 216.

If USAID funds are to be used to procure, directly fund or support the use of pesticides, 22 CFR 216.3(b) requires that 12 factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to control risks to human health and the environment (see Box 1).2 The PER analyzes the 12 factors and the SUAP establishes the attendant requirements or conditions for USAID-supported activities.

Pesticides are agents used to kill or control any pest, including insects, rodents or birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, microbiocides, rodenticides, and various other substances used to control pests.3 Pesticides are by design poisons, and their use entails a degree of risk to the environment including humans, animals, birds, fish, bees, and other living organisms.

USAID POLICY: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTSince the early 1990s USAID has been committed to the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. There is not a single standard international definition for IPM, but there is wide agreement on its basic elements. Under IPM:

“First line” defenses against pest damage are a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.

Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed per established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism.

Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment.

IPM is strongly promoted as part of 22 CFR 216.3 Factor C.

THE PERSUAPThe USAID Africa Bureau initially developed the PERSUAP framework for pesticide compliance; the PERSUAP was subsequently adopted by other USAID Bureaus. Formally, the PERSUAP constitutes an amendment to a program’s or project’s IEE, to address the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b) with particular emphasis on assuring that pesticide use occurs within an IPM framework.

A PERSUAP consists of two core parts, a PER and a SUAP. The PER


characterizes pest management needs for the subject USAID projects, the availability of pesticides, the level of pesticide awareness among potential beneficiaries, and the critical local context. This information then informs the assessment

2Specifically, Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by US EPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following” (see Box 1).3"Types of Pesticides" About Pesticides. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/types-pesticide-ingredients, accessed 2 May 2017


of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (A through L, see box above) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). The PER thereby establishes the set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use.

The SUAP (Section 5) provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements.

In Colombia, rather than completing the SUAP using the template in Section 5, each project subject to this PERSUAP must instead complete an environmental management plan based on the template via the MONITOR system and submit to its AOR/COR and MEO 30 days prior to project initiation or by the date specified by the MEO. If the MONITOR system is for some reason unavailable, the project implementer must complete and submit a SUAP using the template.

USAID/COLOMBIA PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS FOR AGRICULTURAL PROJECTSThe USAID Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) identified four Development Objectives (DO) to meet the US Mission goal of building a “Colombia more capable of implementing a durable and inclusive peace.” The four DOs are as follows:

DO1: Effective presence of democratic institutions and processes in targeted areas;

DO2: Reconciliation advanced among victims, ex-combatants, and other citizens;

DO3: Improved conditions for inclusive rural economic growth; and DO4: Environmental resiliency and low-emissions development

strengthened.

The DOs are intended to strengthen Colombia’s democratic institutions and state presence in areas transitioning out of conflict; particularly, they support increased, transparent, and accountable public investment and service provision; access to justice; and respect for human rights. Furthermore, DO2 supports the peace process by assisting the Government of Colombia with implementation of the 2011 Victims and Land Restitution Law as well as reconciliation and reparation processes, with an emphasis on Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities who disproportionately suffered the effects of the conflict.

This PERSUAP addresses the pesticide safe use and handling issues for activities under USAID/Colombia CDCS DOs. Agricultural activities in key value chains are part of the latest in the series of investments under the 2014-2018 CDCS.

The assessment of “pesticide and pest management local context” that begins with the PER is a key feature of the PERSUAP approach. This assessment is needed because it provides essential input to the 12-factor analysis. The purpose of the 12-factor analysis is to select appropriate pesticides and safe use measures. This approach requires taking into consideration the context in which the products will be used, the elements of the program, and the different capacities of the partners and stakeholders involved.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS PERSUAPDuring January 2016, the PERSUAP team completed visits to different


Colombian agricultural zones where USAID is supporting rural economic growth projects, in Nariño, Guajira, Tolima, Caquetá, and Arauca. The site visits were representative of USAID programs in Colombia. The team visited production sites, various parts of the agricultural value chain (e.g., processing facilities). The team consulted with various project coordinators, implementers, farmers, and other stakeholders involved in agricultural activities. During these site visits, the team found that the agricultural communities lacked technical agricultural assistance from municipal, departmental and the national levels of the Colombian government. Furthermore, implementation of improved agricultural practices was further hampered by low education levels, as farmers do not have ready access to agricultural information.

After the field visits, the PERSUAP team continued its research through meetings, phone calls, communication and review of databases of the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA); agricultural departments of various Colombian universities; and international information from the US EPA, European Union (EU), World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and Pesticide Action Network International (PAN).

PERSUAP development is based on analyzing and characterizing the active ingredients (AIs) of the subject pesticides with respect to: chemical class, ICA registration status, US EPA registration, Restricted


Use Pesticide (RUP) status, EU registration status, WHO and US EPA acute human toxicity classifications, chronic human health issues, groundwater pollution potential, and eco-toxicity to different classes of organisms. It also includes identification of potential IPM measures for specific pest-crop combinations, as recommended by international agricultural research centers and similar sources.

This PERSUAP reviews pesticides to be used for the main production crops identified by USAID/Colombia. The PERSUAP examines and determines whether each pesticide formulation (i.e., AI) is appropriate for USAID-supported activities. The criteria for approval of pesticide use (broadly defined) for USAID support are as follows:

Pesticide (AI and product) must be registered in Colombia; AIs must be registered by US EPA for same or similar use; and Similar product containing this AI (or AIs) must be registered in the United

States.

Additional conditions apply to use of pesticides by smallholder farmers: In the United States, some pesticide products are designated as RUPs due to the potential to cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment and injury to applicators or bystanders without added restrictions. RUPs are not available for purchase or use by the general public in the United States. Therefore, in this PERSUAP pesticides that would be classified as RUPs in the United States are not approved for use by smallholder farmers.

In the United States, RUPs may only be applied by certified professional pesticide applicators. Unfortunately, there is no adequate private or governmental control in Colombia over certification of pesticide applicators for high toxicity risk pesticides. In practice, these types of high risk pesticides are often used by small farmers, including women, adolescents, and even children. Additionally, many families plant their crops near their homes or water sources, where pesticide application increases risk to human and environmental health. Furthermore, there is limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE), increasing the risk of unsafe pesticide exposure. For these reasons, and the risks of poor management, RUPs are not be authorized for use by smallholder farmers in Colombia.

RUPs should only be considered in the case of a crop plague or illness that cannot be controlled through IPM methods or non-RUPs authorized in this PERSUAP. In these cases, RUP application should be oriented toward, and supervised by, personnel with the appropriate capacity to mitigate risk. The operation should be completed by trained, professional pesticide applicators who use adequate PPE and follow all the appropriate mitigation measures for the safety of humans, plant and animal life, and the local environment. IPs are responsible for training and safe use of pesticides.


SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT2.1 PRIORITY GEOGRAPHIC PLACES/AREAS OF PROJECT INTERVENTIONThe PERSUAP team visited representative USAID agricultural projects in geographically distinct and diverse areas of Colombia (Figure 1). USAID is supporting assistance programs in zones impacted by conflict and illegal activity. As progress is made toward the Colombian Peace Accord, USAID will likely support activities in priority geographies in Colombia (Figure 2):

1) Andean Region, covering the three ranges of the Andes Mountains in Colombia;

2) Caribbean Region, covering the area adjacent to the Caribbean Sea;

3) Pacific Region, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean;

4) Orinoquia Region, which includes the Eastern plains;

5) Amazon Region; and

6) Island Region, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

FIGURE 1. COLOMBIA

MAP


FIGURE 2. USAID TARGET REGIONS MAP

2.2 AGRICULTURE IN COLOMBIAAgricultural potential is continuing to expand in Colombia. Currently, 4.9 million hectares are designated for crop cultivation and 38.6 million hectares are intended for cattle ranching. However, since only 19.3 million of the 38.6 million hectares are appropriate for cattle ranching, the 2019 Strategic Livestock Plan has an objective to “give back to nature 10 million hectares through the development of environmentally sustainable strategies” (Gomez, 2014; Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MADS), 2013, p. 73).

Between 2010 and 2013, land area devoted for cultivation grew from 3,915,858 hectares (62% permanently cultivated land, 38% temporary) to 4,309,916 hectares (with a similar split of 63% permanent and 37% temporary) (Cajamarca, 2015). Agricultural output for Colombia in 2013 was 26,584,615 metric tons. The primary crops for export account for 56.4% of the cultivated land area and include the following:

Coffee, accounting for 28.4% of cultivated land Plantain/banana, 14% of cultivated land Palm oil, 14% of cultivated land

Earnings from the coffee sector have varied greatly between 2010 and


2014, while other agricultural products reflect a steadier, slight growth in earnings of 1.9% (Cajamarca, 2015).


Small scale farmers, known as campesinos, account for 63% of agricultural production in Colombia (Bedoya, 2010). Campesinos can be categorized into three types:

Traditional campesino economy: These are family farms using manual labor to harvest basic food crops for self-consumption and little surplus or savings;

Campesino economy with savings: This type exhibits the primary characteristics of the traditional campesino model, but with a slightly larger production scale, allowing for surplus goods to enter small local markets as well as savings and the utilization of some salaried labor; and

Semi-salaried producers: Campesinos with insufficient land to support their families must supplement their earnings with seasonal salaried labor (Cabrera, 2010).

Campesino-produced crops tend to be mixed and rotated via inter-planting crops combined with ranching, both of which are good sustainable practices and encourage food security and diversity. However, more than 90% of what campesinos produce enters the market and less than 10% is consumed by the campesinos. This imbalance likely contributes to the 50% of the Colombian population facing food insecurity.

CLIMATE AND RAINFALLColombia’s climate is tropical and isothermal, but annual precipitation is variable because of its proximity to the Equator. Climatic differences are related to altitude and the displacement of the inter-tropical convergence zone between the two major air masses from which the northeast and southeast trade winds originate. Tropical rainforest is found in the Amazon region, the northern Pacific coast, and the central Magdalena valley and is characterized by an annual rainfall of over 2,500 millimeters and annual average temperatures above 23º C. A tropical monsoon climate, marked by one or more dry months, but still supporting rainforest vegetation, occurs along the southern Pacific coast, on the Caribbean coast, and at places in the interior—the Quindío Department and near Villavicencio, Meta Department.

Tropical savannas with alternating wet and dry seasons constitute the predominant feature of the Atlantic lowlands; the dry season lasts from November to April, and the wet season (broken by dry periods) from May to October. This climate is found also in the Eastern Plains or Llanos region and in part of the upper Magdalena valley. It is characterized by an annual rainfall of 1,000 to 1,800 millimeters and annual average temperatures usually above 23º C. A drier savanna climate prevails on the Caribbean coast. There, rains normally occur in two brief periods (in April and in October–November, respectively) but rarely exceed 760 millimeters annually. The average temperature is 27º C, with the daily range greatest where the humidity is low. This type of climate also occurs in the deep gorges of such rivers as the Patía, Cauca, Chicamocha, and Zulia and in parts of the upper Magdalena valley. Near-desert conditions exist in the far northern department of La Guajira, bordering Venezuela.

2.3 PESTICIDES AND THE COLOMBIA ENVIRONMENTICA is the authority that develops pesticide regulation, registers pesticides and provides toxicity profiles for pesticide use within Colombia. While the framework is fairly robust, in practice, implementation is weak because of lack


of extension capacity. Thus, the farmers receive very limited advice on pesticide selection and application. In general, in case of pest presence, producers reach out to local commercial stores for information on pest management and to purchase products. Input suppliers’ advice usually follows IPM principles and/or pesticide application procedures recommended by ICA and other research centers. Nevertheless, the risk of erroneous pesticide use exists because producers lack extension support and/or proper training for application of agricultural inputs (including pesticides) to their crops.


SECTION 3: PER, PART 1—PEST MANAGEMENT NEEDS, PESTICIDES AVAILABLE, AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITYThis section provides key information that serves as critical input to the 12-factor analysis (per 22 CFR 216.3(b)) undertaken in Section 5. This includes the list of target crops covered and their pest management needs, along with candidate pesticides to be assessed for Colombia. This section also includes information regarding the local context (e.g., knowledge and awareness of pesticide safe use principles) that is critical to decisions regarding which pesticides can be safely used in Colombia.

3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET ACTIVITIESUSAID’s support for rural economic development is largely focused on strengthening agricultural supply chains from production to processing and transport of goods. Current activities under DO3 support a subset of the crops listed in Table 1; however, there is potential for the program to expand to include a broader range of crops. Thus, this PERSUAP is designed to apply to current and future agricultural activities supported by USAID/Colombia. The programmatic activities below may require use of pesticides:

Agricultural production Rehabilitation of former mining lands with tree species (agroforestry) Post-harvest storage Minimal till practices Silvopastoral programs Agricultural seed treatment Establishment of nurseries

TABLE 1. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAPFRUIT

Avocado Lulo Mango Papaya (palm-like) Pineapple Soursop

CITRUS FRUIT Lemon Orange Tangerine

PERENNIAL PLANTATIONS Banana and plantain Pitaya (dragon fruit) Plantain Sugar cane (for

panela, not for sugar)

TREE/SHRUB PLANTATIONS Coffee Cacao Rubber

PALM TREE PLANTATIONS

Açai (naidi, murrapo) Chontaduro (peach

palm)

FOREST TREE PLANTATIONS Acacia (Acacia

mangium) Other forest trees

PASSIFLORA (VINES/SHRUBS) Curuba (passion fruit) Granadilla Narangilla Passion fruit

(maracuyá),Gulupa

BERRIES Blackberries Blueberries

VEGETABLES Asparagus

(Asparagaceae) Bell peppers Chili peppers/ bell

pepper/ black pepper Onion and scallion

(Allium vegetables) Tomato


ROOT VEGETABLES Beets Cassava Yam/sweet potato

CUCURBITS Cucumber Melon Pumpkin Squash Watermelon Zucchini

LEGUMES Beans Peas


TABLE 1. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAPGRAIN

Corn Quinoa Rice

MEDICINAL PLANTS, SPICES AND HERBS

Achiote (annatto) Anamú (Petiveria

alliacea) Castor oil Curcuma (turmeric) Lemon grass Ginger Rue (Ruta

graveolens) Stevia

FLOWERS, EDIBLE AND DECORATIVE

Heliconia and other flower species

MUSHROOMS TROPICAL PASTURE

3.2 GRANTS AND LOANSUSAID regulations are intended to flow down from the direct recipients of funding to any sub-recipients (e.g., through subsequent grant or loans). Therefore, all projects that provide grants and loans for agricultural activities are responsible for ensuring enforcement of the requirements established by this PERSUAP.

3.3 IPM PRACTICESCrop protection specialists are increasingly aiming to develop pest control methods that are more compatible with the goals of sustainable, productive, stable and equitable agriculture. To meet these goals, they must seek to integrate a range of complementary pest control methods. This is the concept behind IPM. IPM focuses on six control areas:

Cultural pest control: is the use of farming or cultural practices associated with crop production that make the environment less favorable for survival, growth, or reproduction of pest species. For example, these practices may include intercropping, vegetation management, crop rotation, and the manipulation of sowing and harvest dates to minimize damage.

Biological control: the conservation of natural enemies, manipulation of natural enemy populations, and the introduction of exotic organisms. The goal is the reduction of pest numbers by predators, parasites, or pathogens.

Physical and mechanical control: the application of direct or indirect measures that kill the pest, disrupt its physiology other than by chemical means, exclude it from an area, or adversely alter the pest's environment.

Host plant resistance: the breeding and use of crop varieties that are less susceptible to pests (insects, diseases, nematodes, parasitic weeds, birds).

Judicious use of pesticides: Chemical, microbial, and botanical pesticides used along with information on the economic threshold, which is the pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury


level. The economic injury level is the smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs.4 The economic threshold is a key IPM decision- making tool. Thresholds are based on considerable amounts of research and/or field experience. If the economic threshold is approached, but not reached, pesticides should not be applied at that time. Instead, the field should be re-scouted within a few days to determine the status of the

4http://cropwatch.unl.edu/archive/-/asset_publisher/VHeSpfv0Agju/content/the-economic-injury-level-and-the-economic-threshold-in-ipm


infestation. Pest populations can decline naturally due to mortality from natural enemies and unfavorable weather conditions. Also, many pests, such as caterpillars, change from an active feeding (larva) to a non-feeding stage (pupa) during their development. Such changes will often produce a natural decline in infestations as pupation occurs.5

Legal/regulatory control: Enforcement of measures and policies that range from quarantine to land and water management practices. Quarantines may include the prevention of the entry and establishment of undesirable plant and animal pests in a country or area and eradication, containment, or suppression of pests already established in limited areas. This approach to pest management must involve area-wide operations that include many rural households and are enacted for the common good of both farmers and society at large.

In principle, the following broad program of action is advocated for developing IPM techniques and/or practices for crop protection:

Identify the major pests and quantify losses caused by them in each agro-ecosystem;

Study the biology, behavior and population dynamics of the pests to understand the features that may be exploited for pest management;

Establish the role of local natural enemies and develop mass-rearing, or mass-culture, for disease agents on insects;

Study and develop other suitable components of IPM, such as intercropping and other cultural practices;

Integrate these components into an appropriate IPM technology and test for compatibility and efficacy under different ecological conditions; and

Develop a simple protocol for monitoring the impact of IPM technology in the field.6

Several strategies have been developed for the conservation of soil and water to maintain productivity including leaving fallow pasture areas.

3.4 CURRENT PESTICIDE USE/AVAILABILITYAgriculture is a major component of the Colombian economy and includes the ornamental flower industry, agribusiness, and small-scale producers. Much of the agricultural production relies heavily on pesticides. Additionally, while regulation for pesticide use exists in Colombia, it is not fully or consistently enforced. Furthermore, several pesticides banned in other countries are still in use in Colombia.7 Pesticides are available in Colombia, and information on proper application techniques is generally available. However, when pesticides are re-packaged and sold informally or in small amounts, information regarding proper application and use is often lost. Overall, pesticide use is widespread in Colombia and campesino farm workers vary greatly in their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions regarding risks of pesticide use and exposure.

Other problems include the illegal market for pesticides in Colombia, which consists of false labeling or alteration of pesticide products, the sale of obsolete pesticides; and the sale of pesticides with high toxic risk for humans, animals, and ecosystems.


5http://ipm.tamu.edu/about/glossary/economic-thresholds/6GTZ. 1992. Abstracts on Sustainable Agriculture.

http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/CD3WD/AGRIC/G49ABE/EN/B5_11.HTM7 Polanco, Y; Salazar, J, and Curbow, B. 2014. A quantitative analysis of Colombian campesinos' use of pesticides: perceived control and confidence in use. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Publica: 32(3). http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120- 386X2014000300012


3.5 AVAILABLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AND APPLICATION EQUIPMENTUSAID requires that all appropriate PPE for a particular product formulation be utilized, and when necessary, PPE be provided. Further, all beneficiaries must receive proper training in pesticide use.

Farmers are at risk of exposure to occupational hazardous factors including pesticides, dust, bacteria, and mold. The proportion of farmers using PPE in Colombia is difficult to track, but in USAID-supported activities the use of PPE has become part of the culture. Farmers interviewed during field trips were well informed about the risks involved in pesticide applications and reported that they use PPE regularly. PPE is provided as part of USAID activities and is also available commercially at local agricultural supply stores. In cases where PPE is not used regularly, project implementers should evaluate the root cause of failure to use PPE (e.g., cost, lack of knowledge, inappropriate equipment) and adapt the PPE to the context of the project. Furthermore, when possible, IPs should refer to the label for required PPE, so they can determine appropriate PPE substitutes. For example, in some cases washable coveralls may be used instead of plastic suits, and farmers can use face shields instead of goggles.

3.6 PESTICIDE KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESSIn Colombia, knowledge of safe pesticide use and awareness of risks to human health and the environment differ by crop and by region. Small farmers distant from extension services, in the event of a pest attack, may end up consulting the local commercial store, which may not be fully informed about proper use and PPE. In USAID-supported activities, participants interviewed by the PERSUAP team reported that they had received training and were aware of the proper methods of applying pesticides.

3.7 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIONColombia has a long tradition of providing extension services that originated with support from the United States, based on models of the land grant colleges. The model in Colombia was adapted in a fragmented and incomplete form.

The extension services in Colombia have been weak and provide low coverage for small producers for most crops. There are a few exceptions: coffee, African palm, sugar cane, and rice.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development have decentralized technical assistance to local governments at the municipality level through Unidades Municipales de Asistencia Técnica Agropecuaria or Centros Provenciales.

Availability of agricultural extension services becomes an issue for small producers in some distant geographical areas that have limited road access. This infrastructure limitation is characteristic of the areas USAID supports with agricultural and development activities. In this context, extension services may be interrupted and not delivered on a continuous basis, with ineffective results.

3.8 LIST OF CANDIDATE PESTICIDESThe “Listado de Registros Nacionales” for target crops was reviewed for this PERSUAP. Pesticides that are approved by ICA but that are not registered by


US EPA were rejected by this PERSUAP. Additionally, some pesticides that are approved by ICA but are RUPs in the United States, or that were deemed otherwise inappropriate for smallholder use, were rejected by this PERSUAP. All pesticides banned or not registered in Colombia, were rejected by this PERSUAP.


SECTION 4: PER, PART 2—THE 12-FACTOR ANALYSISThis section integrates the information from Section 3 into the 12-factor analysis required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). This analysis is required as part of the approval process for pesticides supported by USAID activities. The analysis also provides information used to determine the specific conditions attendant to pesticide use. Factor A: US EPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

In the United States, the US EPA regulates pesticides through the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended. USAID-funded programs are limited to procuring, using, and/or supporting the use of pesticides containing AIs and/or products registered by the US EPA under FIFRA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because some crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the United States. Therefore, pesticides may not be registered for the exact use anticipated by the USAID project.

Moreover, US EPA designates some products as RUPs. US EPA classifies a particular pesticide as restricted if it determines that the pesticide may be hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label. In the United States, the pesticides and AIs that are labeled RUP can only be sold to and used by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's certification (such as for row crops, tree crops, or structural pests).

USAID regulations do not prohibit use of RUPs; however, 22 CFR 216 requires a full environmental assessment before use of a RUP can be supported with USAID funds, except for RUPs so designated solely for reason of user hazard. RUPs designated solely for reason of user hazard can be authorized for procurement or use with USAID funding on the basis of a user hazard analysis in the PERSUAP. In this case, the recipient government must be made aware of the hazard, and a mitigation action will be made and implemented with additional technical assistance.

The analysis of smallholder pesticide knowledge and awareness in Colombia (see Section 3.6) indicates that it would not be appropriate to authorize USAID funds to support hazardous RUPs for smallholder production. RUPs are allowed in these programs only with a caveat that they will be used, recommended for use, or supported for use by trained pest control specialists. In these cases, it is the responsibility of the IP to provide the proper training for use and application of these products. Unfortunately, Colombian agricultural authorities do not have adequate safeguards against the use and discharge of pesticides that are highly toxic to humans and ecosystems into the environment.

Table 15 (Annex B) provides the US EPA registration status of all candidate pesticides, including RUP designation. Under this Factor A analysis, pesticides that are not registered in Colombia or by US EPA are disallowed.

FACTOR B: BASIS FOR SELECTION OF PESTICIDESThe following criteria were applied to develop the final list of approved pesticides. These criteria are applied throughout the PER analysis:

COLOMBIA REGISTRATION STATUSICA is a subsidiary of the agriculture ministry and is the Autoridad Nacional Competente charged with registering pesticides and related supplies in


Colombia, with the cooperation of las Áreas de Salud y Ambiente Nacionales Agency. The Grupo de Inocuidad and Dirección Técnica de Inocuidad e Insumos Veterinarios, under the Área de Protección Vegetal of the ICA, is responsible for the registration process. This group evaluates technological and scientific information and registers chemical pesticides for agricultural use at industry request. Similarly, this group tracks the safety and efficacy testing of pesticides, before and after registration, and determines whether they conform to the current regulations.

Together with Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, Colombia belongs to La Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN). Via the Secretary General of CAN, Colombia controls the effects of pesticides in the registry of pesticides.


Decision 436 of 1998: The objective of the “Andean Rule for the Register and Control of Chemical Pesticides for Agricultural Use” is to establish harmonized requirements and processes for the registration and control of agricultural chemical pesticides, correctly orient their use and management so as to prevent and minimize damages to health and environment under authorized conditions, and facilitate their trade in the region.

Resolution 630 of 2003: The “Andean Technical Manual for the Register and Control of Agricultural Chemical Pesticides” contains all the application requirements registration of a biological or chemical pesticide product for agricultural use.

Decision 684 of 2008: The “Modification of Decision 436” extends the window for the process of reevaluation of agricultural chemical pesticides.

Decision 767 of 2011: Refines the terms and definitions of Decision 436 and provides guidelines for the regional register in the case of a phytosanitary emergency in the Andean region.

Decision 804 of 2015: This regulation requires ICA to publish periodic updates to a “Listado de Registros Nacionales.” This list provided a basis for pesticide review for this PERSUAP.

US EPA REGISTRATION STATUSPesticides must have active registration in the United States for the same or similar crops and pests.

TOXICITY/SAFETYPesticide selection must be appropriate not only to the Colombia context but also to the targeted beneficiaries and local conditions.

Most beneficiaries of USAID’s agricultural programs are small farmers, including indigenous Colombians of different ethnicities and customs who do not speak Spanish and reside in regions far from departmental capitals. These farmers have few economic resources and a low level of formal education. Further, their homes are often close to or within cultivation areas, which increases health risks of pesticide use. It is also possible to find schools close to agricultural areas. In the coffee-producing zones of Antioquia, there have been cases of high toxicity levels in tissue of children after the application of pesticides in the surrounding areas.

These small farmers do not have adequate training to safely use pesticides, nor the economic resources to acquire adequate PPE. Cultural aspects should also be taken into account because many beneficiaries do not use protection elements or safety measures because these techniques were not used by their forebears.

Other problems include the illegal market for pesticides in Colombia, which consists of false labeling or alteration of pesticide products, the sale of obsolete pesticides; and the sale of pesticides with high toxic risk for humans, animals, and ecosystems. For the above reasons, US EPA Toxicity Class I (extremely toxic) AIs and WHO Toxicity Class Ia (extremely hazardous) and Ib (highly hazardous) are excluded from use by smallholders.

Also excluded from use are AIs that are internationally classified as Prior Informed Consent (PIC) chemicals by the Rotterdam Convention (Table 5),


Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention (Table 4), and known carcinogens that are designated as RUPs.

Additional scrutiny is placed on EPA acute toxicity Class II products, which are endorsed only in the following circumstances:


1. The classification is for irritation rather than toxicity per se.2. The classification is for products with higher concentrations of the

AI, so if available products/formulations are known to have a lower concentration, or lower concentrations formulations are mandated, those products/formulations will fall into class III.

3. The mode of use (e.g., restriction to seed treatment) limits adverse human or eco-toxicological effects.

NEEDThe pesticide must serve a known pest management need for target USAID/Colombia activities. Both current and potential future needs will be considered by the PERSUAP.

EFFICACY IN LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCESPesticides must be shown to be effective for crops/seeds under climates/conditions similar to those found in USAID/Colombia intervention areas.

The Agricultural Protection and Regulation division of ICA (Protección y Regulación Agrícola del ICA) works to guarantee agricultural safety of Colombia at the national level, reducing the risks of introduction, dispersion, and establishment of plague, diseases, and maladies to ensure phytosanitary quality and safety of plant products.

This sub-agency, follows international norms adopted by Colombia, to complete the following steps for the economically and socially important plagues: official control, obligatory notification, and registration. It administrates the control and eradication programs for infestations specifically for crops of economic and social interest. It also coordinates with the private sector and other authorities to fulfill the sanitary and phytosanitary measures for the -management of the Regulación Sanitaria y Fitosanitaria for agriculture.

AVAILABILITYPesticides must be available in Colombia markets. Pesticides procured or supported with USAID funds must be legal (registered) in the host country.

Each pesticide endorsed for use under this PERSUAP was re-evaluated against these criteria over the course of the 12-factor analysis presented in this PER.

FACTOR C: EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS PART OF AN IPM PROGRAMIn accordance with this PERSUAP, IPs must promote IPM practices in their activities through demonstrations and direct training of farmers, input dealers and extension agents. The existing IP programs and all future agricultural programs must introduce IPM practices to farmers and suggest methods for non-chemical controls. Farmers are expected to adopt IPM and are encouraged to use biological/natural products.

The strategy of USAID partners working with farmers in Colombia will be to stress agronomic improvements based on the adoption of better technologies such as improved crop varieties, agronomic practices, and use of indigenous pest control practices, avoiding synthetic petroleum-based pesticides.

The IPs should incorporate proper pesticide management within their core


farmer training programs and recommendations. Agricultural activities support should fully incorporate IPM as the basis for effective pest management. An IP will often have little control over the actions of beneficiaries in the field. In these situations, IPs will promote and support the use of integrated pest management plans (IPMPs) to the greatest extent practicable.


An IPMP is a systematic plan which brings together different pest control tactics into one program.8 Direct pesticide use and direct extension activities by USAID/Colombia programs will be governed by IPM-based crop- and pest-specific IPMPs. The crop-by-crop pest and control measures tables in Annex A are intended to serve as suggestions for and drafts of these plans, which will be refined by the agriculture sector IPs.

IPMPs will necessarily be at a level of technical complexity appropriate to the local context, but will embody core IPM principles: emphasis on use of non-chemical controls (building on existing practices, see Section 3.3), with need-based, targeted use of relative-least-toxicity pesticides.

IP pesticide recommendations must stress to farmers pest recognition and a few well-timed applications, rather than applying pesticides for blanket protection from seeding to harvest. For promotion of IPM, pesticide accounting programs and decision tools for use of common pesticides need to be implemented by the IPs.

IPs support technical assistance in a broad range of crops but have focused on traditional crops such as coffee, cacao, rubber and other forest species, pastures, fruits, and subsistence crops such as plantain and cassava. This support is directed to small farm families that prefer inexpensive IPM practices. Chemical pesticide use in Colombia is an expensive option for small farm families.

IPM practices for the crops supported by IPs have been developed and evaluated by Colombian research centers and institutions such as Cenicafe (Federacafe), Fedecacao, Corpoica, and Asohofrucol. As a result of this continued support, IPM practices by crop are implemented in a very standard form despite the variety of entities providing funding. Programs supported by USAID IPs or by the Colombian Government will not have major differences in IPM approaches. Several pesticides not approved by the PERSUAP are approved by ICA and the Colombian regulations. This situation calls for closer monitoring and pesticide data collection in the field.

FACTOR D: PROPOSED METHOD OR METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENTCROP PRODUCTIONThe smallholder producers visited during site visits were well informed about the health and environmental issues associated with the use of chemical pesticides. Furthermore, they understood why PPE is important, and some producers had their own PPE. The most common pests mentioned during the field visits were ants and weeds; typically, famers managed weeds via physical removal with tools while ants were managed with a variety of practices, including commercial repellants and artisanal products. For smallholder farmers, commercial pesticides are often too expensive and/or unavailable locally, so they turn to artisanal practices. Farmers stated that implementation of IPM practices requires greater effort, but also recognized that avoiding or reducing the application of chemical pesticides is beneficial to both humans and the environment.

FACTOR E: ANY ACUTE AND LONG-TERM TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS, EITHER HUMAN OR ENVIRONMENTAL, ASSOCIATED


WITH THE PROPOSED USE, AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDSTable 15 in Annex B summarizes the toxicological profile of the full candidate pesticide list. For situations in which IPs have direct control over pesticide use, they will be required to implement/observe core risk mitigation measures identified by the product label and the extended pesticide profiles available on the Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Where MSDSs are not available in-country from dealers, they

8"Private Pesticide Applicator Safety Education Manual." Private Pesticide Applicator Manual. University of Minnesota. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/pesticide-safety/ppatmanual.html.


can be found online, requested from the manufacturer. In some cases, the MSDS for a similar product can be substituted for the product used. In situations in which IP oversight is limited, IPs will be required to take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation of these measures. The toxicological information in Annex B, supplemented by additional information on pesticide labels and profiles in MSDSs, allows screening of the candidate pesticides against additional criteria enumerated under Factor B—Basis for Selection of the Pesticide.

Before registering a pesticide product and allowing a manufacturer to bring its product to the market, an assigned government agency (US EPA in the United States, ICA in Colombia) evaluates product toxicity. Potential registrants must generate scientific data necessary to address concerns pertaining to the identity, composition, potential adverse effects, and environmental fate of each pesticide.

Pesticide manufacturers are required to generate scientific data about acute, sub-chronic, and chronic effects of each product. Acute effects are harmful effects in an organism from a single or short-term exposure and include oral (ingestion), dermal (skin) toxicity and irritation, skin sensitization (an allergic response following skin contact), inhalation, and eye irritation.

The usual expression of acute toxicity is LD50, which is the lethal dose in milligrams per body weight in kilograms (mg/kg) required to kill 50% of a test population. Toxicity tests are conducted on experimental animals, such as white rats, mice and rabbits. Because toxicity depends upon body weight, the amount of chemical considered lethal for a child is less than the amount for an adult.

The signal word (e.g., “Danger,” “Warning,” “Caution”) on the pesticide label applies to the most toxic method or route of exposure Generally, if ingested, Class I substances can be lethal to an average-sized adult person at a dose of less than 5 g (0.18 oz.), Class II at 5–30 g (0.18 - 1.058 oz.), and Class III at more than 30 g (1.058 oz.).9 The table below provides details on US EPA acute toxicity categories I to IV.

TABLE 2. US EPA TOXICITY CATEGORIES10

STUDY CATEGORY I CATEGORY II CATEGORY III CATEGORY IV

Acute oral Up to and including 50mg/kg

>50 through 500mg/kg

>500 through 5,000mg/kg

>5,000 mg/kg

Acute dermal

Up to and including 200mg/kg

>200 through 2,000mg/kg

>2,000 through5,000 mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg

Acuteinhalation (based on 4- hour exposure)

Up to and including 0.05 mg/L

>0.05 through 0.5 mg/L >0.5 through 2

mg/L>2 mg/L

Primary eye irritation

Corrosive (irreversibledestruction of ocular tissue) or corneal involvement or irritation persisting for

Corneal involvement or other eye irritation clearing in 8-21 days

Corneal involvement or other eye irritation clearing in 7 days or less

Minimal effects clearing in less than 24 hours

Primary skin irritation

Corrosive (tissue destruction into the dermis and/or scarring)

Severe irritation at 72 hours (severe erythema or edema)

Moderate irritationat 72 hours (moderat

Mild or slightirritation at 72 hours (no irritation or slight erythema)


In Colombia, all registered pesticides are classified using the WHO classification scheme, presented in the following table:

9http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/docs/Background_and_Support.pdf10 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/chap-07-jul-2014.pdf


TABLE 3. WHO CLASSIFICATION SCHEME*

CLASS

LD50 FOR RAT (MG/KG BODY WEIGHT)ORAL DERMA

LSolids Liquids Solids LiquidsIa Extremely hazardous 5 or

less20 or less 10 or

less40 or lessIb Highly hazardous 5 - 50 20 – 200 10 - 100 40 - 400

II Moderately hazardous 50 - 500

200 – 2000 10 - 1000

400 4000III Slightly hazardous Over

500Over 2000 Over

1000Over 4000* The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines

(Classification 2009)

The WHO classification of acute danger is based on the AI and provides parameters for solid and liquid forms. It does not include effects on the skin or the eyes, in contrast to the US EPA’s classification. The classification of water risk by the WHO is based on the AI and LD50 values for solid and liquid forms.

The publication “The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009” describes the methodology for determining the toxicological category of product formulations. This methodology is based on the concentration of the AI(s) present in the mixed solution.

Sub-chronic effects are those caused by exposure to a toxic substance for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure, sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism. Chronic toxicity tests include tests for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and general metabolism studies.

Ecological toxicity includes potential for air, water and soil pollution, and the effect of such pollution on non-target organisms including mammals, birds, aquatic organisms, amphibians and reptiles, non-target insects, and non-target plants.

Pesticides banned by the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions are banned for use in Colombia. See Factor J—International Conventions and Treaties and Table 4 and Table 5.

All RUP products are allowed for use only by trained professionals. Products with acute toxicity Class I (which have red labels, the words “danger” or “poison”, and skull and crossbones on the pictogram) are rejected by this PERSUAP for use except where specified for use by trained professionals.11

Products with toxicity Class II and potential chronic effects are allowed for use only by trained professionals using proper PPE.

The SUAP in Section 5 identifies restrictions on the set of AIs that are supported for use only by trained agricultural or pest control professionals, based on toxicity screening. The SUAP details measures for minimizing pesticide risks. These measures will include: (1) adoption of IPM approach that emphasizes prevention, (2) sanitation and exclusion of pests, (3) use of traditional practices, and (4) utilizing pesticides only as a last resort when other options have failed. Note that the toxicity table in Annex B also provides a key


reference for development of crop- and pest-specific pest management plans.

FACTOR F: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES FOR THE PROPOSED USEPest management needs are documented on a crop-by-crop basis in Annex A. For each crop, the tables in Annex A identify pest-specific suggested controls. Three sources of data have been used to specify these

11"Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram." Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram. United States Department of Labor. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/HazComm_QuickCard_Pictogram.html


proposed uses; while none of these sources is complete on their own, together they offer a high degree of assurance that the pesticides will be effective for their proposed use:

1. The proposed pesticide uses are consistent with their US EPA registrations; in each case, US EPA has registered these pesticides for use on the same or similar crops and against the same or similar pests. Such registration requires that the effectiveness of the pesticides be demonstrated. This demonstration of effectiveness is within the US agro-environmental context.

2. All pesticides endorsed for use are also registered for use by ICA.

3. Each of the recommended uses has been cross-checked against information provided by the pesticide label, and registration and label information was supplemented with information from published literature or recommendations available from other countries, as well as from online searches.

In general, development of resistance is a key threat to pesticide effectiveness. The introduction of pesticides and continuous use over time enhances the probability that resistance will develop. The use of pesticides within an IPM framework, as required by this PERSUAP, is key to preventing resistance development.

Monitoring is required to confirm that the pesticides being recommended perform as expected. Evaluation of pesticide efficacy (and of pest management plans more generally) is a required part of demonstration plot management. Monitoring for and reporting of resistance development is a required element of SUAP compliance reporting.

Counterfeit or obsolete products and product adulteration should be addressed by current programs by building awareness among farmers and the introduction of programs promoting quality control. This presents such an important challenge for Colombia that during training, ICA inform all the agricultural producers of the importance of avoiding pesticides with questionable origins or ones that were re- packaged without quality controls. If there are suspicions about a product, it is important to communicate to the municipal agricultural authorities so that they may investigate and implement the appropriate control.

FACTOR G: COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PESTICIDESThe detrimental environmental impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements, and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species.

PESTICIDES IN SOILWhen pesticides are applied in the field, the effect of soil-applied pesticides can sometimes be short-lived. In fact, in some instances they may enhance the population of certain soil microorganisms. Soil organisms contribute to the


decomposition of dead animal and plant material into organic matter, which is an important component of soil. Other microorganisms can be involved in the natural control of soil pests. Aside from their direct effects on pest organisms, soil microbes are a major agent in degrading pesticides. The breakdown of pesticides is beneficial from a crop rotation standpoint and for food residue concerns. It also provides herbicide selectivity in some instances.

Chemical degradation of pesticides in soils is governed by a variety of factors, such as pH, presence of water, and the presence of various catalysts and reagents capable of attacking reactive compounds. Many


insecticides have been shown to undergo photoreactions to form products that are either more toxic or less toxic than the parent compounds.12

Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns.13 Some pesticides result in detrimental impacts to birds, beneficial insects, fish and animals. Before applying a pesticide, it is important to become familiar with the area to be treated and its surroundings. Some pesticides are less "environmentally friendly" than others and may not be appropriate for sites with special concerns.

PESTICIDE DRIFTPesticide dust or droplets can drift through the air at the time of application or soon after to sites other than the area intended. Pesticide droplets are produced by spray nozzles used in application equipment. Pesticide drift can pose health risks when sprays and dusts are carried by the wind and deposited on other areas such as nearby homes and schools, adjacent fields, water bodies, wildlife and plants.14

EFFECT ON NON-TARGET TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMSAnimals and humans can be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food. Poisoning can occur when wild animals or people enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying. Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with periods and areas in which pesticides are used.Granular formulations have been found most toxic to birds when they mistake the granules for food. Pesticides also affect birds indirectly by reducing food sources. Wild bees, certain wasps, honeybees, and other insects are important pollinating agents of crops. Some pesticides are harmful to these pollinators, causing direct losses of the insect populations and indirect losses of crop yield because of the lack of adequate pollination. Pesticides can be harmful to other beneficial organisms that include various insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that feed on or parasitize pest species. There are several different classes of pesticides that have a wide range of toxicity to honeybees. Neonicotinoids are the group of pesticides most commonly implicated as a contributing cause of widespread honeybee losses, both through direct toxic action and chronic effects on the immune system. Organophosphate compounds have a wide range of toxicity to bees. Pyrethroids are not considered to have lethal effects, and insect growth regulators have been found to have low toxicity to bees.15

WATER POLLUTIONPesticides can pollute surface water and have adverse effects on people and animals drinking this water, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants. Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide- contaminated water. Amphibians have permeable skin that is highly absorbent, making them extremely susceptible to pesticides. Pesticides can also harm beneficial aquatic insects that prey on pests.

Pollution to the marine environment can come from land and air sources. Pesticide pollution can impact marine life, mangrove forests and people.

Pesticides that are mobile in soil may pollute groundwater. The occurrence of leaching into groundwater depends on type of pesticide used, soil texture, pattern of pesticide use, amount of organic matter in the soil, and depth of the water table.

HUMID AND ARID ECOSYSTEMS


Pest management in humid areas is more complex than in arid ecosystems because of the greater number of pests that need to be controlled. Most agricultural practices are similar in humid and arid areas, except frequency of pesticide application and irrigation.

FUNGICIDES

12Perry, A.S., and R.Y. Perry. "Effects in Arid Regions." John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1989. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://dge.stanford.edu/SCOPE/SCOPE_38/SCOPE_38_4.2_Perry_155-194.pdf.13General Knowledge: Pesticide Use and the Environment.” Originally published in 1987 as Pesticide Use and the Environment, Nevada Pesticide Applicator’s Certification Workbook, SP‐87‐07, by W. Johnson, J. Knight, C. Moses, J. Carpenter, and R. Wilson. Updated in 2012 by M. Hefner and S. Donaldson, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, and J. Carpenter, Nevada Department of Agriculture. http://www.unce.unr.edu/programs/sites/pesticide/files/pdf/PesticideUseAndEnvironment.pdf14US EPA. “Introduction to Pesticide Drift.” http://www2.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/introduction-pesticide-

drift15"Types of Pesticides." Types of Pesticides. Web. 18 Aug. 2015.

http://www.pollinator.ca/canpolin/typesofpesticides.html.


Some fungicides can irritate skin and eyes, while others may cause throat irritation and coughing when inhaled. Prolonged inhalation of certain fungicides can cause neural and visual disturbances. The long- term effects of fungicides on humans are still unknown, but some may be mutagenic—permanently silencing or reprogramming normal genes, with the effect possibly lasting several generations.16 Pesticides can cause harm to the fetus or embryo during pregnancy, causing birth defects while the mother shows no signs of toxicity. Pregnant and lactating women must be informed not to handle pesticides determined or suspected to cause reproductive and developmental harm, e.g., birth defects and impairment of normal growth and development.

Regular use of fungicides can pose a risk to the environment, particularly if residues persist in the soil or migrate off-site and enter waterways. Reading the MSDS and the label is extremely important for minimizing adverse impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment.

HERBICIDESBecause plants and mammals differ in organization and physiology, it might be expected that herbicides would constitute little or no chemical hazard to mammals. However, surfactants in herbicide formulations can be more toxic to mammals (including humans) than the AIs. Some herbicide products have the signal words “Danger—Corrosive” or “Danger—Poison” on the label. Herbicides with these signal words are not approved for use by this PERSUAP. “Warning” also appears as a signal word for herbicides with label statements indicating that they can cause eye or skin irritation or burns or may be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Herbicides with the word “Caution” mean that the product has low oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity and causes little or no irritability to either the eyes or the skin.

Herbicides present concerns because of how they may concentrate in the water supply, due to runoff from agricultural use. Herbicides can be slightly, moderately or highly toxic to aquatic organisms. They may cause reductions in sensitive species and abundance in tolerant species. Long term effects of concern include endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity. Resistance of weeds to herbicides is becoming a worldwide problem. All herbicide labels warn the user to keep the product out of lakes and streams. Many herbicides, including glyphosate, carry label statements about groundwater contamination. Care must be taken to ensure that such products are not used where groundwater contamination is likely.17 In 2015, glyphosate was identified as a potential carcinogen by US EPA, and the State of California became the first state to require labeling of glyphosate products such as Roundup as potential carcinogens. WHO's research arm also recently found that the chemical is probably carcinogenic to humans, and research has also linked glyphosate to the steep decline in monarch butterflies. Scientists have increasingly raised new alarms about potential negative health impacts tied to glyphosate, including a recent study suggesting that long-term exposure to tiny amounts of the chemical (thousands of times lower than what is allowed in drinking water in the United States) could lead to liver and kidney problems. As such, the status of glyphosate, both with ICA and the US EPA, must be reviewed annually to determine the status of this AI in both Colombia and the United States. If the status changes, then IPs must follow the restrictions applicable to the new status.ORGANIC PESTICIDESPesticides that are labeled as natural or organic are not necessarily harmless to humans or the environment. Many are quite safe to use but some have


hazards associated with them. Other problems can emerge from poor pesticide management practices. Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.18

TOXICOLOGY INFORMATIONFor each candidate pesticide, Table 15 in Annex B provides toxicology information for a range of non- target organisms: mammals (for which human toxicity results are proxies), birds, fish, aquatic

16http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/rmpp_6thed_ch16_fungicides.pdf17https://ipm.illinois.edu/ 18Draft Guide on Managing Pesticide Resistance. https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/draft-guidance-managing-

pesticide-resistance


invertebrates, beneficial arthropods (invertebrate animals that have exoskeletons, e.g., crab, shrimp), honeybees, earthworms. The US EPA registration process requires that toxicity of a pesticide against each of these classes of organisms be assessed by a standardized test.

Four basic chemical characteristics control pesticide movement in the environment: solubility, adsorption, volatility and persistence. Solubility is the ability of a pesticide to dissolve in a solvent, usually water.Adsorption is the ability of a pesticide to bind with soil particles. Volatility is the ability of a pesticide to turn into a gas or vapor. Persistence is the ability of a pesticide to remain in its original active form and not break down into an inactive form.19 The likelihood that a pesticide will cause pollution is also based on how much pesticide is applied, its formulation, and how and where the pesticide is applied.

In addition to a pesticide’s toxicity to the class of non-target organism in question, the solubility, adsorption, persistence, and volatility of a pesticide in the environment and its ultimate mobility (e.g., potential to enter groundwater, move and remain in soil and sediment, stay in the air) strongly affect the significance of adverse effects on non-target organisms. Annex B provides additional information on this topic.

FACTOR H: THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDE IS TO BE USED, INCLUDING CLIMATE, FLORA, FAUNA, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, AND SOILS

Colombia has coastlines on the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and snow-covered peaks in the Andes Mountains. More than 50% of the land area of Colombia is covered by forest, including the highly biodiverse forests of the Amazon and Choco regions. The country has about 50,000 cubic meters per inhabitant of (fresh) water supply available per year, which is about six times the world’s average. This has enabled provision of water to much of the rural and urban populations; hydropower is the primary source of electricity.

TOPOGRAPHYIn the rugged terrain of the Andes, rivers have historically dictated human settlement and farming. The most important river system is the Magdalena; its basin, including that of its major tributary, the Cauca, covers 260,000 square kilometers, a quarter of the country. The Magdalena flows northward between the Central and Eastern Andes for 1,600 kilometers to empty into the Caribbean near the city of Barranquilla. Within the Magdalena basin are found most of the nation's socio-economic activities and more than three-fourths of its population.

The catchment to the east of the Andes is subdivided into two sections, waters flowing into the Orinoco and the Amazon rivers respectively, which flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Main tributaries of the Orinoco are the Arauca, Meta, Vichada, Inírida, and Guaviare. Among the streams that flow into the Amazon are the Vaupés, Caquetá, and Putumayo.

The rivers that flow into the Pacific are short, descending rapidly from the Cordillera Occidental to the sea. They carry large volumes of water, however, because they drain areas of extremely heavy rainfall, as high as 7,000 millimeters/year in some areas.

SOILS


Those soils best suited to mechanized agriculture are the alluvia in the principal river valleys, such as the Magdalena, Cauca, Sinú, Cesar, and Ariguaní. The former lake beds of some of the inter-Andean basins, notably the Sabana de Bogotá and the Ubaté and Chiquinquirá valleys, also fall into this category. Soils of volcanic origin, especially in the coffee-growing districts of the Cordillera Central, can be exceptionally

19Originally published in 1987 as Pesticide Use and the Environment, Nevada Pesticide Applicator’s Certification Workbook, SP‐87‐07, by

W. Johnson, J. Knight, C. Moses, J. Carpenter, and R. Wilson. Updated in 2012 by M. Hefner and S. Donaldson, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, and J. Carpenter, Nevada Department of Agriculture. http://www.unce.unr.edu/programs/sites/pesticide/files/pdf/PesticideUseAndEnvironment.pdf


productive if protected from erosion. Soils east of the Andes are typically highly leached, low pH, ultisols and oxisols.

CLIMATETEMPERATUREColombia's climatic variations are determined by altitude. Seasons are defined by periods of lesser or greater rainfall, with little temperature change. The country can be divided into four zones defined by altitude. The tropical zone, where the mean annual temperature is 24° C to 27° C (75°–81° F) reaches from sea level to roughly 1,100 meters (3,500 feet). At sea level, temperatures have a mean maximum of 38° C (100° F) and a minimum of 18° C (64° F). Between 1,100 meters (3,500 feet) and 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) is the temperate zone, where the average year-round temperature is about 18° C (64° F).Between 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) and 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) is the cold country with temperatures averaging a little over 13° C (55° F). Above the 3,000-meter (10,000-feet) level the temperature varies from 13° C to -17° C (55° F to 1° F), according to altitude (Colombia-Climate 2016).

Temperature changes in Colombia due to climate change will not be uniform given the ecological altitude variations. High altitude areas are likely to experience the most extreme changes in the next 100 years (4º– 5º C), while areas on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts are likely to experience less variation in temperature (likely 2º–3º C increase) (Bedoya, 2010).

PRECIPITATIONRainfall is heaviest on the west coast and in the Andean region. Rainy and dry seasons generally alternate in three-month cycles. Northern areas have only one long rainy season, from May through October. The annual average rainfall is 107 centimeters (42 inches).

Climate change will intensify these patterns with areas to the west of the Andes experiencing more precipitation, and those to the north and east of the peaks experiencing a decrease in precipitation. Also, the Pacific coast of Colombia will become one of the wettest regions in the world, while departments in the Caribbean region will become much drier (Cajamarca, 2015).

CLIMATE CHANGEColombia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change. A growing body of scientific work indicates that continued climate change is likely to have profound effects on development in Colombia. Climate change is predicted to lead to rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and a rising sea level. Recent years’ emergency-level flooding due to extreme seasonal rains are just examples of how climate, together with other factors, influences the daily lives of a large part of the population. Rather than creating totally new problems, climate change will add to existing stresses, including the following:

Agricultural and livestock sector: A good portion of the agro-ecosystems of the country are vulnerable to increased aridity, soil erosion, desertification, and changes in the hydrological system. In addition, there is a greater risk of crop flooding as well as other natural events that affect agricultural production (windstorms, hailstorms, etc.). For example, rice production will be affected because increased average temperatures stress the crop and induce pollen sterility. According to a 2014 report by the Economic Commission for


Latin America and the Caribbean20, the agriculture and livestock sectors will have an average loss of yield of 24% and 17%, respectively, during the analyzed period (2007–2050).

Precipitation: During the period 2011–2100, the Caribbean region and the Amazon region will face a decrease in total precipitation in the range of 10%-40%, while the central and northern Andean regions will face an increase in the range of 10%–30%. In the Orinoco region and the rest of the country no significant precipitation changes are expected.

Water resources: Runoff levels will increase in coastal regions, in eastern flatlands, and in regions that had prevalent floods and landslides in the last decade. In contrast, the Andean

20 Economic Commission for Latin America. 2014. The economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37056/S1420806_en.pdf


region and the north of the country will see a decrease in runoff levels, which may cause water distribution problems and a deficit of water in associated dams, which in turn would decrease hydroelectric generation.

Glaciers: All glaciers of the country will disappear within the next 40 years. Each year the area of glaciers diminishes by 3%. This natural source of water storage will be lost and will result in increased water scarcity in certain regions.

Coastal systems: With the expected rise in sea level (approximately 3.5 millimeters per year at the Caribbean coast and similar at the Pacific coast), millions of inhabitants are at risk of exposure to flooding in coastal zones, not to mention industrial settlements, tourism-related infrastructure and facilities, and crops. Water sources will also be vulnerable to seawater intrusion. The study by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean indicates that a sea level rise of 1.0 meter would permanently flood 4,900 square kilometers of low-lying coast. About 1.4–1.7 million people would be affected; 7 million hectares of crops and pasture would be lost.

Ecosystems: The loss of and/or reduction in snow-capped mountains and moorlands and their associated environmental services are possible under climate change. An increase in the median temperature of the sea may affect corals, which would also negatively impact biodiversity and fishing resources.

Housing and settlement: The infrastructure of the country, along with its precarious settlements, may be affected by more frequent extreme events (especially floods, strong rainfall, tropical storms, windstorms, and landslides), which would further degrade the living conditions and quality of life of displaced and poor populations.

HYDROLOGYA study by Colombia’s Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) (ENA, 2014) indicated that Colombia currently has an average water yield equal to six times the world’s average and three times the Latin American average. The vast amount of water is located in the Amazonia, Orinoquia and Pacific regions, while in the Andes and Caribbean, where urban centers are located, water is scarcer (IDEAM, 2014). Major demands come from the agricultural sector, with 46.6% of the demand. The energy sector demands 21.5%, followed by the livestock sector with 8.5% of the demand. Domestic use is only 8.2% of the total demand. Runoff is projected to decrease overall in the Andes watersheds over this century due to decreased precipitation, higher temperatures, greater evapotranspiration, degradation of highland wetlands, and loss of glaciers (World Bank, 2015). Climate change analysis done for Colombia predict different changes at the watershed level in temperature and precipitation, with higher variability in the latter (Ludena and Ordonez, 2015).

BIODIVERSITYColombia is an equatorial country with considerable environmental assets. It hosts about 10% of the (known) species of the planet while only covering 0.22% of its land area. Colombia has the largest number of bird and amphibious species in the world, and the third and fourth largest number of reptile and mammal species. It occupies third place in plant species (with 12%


of total species), after Brazil and China.

Deforestation is the major cause of biodiversity loss in Colombia. It contributes to other environmental problems such as erosion and aquifer depletion and increases the frequency and severity of flooding and landslides. Total forest cover is about 53.17% of total land area, as compared with an estimated 90% before human settlement. Deforestation in Colombia is mainly due to expansion of the agricultural border, mostly for livestock production and illicit crop production. Other causes include lumber production, firewood consumption and forest fires.

PROTECTED AREASColombia is one of the richest countries in biodiversity including cultural diversity. This diversity is represented in 59 natural areas that are part of the National Natural Parks System. The total area of the


park system adds up to 14,268,224 hectares (142,682 square kilometers) of terrestrial surface (11.27%) and marine surface (1.5%.) Of the 59 national natural parks, 26 have indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities living in them.

AGRICULTURAL LAND USEAgricultural potential is continuing to expand in Colombia. Currently, 4.9 million hectares are designated for crop cultivation and 38.6 million hectares are designated for cattle ranching. However, since only 19.3 million of the 38.6 million hectares are actually appropriate for cattle ranching, the 2019 Strategic Livestock Plan has an objective to “give back to nature 10 million hectares through the development of environmentally sustainable strategies” (Gomez, 2014; MADS, 2013).

Between 2010-2013, land area devoted to cultivation grew from 3,915,858 hectares (62% permanently cultivated land, 38% temporary) to 4,309,916 hectares (with a similar split of 63% permanent and 37% temporary) (Cajamarca, 2015). Agricultural output for Colombia in 2013 was 26,584,615 metric tons. The primary crops for export account for 56.4% of the cultivated land area and include:

● Coffee, accounting for 28.4% of cultivated land● Plantain/banana, 14% of cultivated land● Palm oil, 14% of cultivated land

Earnings from the coffee sector varied greatly between 2010 and 2014, while other agricultural products reflect a steadier, slight growth in earnings of 1.9% (Cajamarca, 2015). Only 4.66% of the land area of the country is being farmed, while livestock farming occupies 30.57% of the total area, and forests 53.17%.

FACTOR I: THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF OTHER PESTICIDES OR NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODSColombia is one of the leaders in successful introduction of IPM for a number of crops including coffee, soybean, beans, corn and cassava. Colombia is also on the leading edge of introduction of IPM practices that include biological pesticides, planting of resistant varieties and use of natural pest enemies. In 2002, a successful implementation of IPM against coffee berry borer significantly reduced the use of toxic chemicals, increasing production of high quality coffee.

Producers are receptive to IPM, adapting cultural practices and applying repellants and biologicals prepared at the farm with inputs available locally. Current high prices of pesticides in many cases make them inaccessible to small farm families. As a result of decades of research by ICA, federations, universities and other research centers offer a great deal of knowledge in non-chemical control methods. There are, however, challenges to using IPM methods, as they may be more labor-intensive than use of chemical pesticides. Therefore, there is a need to promote the benefits of IPM among farmers.

FACTOR J: THE REQUESTING COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE


PESTICIDE REGISTRATION PROCESSAs described under Factor B, together with Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, Colombia belongs to la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN). Colombia integrates the decisions of CAN via the pesticide registry.

Decision 436 of 1998 and its modifications, the “Norma Andina para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Químicos de Uso Agrícola,” establish a shared and coordinated system for the regulation, registry, and control of chemical pesticides used for agriculture in the Grupo Andino, accounting for health, agricultural, social, economic, and environmental conditions. It is based on the principles established in the international code of conduct for the distribution and use of pesticides by the FAO, and the guidelines from the international bodies to which the member states are also parties.


This allows for a coordinated registry and control system for agricultural chemical pesticides, contributing to an improvement in their production, commercialization, use, and final disposal in the member countries of the region. This elevates the level of quality, efficiency, and safety for human health and the environment. To register a chemical pesticide, the legal representative or jurisdiction would present the national authority, in this case ICA, an application that conforms to ICA’s requirements; and the same information is required by the Andean Technical Manual (Manual Técnico Andino).

The Andean Technical Board for the Registration and Control of Agrochemicals (Técnico Andino para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Químicos de Uso Agrícola) maintains all of the information submitted regarding identity; physical and chemical properties; toxicity tests; subchronic, chronic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproductive, and neurological effects; and studies on metabolism, biodegradability, toxic effects of the AI on other species (birds, aquatic organisms, bees, beneficial arthropods), and abiotic effects of both the AI as well as the formulated product. This further requires an evaluation of environmental risk, the WHO danger classification, and labels in compliance with labeling norms based on the toxicological category. All of these requirements are evaluated by an expert team in agriculture, human and environmental health, to be included in the registry of agricultural pesticides in Colombia.

RELEVANT INSTITUTIONSColombia has various governmental and private institutions that shape the process for pesticide registration, regulation, use, and control processes; these include the Ministries of Agriculture, Health, and Environment. Furthermore, there are several associations, federations, and specialized research centers that contribute to the development of different productive value chains, along with academic institutions and their agricultural, livestock management, and environmental faculties. Among the most influential are the following:

Ministerio de Agricultura – Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) – Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA)

Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social – Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) Ministerio del Medio Ambiente – Autoridad Nacional de Licencias

Ambientales (ANLA) Asociación de Bananeros de Colombia (AUGURA) Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores (ASOCOLFLORES) Asociación de Cultivadores de Caña (ASOCAÑA) Asociación Hortifrutícola de Colombia (ASOHOFRUCOL) Asociación Nacional de Industriales (ANDI) – Cámara de Procultivos Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores (ASOEXPORT) Confederación Colombiana de Algodón (CONALGODON) Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia Federación Nacional de Arroceros (FEDEARROZ) Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros (FEDECACAO) Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Cereales (FENALCE) Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite (FEDEPALMA) Federación Nacional de Productores de Panela (FEDEPANELA) Centro Virtual de Investigaciones de la Cadena Agroalimentaria de la Papa

(CEVIPAPA) Corporación Red Especializada de Centros de Investigación y Desarrollo


Tecnológico del Sector Agropecuario de Colombia (CENIRED), which is comprised of: Corporación Centro de Investigación en Palma de Aceite

(CENIPALMA) Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Caficultura Colombiana

(CENICAFE) Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia

(CENICAÑA) Centro de Investigaciones del Banano (CENIBANANO) Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología de la Cadena

Agroalimentaria de los Cereales y las Leguminosas (CENICEL)


Centro de Innovación de la Floricultura Colombiana (CENIFLORES) Corporación Centro de Investigación de la Acuicultura de Colombia

(CENIACUA) Corporación Nacional de Investigación y Fomento Forestal (CONIF)

Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas (SINCHI) Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación.

(COLCIENCIAS)

REGULATORY ENFORCEMENTPesticide laws and regulations are intended to protect human health and the environment. When businesses or persons fail to comply with these requirements, they are increasing the risk of adverse effects to themselves, co-workers, family, and the environment, as well as threatening the safety of the food supply. There is often limited knowledge and the perception of low risk associated with pesticide use among farmers. However, in the last decade Colombia has made progress on improving regulatory enforcement and regulatory packaging and labeling standards to inform farmers of the risks of pesticide use. Interventions by police, customs, and investigators are carried out at key locations and, more recently, thousands of counterfeit pesticide bottles were seized after officers uncovered a sales ring targeting farmers.21

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIESThe following are the many multilateral environmental accords to which Colombia is a party:MONTREAL PROTOCOLThe Montreal Protocol is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, designed to protect the ozone layer by reducing the production and consumption of many substances that react with ozone and are believed to be responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.

The ratification of the Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer by Colombia was legalized by Law 30 of 5 March 1990. Colombia is also a signatory of the Montreal Protocol since the adoption of Law 29 of 1992 and ratified in December 1993. Bromomethane, or methyl bromide, is the only substance used in agriculture severely restricted by this protocol because of its high toxicity.THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTSThe Stockholm Convention was adopted at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries on 22 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Republic of Colombia signed the Convention in 2001 and ratified it with the passage of Law 1196 on 5 June 2008.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. Exposure to POPs can lead to serious health effects including certain cancers, birth defects, dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems, greater susceptibility to disease, and damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Given their ability to travel long distances through the environment, no one government acting alone can protect its citizens or its environment from POPs.


In response to this global problem, the Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, requires its parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. Chemicals included in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention should be removed from use and production; those included in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention are restricted use. (See Table 4.)

TABLE 4. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTIONINSECTICIDE

21 http://iriejamradio.com/60-million-dollars-work-of-counterfeit-goods-are-seized-in-the-caribbean/


TABLE 4. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTIONAldrin (in Annex A) Chlordane (in Annex A) Chlordecone (in Annex A) DDT (in Annex B) Dieldrin (in Annex A) Eldrin (in Annex A) Endosulfan (in Annex A)Alpha Hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers, some are pesticides) (in Annex A) Heptachlor (in Annex A)Hexachlorobenzene (in Annex A) Lindane (in Annex A)Mirex (in Annex A) FUNGICIDES

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) (in Annex A)

ROTTERDAM CONVENTION ON THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The text of the Rotterdam Convention was adopted on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Convention entered into force on 24 February 2004. It creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the PIC procedure.

The Rotterdam Convention was adopted in Colombia by Law 1159 on 20 September 2007 and declared constitutional by the Constitutional Court Judgment C-538/08.

The primary objectives of the convention include:

Promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm;

Contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export, and by disseminating these decisions to parties. (See Table 5.)

TABLE 5. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION*HERBICIDES2,4,5-T and its salts and esters AlachlorDinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium salt) Dinoseb and its salts and esters

FUNGICIDES


Benomyl (powder formulations containing a combination at or above 7%) BinapacrylCaptafolThiram (powder formulations containing a combination at or above 15%)INSECTICIDESAldicarb


TABLE 5. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AIS) BANNED BY THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION*AldrinAzinphos-methylCarbofuran (powder formulations containing a combination: at or above 10 per cent) ChlordaneChlordimeform Chlorobenzilate DDTDieldrin1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) EndosulfanHexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers, some are pesticides) HeptachlorHexachlorobenzene LindaneMethamidophos (soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l) Methyl parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC): at or above19.5% AI and dusts: at or above 1.5% AI) MonocrotophosParathionPentachlorophenol and its salts and estersPhosphamidon (soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1,000 g active ingredient/l) ToxapheneRODENTICIDEFluoroacetamide*Revised 2013


FACTOR K: THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORSA core strategy of USAID-funded projects is to promote knowledge about pesticide use, risks, and safety among farmers as well as to strengthen the agricultural extensions and encourage farmers to ask them for advice. While the pesticides put forward for approval by this PERSUAP are generally of lower toxicity, the pesticide toxicology profiles presented in Annex B clearly demonstrate that pesticide use presents some human health and environmental risks. These risks, combined with the overall extremely poor awareness of pesticide risks and safe use principles among beneficiary populations (see Sections 3.5 and 3.6), mean that an aggressive program of pesticide safe use training is essential for the following groups:

Project staff who will apply or handle pesticides or serve as extension agents;

Beneficiary farmers who will use/apply pesticides;

Those being trained as extension agents by the projects;

Beneficiary agro-input dealers.

Key training topics must include the following:

Definition of pesticides.

Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons.

Concepts of AIs vs. formulated products.

Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective only against a certain class of organism.

Concept of proper application rates and pesticide resistance and techniques for avoiding misapplication.

Survey of the core elements of safe pesticide use: IPM, safe purchase, transport, storage, mixing, application, reentry and pre-harvest intervals, clean-up and disposal, including specific treatment of PPE.

Pesticide first aid and spill response.

Reading and interpreting pesticide labels—particularly to understand PPE requirements, other precautions, dosage rates, identification of AIs, and expiration dates.

Proper sprayer operation and maintenance.

Record keeping and monitoring.

Each project must develop a training plan meeting its specific needs:

The training plan must cover the categories of individuals enumerated above.

Training curricula must cover all relevant key topics outlined above and discussed in more detail in Annex C.

Training must reach all relevant individuals within six months of


the effective date of this PERSUAP.

Brief refresher training must be provided at least annually.

Projects are encouraged to consider the training-of-trainers approach.


In Colombia, IPs work with Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, which offers trainings for users and applicators of pesticides. Specialized private organizations also implement training activities in environmental management. Technical assistance providers and extension services, such as Federacafe and Asohofrucol, offer trainings in pesticide management and safe use.

FACTOR L: THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PESTICIDESThe project implementers must maintain records of all pesticide use, monitor pesticide effectiveness, and scout for resistance. Training in monitoring must be provided to farmers. Where literacy or language is a limiting factor, training should be developed to address this concern. Some products are considered low risk for resistance development, while others allow a limited number of applications per season because of the high risk of resistance development. In such cases, project implementers must alternate with pesticides from different chemical groups.

IPs will be required to report initially and every six months thereafter on compliance with the conditions established by this PERSUAP; the SUAP (Section 5) includes a tracking reporting form (Section 5.4) that dictates the content of such reporting.

As part of this reporting, IPs directly supporting farm-level pesticide use or extension will be required to report on instances of observed pesticide resistance. USAID monitoring and evaluation field visits will examine pesticide compliance.


SECTION 5: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)5.1 INTRODUCTIONThis SUAP is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements. It is synthesized from the analysis presented in sections 3 and 4 (the “Pesticide Evaluation Report.”)

Section 5.2, immediately below, lists allowed pesticides.

Section 5.3 summarizes the mandatory safe use conditions attendant to use/support of these pesticides.

Section 5.4 further defines these conditions in the attached template, entitled “Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker,” to be used for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance.

In Colombia, rather than submitting a SUAP, each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed environmental monitoring plan (EMP) via the MONITOR system to its AOR/COR by the date specified on the attached tracker template and must provide an annual update. If for some reason the MONITOR system is unavailable, the project implementer must submit a completed SUAP using the template is provided in Table 10.

With respect to pesticides, the EMP generated by MONITOR satisfies the requirement for an EMP. The project EMP should simply incorporate the EMP in the MONITOR system by reference.

5.2 ALLOWED PESTICIDESUpon approval of this PERSUAP, pesticides listed in Table 6 (as AIs) are permitted for use/support in USAID/Colombia activities, subject to compliance with any conditions enumerated in these tables and those enumerated in the “Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker” that comprises Section 5.4. (A summary of these conditions is provided in Section 5.3.) Human health and ecological toxicological summaries and US EPA registration status for each are presented in Table 15 in Annex B.

PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR AGRICULTURAL USERUPs are pesticides that are not available to the general public in the United States. The "Restricted Use" classification restricts a product to use by a certified pesticide applicator or a person under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Restrictions can apply to the particular crop, formulations, concentrations or uses.

Products can be designated RUP because of human acute (immediate) and chronic (long-term) health risk; physical hazards, such as risks of fire or explosion; and eco-toxicity hazards, such as potential risks of water pollution and risk to flora and fauna.

In Colombia, only general use pesticide products are approved for use by farmers. RUPs can be used only by professionally trained pest control specialists.

Class I (EPA) and Ia and Ib (WHO) products are not approved for use by farmers by this PERSUAP.


Smallholder farmers must be trained to use Class II and III products. The training must require farmers to interpret product labels to understand product health risks, physical hazards, eco-toxicity, and required safety measures. Training requirements are specified within this SUAP. For more complete information on impacts of these AIs on human health and environment, please see Annex B, Table 15 and Table 16. A summary of the approved AIs is listed below.


TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)PRODUCT NAME

CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND RESTRICTIONS

PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN COLOMBIA

HERBICIDESAmetrina (Ametryne)

Potential pollutant of underground waters.

Moderately Toxic: Mollusks Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton

Amethryn 500, Ametrol 500 SC,Cane 500 SC, Cañero 500 SC,Cascabel 500 SC, Cascabel 80- WG, Bentazo

na (Bentazo

Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusks Basgran SLBentazon 480 SL-DVA

Bispiribac sódico (Bispyribac- Sodium)

Potential pollutant of underground waters

Slightly Toxic: Bees

Army 400 SC, Arropron 100 SC, Baikal SC, Biribac 100 SC, Byspiagro 100 SC, Byspiribac Vecol 400 SC, Click 10 SC, Click 40 SC, Designee 400 SC, Legend400 SC, Mezbac 400 SC,Nominee SC 400Cihalofop-

butil (Cyalofop-butyl)

Bold 180 EC, Buzzard EC, Cyhalofop-butil 180 EC-DVA Desafío EC, Diafop 180 EC.Cletodim

(Clethodim)


Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Arrow 120 EC, Atenas EC, Diestro 120 EC, Icasso 240 EC, Kiko 240 EC, Matagram Vecol 120 EC, Prodym 240 EC, Select 2 EC, Selec One Pack EC.Clomazon

a (Clomazone)


Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees,

Brillante 480 EC, Clanker EC, Clomazone 480 EC-DVA, Clomazone Vecol 480 EC, Command EC, Dakota 48 EC, Gamit Star EC, Jaque 480 EC, Pincel 500 EC, Reactor 480 EC,Tropero 480 EC,Clorimuron

etil (Chlorimuron- Ethyl)

Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees

Classic WG, Helmssic WG.

2,4-Dichloro- phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D)

Some products are Acute Toxicity Category I for irreversible eye damage (acid and salt forms); do not use products that have signal word Danger. To avoid this issue, only use ester forms.

Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC- 2B - March 2015)

Acid and amine salts: Practically Non-Toxic to Slightly Toxic: Fish and invertebrates Practically Non-Toxic: Amphibians, Bees Practically Non-Toxic to Moderately Toxic: Birds, MammalsSlightly to Highly Toxic: Aquatic plants

Ester forms: Slightly to highly toxic: Fish Slightly to moderately





Birds, Mammals Highly toxic: Aquatic plants

Dicamba (Dicamba)


Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Banvel 480 SC.Is authorized when not combined with Atrazine

Fluazifop-p-butil (Fluazifop-p-butyl)

Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin

Slightly Toxic: BeesFusilade 2000 EC

Fluometuron (Fluomethuron)

Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Cotoran 500 SC, Meturon 500 SC, Cottonex 50 SC, Uronmate 500 SC.

Glifosato (Glyphosate)

Some products are Acute Toxicity Category I for irreversible eye damage; do not use products that have signal word Danger

Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC- 2A - March 2015)


Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians,

Cortador 480 SL, Dogo 480 SL, Estelar SL, Faena 480 SL, Faiter SL, Geox 480 SL, Glifocafe SL, Glificida 480 SL, Glifosato Vecol 480 SL, Glifosol SL, Glyfos SL, Glyfosan SL and WG, Glyphogan SL, Glyphonex SL, Halosate 480 SL, Panzar SL and WG, Piton Linurón

(Linuron)

Potential reproductive or developmental toxin


Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Earthworms,

Afalon 50 WP,Afalon 500 SC.

Mesotriona (Mesotrion

Found in some RUP products Slightly Toxic: Bees

Callisto 480 SC.

Metolaclor (Metolachlor)

Found in some RUP products Contaminant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Metholaclor Vecol 960 EC, Metolagan 960 EC,Dual Gold 960 EC.

Metsulfuron metil (Metsulfuron- methyl)

Slightly Toxic: Bees Accurate 60 WG, Ally XP, Emboscada WG, Furonmetil 60 WG, Met-Met 600 WG,Metsuagro 600 WG, Metsul 50 WP, Metsulfuron metil 60% WG- DVA, Metsulfuron Vecol 60% WG, Partner 50 WG, Rometsol 600 WG, Rozar Nicosulfuro

n (Nicosulfuron)

Do not use when in RUP products containing atrazine


Accent 75 WG, Helm Nicofur 40SC, Narval 75 WG, Zeamax 75 WP.Pendimetali

na (Pendimethalin)

Moderately Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton


Free 400 EC, Helmpower 330 EC, Hertalin 500 SC, Linap 9 ME, Pendimetalina 400 EC, Pendimetalina Evofarms 40 EC, Pendimetalina Vecol 400 EC, Prowl 400 EC, Prowl H20 CS, Sellalin 500 EC,





Stomp 400 EC.

Prometrina (Prometry

Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Amphibians,

ZooplanktonGesagard 500 SC

Propanil (Propanil)


Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians,

Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Boss 500 EC, Brioso 80 WG,Propanex 500 EC, Propanil 480 Proficol EC, Spada 60 WG.Quinclora

c (Quinclora


Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Cut Evofarms 250 EC, Exocet 35 SC, Facet SC, Queen 350 SC, Quinclorac 250 SC- DVA.Triasulfuro

n (Triasulfur

Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton Logran 75 WG.

Triclopir (Trichlopyr)

Some products are RUP, do not use when product has signal word Danger on the label

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Atalar EC (Triclopír + Propanil), Calriz EC (Triclopir + Propanil).

Trifloxisulfuron (Trifloxysulfuron)

Potential groundwater contaminant Krismat 75 WG (Trifloxisulfuron+ Ametrina).

FUNGICIDES

Azoxistrobina (Azoxystrobin)


Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Amistar 250 SC, Amistar 50 WG, Amistar Ztra SC (Azoxistrobina + Ciproconazol)

(Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol): Azimut 320 SC, Helmstar Duo 360 SC, Imperio SC, Optix 28 SC, Quattro Gold 240 SC, Tebutrobin Vecol 300 SC, Azufr

e (Sulfur)

Contaminant of underground waters Agrozul 720 SC, Azuco Líquido, Azufre 720 SC-DVA, Bali WP, Elosal 720 SC, Kumulus DF, Microthiol 80 WG, Polythion SC, Top Sul SC.Bitertano

l (Bitertan

Bitertanol 300 EC-DVA

Boscalid (Boscalid)

Cantus WG, Cumora SC, Bellis WG (Boscalid + Piraclostrobina)Captan

(Captan)

Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Amphibians,

Mollusks, Zooplankton

Captan 480 SC Phytocare, Captan 50 WP Phytocare, Coraza 480 SC, Maestro 50% WP, Orthocide 50% WPCarboxín

(Carboxin)

Moderately Toxic: Fish With Thiram: Use only at

concentrations below %15

Vitavax 300 WP, Vitavax 400 WP.

(Carboxin+Thiram): Carbovax SC and TS,





Progro WP

Cimoxanil (Cymoxanil)

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton (Cimoxanil+Propamocarb): Canton 450 SC, Passat 450 SC, True 61WG

Ciproconazol (Cyproconazole)

Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish

Cyproconazole 100 SL-DVA, Shypro SL, Alto 100 SL,(Ciproconazol + Azoxistrobina): Amistar Ztra, Arco 100 SL, Fortin

Ciprodinil (Cyprodinil)


Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish

Switch 62.5 WG: (Cyprodinil+ Fludioxonil)

Cloruro de Calcio (Calcium Chloride)

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Earthworms, Crustaceans

Cloruro de cobre (Copper Chloride)

Copper chloride is an irritant to mucous membranes.

Diclorán (Dichloran)



Botran 75WP

Difenoconazol (Difenoconazole)

Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish

Aval 250 EC, Canciller EC, Conazole Evofarms 250 EC, Curygen EC, Dida Evofarms 250 EC, Difecol EC, Difenoconazol Vecol 250 EC, Difex 250 EC,Divino 250 EC, Helcore 250 EC,Kurdo 250 EC, Paladium 250 EC,Score 250 EC, Shardif

Dimethomorf (Dimetomorf)


Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton

Forum 500 SC, Forum 500 WP, Zoom 650 SC (Dimetomorf + Propamocarb)

Fenamidona (Fenamidone)


Consento SC (Fenamidona+Propamocarb),Mildex WG (Fenamidona+Fosetil

Fenhexamida (Fenhexa


Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Cabo SC 500Teldor Combi SC 416.7 (Fenhexamida + Tebuconazol)Fenpropimorp

h (Fenpropimorph)

Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Volley 88 OLVivid EC (Fenpropimorf + Piraclostrobin)Fludioxoni

l (Fludioxonil)

Some products containing this AI are RUP


Celest 025 FSMaxim XL 035 FS: (Fludioxonil + Metalaxil). Switch 62.5 WG:





(Fludioxonil + Cyprodinil)

Fluoxastrobina (Fluoxastrob

Fluoxastrobin 480 SC

Flutolanil (Flutolan


Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians,

Mollusks, Zooplankton

Moncut 20 SC

Flutriafol (Flutriafol)


Aspen 500 SC, Flutriafol 250 SC-DVA, Impact 125 SC, Pointer 250 SC(Flutriafol+Azoxistrobina): Authority 250 SCMetropol SC, Mixbom Fosetil

aluminio (Fosetyl Aluminium)


Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees

Alleato 80 WG, Elicit 80 WP,Fosal 80 WP, Fosetal 80 WP, Fosetyl Al 80 WP Phytocare, Fungazim 80 WP, Speed Evofarms 80 Iodine (Yodo) Acute iodine poisoning is very

rare. Large doses can cause significant harm

Yodo

Kasugamicina (Kasugamycin)

Moderately Toxic: Mollusks Slightly Toxic: Bees

Kasugamicin 2.0 SC-DVA,Kasumex 20 SL, Kasugal 20 SL, Mycin Evofarms 2% SL, Pummin SL, Shazugamycin 2% SL.Mandipropami

da (Mandipropam


Revus 250 SC

Metalaxil (Metalaxyl)


Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton

Axioma 250 EC, Diligent 240 EC, Altair WP (Metalaxil + Oxicloruro de cobre),Zafiro 425 ME (Metalaxil + Metconazol

(Metconazole)

Caramba 90 SL.

Metil Tolclofos (Tolclofos Methyl)

Rizolex 75 WP

Oxadixil (Oxadixyl)

Anchor WP

Oxicarboxina (Oxycarbox

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Plantvax 75% WP

Oxicloruro de cobre(Copper oxychloride)

Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Earthworms Slightly Toxic: Fish [Copper hydroxide is very persistent

in water, soil and sediments; and very toxic to aquatic organisms (Pesticide Action Network International (PAN), 2015). Should

Oxicloruro de cobre 58.8% WP, Oxicob WP

Altair WP: (Oxicloruro de cobre+ Metalaxil)





used.]

Piraclostrobina (Pyraclostrobin)



Comet EC, Bellis WG: Piraclostrobina + Boscalid), Vivid EC (Fenpropimorf + Piraclostrobin), Regnum Pirimetanil

(Pyrimethanil)

Slightly Toxic: Bees Bucanero 40 SC, Bullforce 40 SC, Compeer SC, Heroe 100 ME, Patagonia SC, Pirimus 400 SC, Pyrescal 400 SC, Scala 40 SC,Siganex 60 SC.Polisulfuro

de calcio(Calcium polysulfide)

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees Polisulfuro de Calcio

Propamocarb (Propamocarb)

Slightly Toxic: FishPromess 722 SL, Propamba N-SL, Proplant SL, Sideral 70 SL, Trepak 722 SL, Yoker SC,Canton 450 SC (Propamocarb+Cimoxanil), Passat 450 SC(Propamocarb+Cimoxanil), Prevalor SL (Propamocarb + Fosetil Aluminio),Zafiro 425 ME (Propamocarb+Metalaxil), Zoom 650 SC Sulfato de

cobre (Copper sulfate)

Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Earthworms Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks,

Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Crustaceans [Copper hydroxide is very persistent

in water, soil and sediments; and very toxic to aquatic organisms (PAN,

Sulfato de Cobre Agrofercol

Sulfur Human health risks include eye, skin and inhalation

Elemental sulfur is not toxic, but its derivatives are

Agrozul 720 SC, Azuco Líquido, Azufre 720 SC, Bali WP, Elosal 720 SC, Kumulus DF, Micrithiol 80 WG, Polythion SC, Top Sul SC.

Tiram (Thiram)

Use only at concentrations below 15% Use only for seed treatment Included in the Rotterdam Convention Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Highly Toxic: Earthworms,

Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees In the US and Europe still used in

concentrations below 5%, particularly for seed treatment

Carbovax SC and TS (Thiram + Carboxin),Progro WP (Thiram + Carboxim)

Tebuconazol (Tebuconazole)

Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish

Array 200 EC, Comodin 250 EW, Folicur EW 250, Keyzol EC, Quon 250 EC, Riza 25 EW, Sygan





Evofarms 25 EC, Tacora 25 EW,Tebucoz 25 EC,(Tebuconazol + Azoxistrobina): Azimut 320 SC, Helmstar Duo 360 SC, Imperio SC, Optix 28 SC, Quattro Gold 240 SC, Tebutrobin Vecol 300 SC, Tiabendazol

(Thiabendazole)

Moderately Toxic: Amphibians Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Martect 20 SL, Martect 500 SC,Sharbendazol 500 SCTriadimefo

n (Triadimef

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians Bayleton EC 250, Rodifon 25 EC, Triadimefon 250 EC-DVA, Trifon 250 EC

Triadimenol (Triadimen

Slightly Toxic: Fish Bayfidan DC 250, Silvacur Combi EC 300: (Triadimenol + Tebuconazol)Trifloxistrobi

n (Trifloxystrob

Slightly Toxic: Fish Nativo SC: (Trifloxistrobin+Tebuconazol)Triforina

(Triforine)

Slightly Toxic: Bees Saprol DC

INSECTICIDESAceite mineral refinado (Refined mineral

Moderately Toxic: Fish (Non-refined mineral oil is considered carcinogenic to humans (PAN, 2015))

Agrarian oil, Horticultural oil, Cottonseed oil and Soybean oil.

Acetamiprid (Acetamiprid)


Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly to Moderately Toxic: Bees

Cormoran 180 EC: (Acetamiprid+Novaluron)

Amitraz (Amitraz)

Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Slightly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton

Amifed 200 EC, Mitac 20 EC,

Acido Bórico (Boric Acid)

Toxic when ingested Can cause skin and eye reaction Prolonged exposure has been linked

to illness

Acido Bórico (Borax)

Buprofezin (Buprofezine)

Buprofensh 25 SC, Oportune 25 SC.

Calcium chloride

Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory organs. Harmful if inhaled or swallowed.Ciromazina

(Cyromazine)

Contaminant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Ciromex Brio GQA 400 SC, Cohete 75 WP, Helgard 75 WP,Trigard 75 WP.Clofentezin

(Clofentecine)

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Acaristop SC.

Clorfenapir (Chlorfenapyr)

Highly Toxic: Bees Mitipyr 240 SC, Sunfire 24 SC.

Clotianidin (Clothianidin)

Some products containing this AI are RUPs.

Potential pollutant of underground

Dantotsu 50 WG





Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Bees

Deltametrina (Deltamethrin)

Restricted for use in cotton, some EC products are RUPs due to toxicity to aquatic organisms

Endocrine disruptor Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans,

Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians Moderately Toxic: Fish, Earthworms

Decis Fluxx EC, Delta Evofarms2.5 EC, Deltapoint 2.5 WP, Detrin 2.5 EC, Dinastía EC, Rodelta 2.5 EC.

Diflubenzuron (Diflubenzuron)

Almost all product formulations are RUPs due to toxicity to aquatic invertebrates; only very limited uses are not RUPs.

Very Highly Toxic: Freshwater and marine aquatic invertebrates; Zooplankton

Corida 480 SC, Difuse 480 SC,Dimilin 28 SC, Helmfluron 240 SC, Sirtak SC.

Dimetoato (Dimethoate)

Few products are RUPs. Potential pollutant of underground

waters Slightly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Earthworms,

Mollusks, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Agrometox E-40 EC, Danadim Progress 400 EC, Helmtox 400 EC, Roxion 40 EC, Sistoato EC.

Flutriafol (Flutriafol)


Aspen 500 SC, Flutriafol 250 SC-DVA, Impact 125 SC, Pointer 250 SC.(Flutriafol + Azoxistrobina): Authority 250 SC, Metropol SC, Mixbom 325 SC, Takada Imidaclopri

d (imidacloprid)

Implicated in possible impacts to bee population (colony collapse disorder), not to be used during flowering stage or when bees are actively foraging

Imidacloprid is an ingredient in several RUP products especially when combined with other AIs


Highly Toxic: Bees, Earthworms Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Appalus 200 SC, Buggy 350 SC, Cigaral 600FS, Cigaral 70 WP, Confidor SC 350, Evoprid 35 SC,Evoprid 600 FS, Gatillo 350 SC,Heloprid 350 SC, Imaprid 350 SC,Imaxi 350 SC, Imidacloprid 350 SC-DVA, Imidacloprid Vecol 350 SC, Inveprid 350 SC, Midalon 350 SC, Picus 600 FS, Protreat 600 FS, Raudo GQA 727 SC, Relevo 350 SC, Sharmidacloprid 600 FS, Tanrek 500 SC

Indoxacarb (Indosaca

Avaunt 150 EC, Avaunt 150 SC.

Metilpirimifos (Pyrimiphos methyl)

Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Earthworms,

Mollusks

Actellic 50 EC, Arrierafin 2% DP.

Novaluron (Novaluro

Ponto 100 EC, Rimon 10 EC, Cormoran 180 EC: (Novaluron





+Acetamiprid)

Piridaben (Pyridaben)

Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees

Sanmite EC.

Sodium hypochlorite

Disinfectant found in cleaning products such as bleach

Breathing sodium hypochlorite fumes may cause poisoning, especially if the product is mixed with ammonia.

Hipoclorito de Sodio

Piriproxifen (Pyriproxyfen)

Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees

Epingle 10 EC

Spinosad (Spinosad)

Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish

Blackhawk WG, Spintor 120 SC, Success GF-120 0.02 CB, Tracer 120 SC.

Sulfluramida (sulflurami

Moderately Toxic: Fish Atta-Kill 3% GB.

Tiametoxam (Thiamethoxam)

Implicated in possible impacts to beepopulation (colony collapse disorder), not to be used during flowering stage or when bees are actively foraging. Potential pollutant of underground waters

Highly Toxic: Bees

Actara 25 WG, Cruiser 350 FS,Helmetoxam 25 WG

Triclorfon Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Mollusks Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees,

Amphibians, Earthworms, Zooplankton

Dipterex SP 80, Profitox 80 SP.

MOLLUSCICIDEMetaldehido (Metaldehy


Matababosa 7%.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORÁcido giberélico (Gyberellic

Agrogiberelinas WS Agrofercol, Acigib WP and WS.

Tidiazurón (Thidiazuron)


Dropp Avance, Thidiazuron 50 WP-DVA.

BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES (Approved with cautionary advice)Bacillus thuringiensis

Incident reports in humans: allergic reactions, eye discomfort and breathing problems.

One report of adverse effects, including reported vomiting, convulsions, collapse and coma in a man who consumed tomatoes sprayed with B. thuringiensis.

B. T Variedad Kurstaki:Dipel WG, Turilab WP, Ecotech Bio WP, Ecotech Pro SE, Baton SC, Bacillus Agrogen WP, Turivec EC, Bak-Tur WP, BT Nova WP, BT Biox WP





B. T. Variedad Aizawai Cepa:Agree 50 WP, Xentari WG

B.T. Variedad Kurstaki Serotipos 3A, 3B.Jabelin WG, Thuricide HP WG

B.T. Variedad Thuringiensis:Bacillus

popilliae Several tests indicate that spores of

B. popilliae are not dangerous to humans. Spores develop into active bacteria at temperatures only lower than human body temperature. As a precaution, users should be advised to avoid inhaling spores and prevent them from coming into contact with

B. popilliae: Dutki WP

B. popilliae + Metarhizium anisopliae:Anisagro WP.

Bacillus mycoides

Registered in Colombia Registration in the United States in

process. Can be used when there is a

substantiated need for this

B. mycoides: Biostart WP

Bacillus subtilis Acute toxicity: Oral / pathogenicity: it was not

toxic or infectious to rats when a dose of 1.9x108 colony-forming units (CFU)/animal was administered.

Dermal: a single dose of 2 g (3.6 x 109 CFU) / rabbit was not toxic. Category IV is related to dermal effects.

Pulmonary toxicity / pathogenicity: It was not infectious or toxic when administered at a dose of 2.84 x 109

CFU. Intravenous toxicity / pathogenicity:

noninfectious and non-toxic when a dose of 1.8 x 107 CFU was administered.

Eye irritation: irritation occurred from

B. subtilis: Baktillis Mezfer SC,Bactox SLB. subtilis cepa B-01: Subtikind EC

Metarhiziumanisopilae.

Metarhizium anisopliae + B. popilliae:Anisagro WPBeauveria

bassianaAcute toxicity:

Oral / pathogenicity: IV; Dermal: III / IV Pulmonary / pathogenicity: III / IV Intraperitoneal injection, non-toxic,

infectious, or pathogenic; Eye irritation: III Report incidents of

hypersensitivity: not reported

Beauveria bassiana: BotanigardWP, Bovetropico WP, Micosis WP, Basibiol WP, Beauverian-Pro WP, Adral SC, Bassicore SC.Beauveria bassiana cepa BB 9205: Muscardin WPBeauveria bassiana cepa


TABLE 6. PESTICIDES (AIs) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE (BASED ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ANNEX B)

PRODUCT NAME



Beauveria bassiana cepa BB 005:Cadete SC Micros

Burkholderiacepacia

Based on several toxicological tests and the warning information provided on labels, it is not expected that the M54 and J82 strains are dangerous to humans. However, further studies are needed to predict which strains ofB. cepacia could infect individuals

Burkholderia cepacia: Brotrycid SL

Trichoderma harzianum

Acute toxicity: Oral / pathogenicity: category IV.

Additional studies showed a median lethal dose (LD50) of 4 g / kg in rats, assigning category III.

Acute inhalation: Category IV. It was not infectious or pathogenic.

Intravenous: Category IV without infectious or pathogenic effects.

Neither anaphylaxis nor hypersensitivity responses in animals treated with subcutaneous injection were observed.

Dermal: Category III. Eye irritation: mild irritation was presented 11

Trichoderma harzianum: Tricho DWP, Bioregulax WP, Biofungo WP, Antagon WP, Trichodermus WP, Trichollanos WP, Protector WP, Bioderma WP, Fitobac WP, Trichofus WP, Agroint-T WP, Tribiol WG, Fungigrasp WP, Trichox WP.

Trichoderma harzianum T 39: Trichodex 25 WPTrichoderma harzianum Cepa DSM 14944: Agroguard WP, Foliguard SCTrichoderma harzianum

Trichoderma koningii

Trichoderma koningii + Trichoderma harzianum: Trichotrópico WP

Trichoderma koningii + Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viridae: Trichoder

ma lignorum

Trichoderma lignorum: Mycobac WP, Trichogen WP, Trichobiol WP.

Trichoderma viridae

Toxicological category III (acute oral). No hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis

observed with various doses of inoculum administered by subcutaneous injection.

Trichoderma koningii + Trichodermaharzianum + Trichoderma viridae: Fitotripen WP

Trichogrammaexiguum

Trichogramma exiguum (Huevosparasitados): Trichogramma Exiguum Inbecol), Trichogramma





Paecilomyceslilacinus

Acute toxicological classification of the US EPAclassifies the AI in category III (oral and dermal) and category IV (dermal and ocular)4

Paecilomyces lilacinus: Biostat WP,Paecilotrópico WP, Nemocrop WP, Safelomyces WP, Nemaroot WP, Huesped SC Mycros, Nemagrip WP.Paecilomyces lilacinus

Paecilomycesfumosoroseus

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus: Successor SC, Sporada SC Mycros.

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Cepa BPF Phytoseiulus

permisilisPhytoseiulus permisilis: Spidex (Individuos vivos), Acariraptor (Individuos vivos)

Pseudomonafluorescens

No adverse effects following ingestion of 8.4x1010 CFU / animal three different strains.

Acute injection (intraperitoneal) showed no significant toxicity or lethality in mice when inoculated with a dose of 2.8x108 CFU / animal.

It has been concluded that P. fluorescens strain A506 is not toxic

Pseudomona fluorescens: Rizofos LS

Pasta de Bordeaux(Bordeaux Paste)

Copper sulfate, an ingredient in this paste is Category I “Danger”. Can be corrosive to the skin and eyes.

Must be used in a manner that minimizes accumulation of copper in the soil. (7 CFR 205.601(i)(2)).

Caldo deBordeaux (Bordeaux mix)

Mixture of copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) 1 kg and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) 1 kg and water 100 liters (1%)

Copper sulfate is Category I “Danger” Lime causes skin irritation, can

cause eye damage, can cause lung irritation

Lime + Copper Sulfate

Extracto de Neem- Azadirachtina

May be irritating to mucous membranes and eyes

Neemazal 1.2 % EC (Azadiractina A y B), Bioneem 20% EC.

Extracto de ortiga(Extracts of nettles)

Palmi-Biol SL

Extracto de Pimientos picantes(Capscicine o Capsaicin)

Most biological pesticides are US EPA- registered in toxicity category III and IV for all exposure pathways.

Alisin EC, Xplode SL, Hidrolato de Ajo, ají Agrisan SL, CapsiAlil SL, Capsicin Parafinado Agrisan SL,





Extracto de ajo(Garlic-chili pepper extracts - Garlycin)

Palmi-Biol SL, Alisin EC, Hidrolato de Ajo, Ají Agrisan SL, L’ Ecomix SL, Agrobiológicos del ajo S.A. EC, Xplode SL, Eco A-Z SL,

Extracto de ruda (Rue Extract)

Contains substances that can cause skin irritation and dermatitis, if handled without precautions in the sun. Gloves should be worn during handling.

Not registered in the US as a pesticide

Rutinal EC, Palmi-Biol Sl.

Please note that the list of products in the column labeled “Products Available in Colombia” should not be construed as approved or recommended. Any product must undergo additional review in the context of the information in the “Cautionary Advice and Restrictions” column above.For recommendations for AIs, please see Annex A, Table 12. Selection of specific products must be guided by careful examination of the product label, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), and product registration status with US EPA. If the product is not registered by US EPA, it is necessary to compare the product to those available in the Unite States in order to establish whether it should be approved for general or restricted use.

PESTICIDES REJECTED AND BANNEDOnly pesticides specifically approved (i.e., appearing in the “lists of approved pesticides” above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use under USAID/Colombia programs. For reference, pesticides listed in the table below (as AIs) were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and US EPA registration status for each are presented in Table 15 in Annex B.

TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAPACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTIONHERBICIDESAcetoclor (Acetochlor) RUP

Endocrine disruptor Suggested carcinogen (EPA) Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Ácido cacodílico (Cacodylic acid)

Group 1: Arsenic and its inorganic compounds are carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2012).

Not registered in Colombia


Alaclor (Alachlor)

RUP Included in the Rotterdam Convention Endocrine disruptor Contaminant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusks Slightly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Arsenicales No EPA registration. Arsenic and its inorganic compounds are carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2012)


TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAPACTIVE INGREDIENT

REASON FOR REJECTION Contaminant of underground waters

Atrazina (Atrazine)

RUP Endocrine disruptor (hormonal imbalances induced by

atrazine appear to be significant in the interpretation of possible carcinogenic effects on the mammary gland)

Contaminant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians

Earthworms, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Butaclor (Butachlor)

Not EPA-registered Likely carcinogen (EPA) Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusks, Crustaceans,

ZooplanktonCiclosulfamuron (Cyclosulfamur

No information available No record in Colombia

Cicloxidim (Cycloxydim)

Not EPA-registered No information available No record in Colombia

Cloridazona (Chloridazo

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters

Dalapón (Dalapo

Not EPA-registered No information available No record in Colombia

Diflufenican (Diflufenic

Not EPA-registered No information available

Diquat dibromuro (Diquat dibromide)

Fatal by inhalation and ingestion. Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Mollusks Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Earthworms,

Crustaceans, ZooplanktonDiuron (Diuron)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Contaminant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusks

Etofumesato (Ethofumesate)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees, Fish

Fenmedifam (Phenmedipham)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Fenotiol(MCPA thioethyl)

Not EPA-registered No record in Colombia Moderately Toxic: Amphibians

Fenoxaprop-etil (Fenoxaprop-

Not registered in Colombia (registration canceled) Obsolete pesticide

Glufosinato-amonio (Glyfosinate ammonium)

Potential reproductive or developmental toxin Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton



REASON FOR REJECTIONHaloxifop-metil (Haloxyfop-methyl)

Not EPA-registered Likely carcinogen (EPA) No record in Colombia

Ioxinil(Ioxynil)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Lactofén (Lactofe

Not registered in Colombia Moderately Toxic: Fish

MCPA Acido (2-(4-cloro-2- metilfenoxiacético)

RUP Not registered in Colombia Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians, Mollusks, and

ZooplanktonMetobromuron (Metobromuron)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Slightly Toxic: Fish

Metribuzina (Metribuzin)

Endocrine disruptor Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians and Zooplankton

Molinato (Molinate)

Not registered in Colombia Endocrine disruptor Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Napropamida (Napropamide)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans

Naptalam (Naptala

Not registered in Colombia

Nitrofeno (Nitrofen)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks, Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Oxadiazón (Oxadiazon)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Slightly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans

Oxifluorfeno (Oxyfluorfen)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees

Paraquat dicloruro (Paraquat dichloride)

RUP Fatal by inhalation and ingestion (PAN, 2015) Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Picloram (Picloram), Picloram

RUP Endocrine disruptor


TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAPACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTIONpotassium salt Contaminant of underground waters

Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, ZooplanktonPiribenzoxima (Pyribenzoxi

Not EPA-registered

Pretilaclor (Pretilachlor)

Not EPA-registered Moderately Toxic: Fish

Profoxidim (Profoxydim)

Not EPA-registered Endocrine Disruptor

Propaclor (Propachlor)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Slightly Toxic: Bees

Simazina (Simazine)

RUP Not registered in Colombia Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Crustaceans

Terbutrina (Terbutryn)

EPA registration pending Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish

Trialato (Triallate) Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Very persistent in water, soil and sediments; very

toxic to aquatic organisms Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish

Trifluralina (Trifluralin) Endocrine disruptor Very bioaccumulative Highly Toxic: Fish, Earthworms Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees, Mollusks, Crustaceans

FUNGICIDESBenalaxil (Benalax

Not EPA-registered

Benomil (Benomyl)

Not EPA-registered Potential reproductive or developmental toxin Included in the Rotterdam Convention Moderately Toxic: Bees Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton

Bromuconazol (Bromuconaz

Not registered in Colombia Moderately Toxic: Fish

Bupirimato (Bupirima

Not EPA-registered

Captafol (Captafol)

Not EPA-registered Likely carcinogen (EPA) Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans Included in the Rotterdam Convention (IARC) Not registered in Colombia Slightly Toxic: Bees

Carbendazim(Carbendazim) methabolite of

RUP Potential reproductive or developmental toxin



REASON FOR REJECTIONthiophanate-methyl (TM)

Accepted by the US EPA for use on different food crops leading tofood

Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, CrustaceansClorotalonil

(Chlorothalonil)

RUP Likely carcinogen (EPA) Fatal by inhalation and ingestion (PAN, 2015) Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Amphibians Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Mollusks

Clozolinato (Chlozolinate)

Not EPA-registered

Diclofluanida (Dichlofluanid)

Not EPA-registered Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Mollusks

Dietofencarb (Diethofencarb)

Not EPA-registered

Difenilmetano (Diphenylmethane)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia

Dinobuton (Dinobuton)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Dinocap (Dinocap)

Not registered in Colombia Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish, Mollusks

Dodina (Dodine)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Mollusks

Epoxiconazol (Epoxyconazole)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Potential reproductive or developmental toxin

Etridiazol (Etridiazole)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Fenarimol (Fenarimol)

Endocrine disruptor Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees

Fenpropidina (Fenpropid

Not EPA-registered

Fentín hidróxido (Fentin

Most products are RUPs Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor



REASON FOR REJECTION Fatal by inhalation (PAN, 2015) Very Highly Toxic: Fish Highly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton

Ferbam (Ferbam)

Not registered in Colombia Highly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Slightly Toxic: Bees

Fludioxonil (Fludioxo

RUP Potential pollutant of underground waters

Fludioxonil (Fludioxonil)

RUP Potential pollutant of underground waters (Cianopirrol) Slightly Toxic: Bees

Flusilazol (Flusilazole)

Not EPA-registered

Fluxapiroxad (Fluxapyrox

Not EPA-registered

Folpet (Folpet)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees

Furalaxil (Furalaxyl)

Not EPA-registered

Hexaconazol (Hexaconazole)

Not EPA-registered

Hidróxido de cobre (Copper hydroxide)

Registration with pending requests for cancellation (EPA).

Very persistent water, soil, sediment Very toxic to aquatic organisms Very hazardous in case of skin and eye contact,

slightly hazardous if inhaledImazalil (Imazalil)

RUP Likely carcinogen (EPA) Moderately Toxic: Fish

Iprodiona (Iprodione)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Isopirazam (Isopyrazam)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Pending Registration EPA Persistent water, soil, sediment; very toxic to aquatic

organismsIsoprotiolano (Isoprothiolane)

Not EPA-registered Moderately Toxic: Fish

Kresoxim metil (Kresoxim methyl)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish

Mancozeb (Mancoze

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Potential pollutant of underground waters



REASON FOR REJECTION Highly Toxic: Amphibians Moderately Toxic: Fish

Maneb (Maneb)

Not registered in Colombia Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Metam sódico Metam-sodium

Most products are RUPs Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees

Metil tiofanato Methyl thiophanate

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Metiram (Metiram)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Miclobutanil (Myclobutanil)

Not EPA-registered Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish

Nuarimol (Nuarimol)


Ofurace (Ofurace)


Pencicurón (Pencycuron)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Highly Toxic: Fish

Penconazol (Penconazole)

Not EPA-registered

Pentacloronitrobenceno (Pentachloronitrobenzene)

Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish

Pirazofos (Pyrazophos)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Pirifenox (Pyrifenox)


Procimidona (Procymido

Likely carcinogen (EPA)

Procloraz (Prochloraz)

Not EPA-registered Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton


TABLE 7. PESTICIDES REJECTED BY THIS PERSUAPACTIVE INGREDIENT REASON FOR REJECTIONPropiconazol (Propiconazole)

Several products are RUPs Potential pollutant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish, Mollusks, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans

Propineb (Propine

Not EPA-registered No products registered in the United States

Tetraconazol (Tetraconazole)

RUP Likely carcinogen (EPA) Potential pollutant of underground waters

Triciclazol (Tricyclazole) Not EPA-registered Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Tridemorf (Tridemorph) No registered products in the US Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin

Vinclozolina (Vinclozolin) Not registered in Colombia Possible carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Potential reproductive or developmental toxin Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Zineb (Zineb)

Not EPA-registered Endocrine disruptor Highly Toxic: Bees, Earthworms Slightly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Ziram (Ziram)

Fatal by inhalation (PAN, 2015) Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton No information EPA

INSECTICIDESAbamectina; (mezcla avermectina B1A, B1B) (Abamectin)

Most products are RUP Insecticide, acaricide produced by soil microorganisms

(Streptomyces avermitilis). It is incompatible with many commonly used pesticides. It should be handled by experts in biological pesticides. Fatal by inhalation Very Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees Slightly Toxic: Bees

Acefato (Acephate)

Possibly carcinogenic (EPA) Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees

Aldicarb (Aldicarb)

RUP Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Mollusks, Zooplankton

Aldrin (Aldrin)

Not EPA-registered Chemical included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention



REASON FOR REJECTION Obsolete pesticide Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Benfuracarb (Benfuracarb)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish

Bifentrin (Bifenthrin)

RUP Endocrine Disruptor Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees

Bromuro de metilo (Methyl bromide)

RUP Included in the Montreal Protocol: it damages the ozone

layer Moderately Toxic: Fish, ZooplanktonCadusafo

s (Cadusafos)

WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Contaminant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Fish Highly Toxic: Bees

Carbaril (Carbaryl)

RUP Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms,

Crustaceans, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Carbofuran (Carbofuran)

Registration canceled in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Fatal by inhalation Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish, Earthworms, Mollusk,

Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Carbosulfan (Carbosulfan)

Not EPA-registered Fatal by inhalation Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Cartap (Cartap)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk Slightly Toxic: Zooplankton

Ciflutrina (Cyfluthrin)

RUP WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Clordimeform (Chlordimeform)




REASON FOR REJECTION Obsolete pesticide Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusk

Clorfenvinfos (Chlorfenvinphos)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton

Clorflluazuron (Chlorfluazuron)

Not EPA-registered Very bioaccumulative Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans,

Aquatic Insects, ZooplanktonClorpirifos (Chlorpyrifos)

RUP Very Highly Toxic: Earthworms, Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk, Zooplankton

Cypermethrin, Alpha- Cypermethrin, and Zeta- Cypermethrin

Most products are RUP

Dasanit (Fensulfotion) (Fensulfothion)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish

DDT Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Likely carcinogen (EPA) Endocrine disruptor Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Diafentiuron (Diafenthiouron)

Not EPA-registered Highly Toxic: Bees

Diazinon (Diazinon)

Some products are RUP Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC) Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Aquatic Insects Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Dibromocloropropano (DBCP)

Not EPA-registered Obsolete pesticide Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC) Likely carcinogen (EPA) Contaminant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk

Dicloropropeno (Dichloropropene)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Contaminant of underground waters Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton

Diclorvos (Dichlorvos)

RUP Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous



REASON FOR REJECTION Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC) Fatal by inhalation Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Earthworms, Mollusk

Dicofol (Dicofol)

Not registered in Colombia Highly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Dicrotofos (Dicrotophos)

RUP Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Amphibians Slightly Toxic: Fish

Dieldrin (Dieldrion)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Likely carcinogen (EPA) Contaminant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk

Dienoclor (Dienochlor)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk

Dodecacloropentaciclodecano (Dodecachloropentacyclodeca ne)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Emamectina benzoato (Emamectin benzoate)

Most products are RUP Potential pollutant of underground waters Slightly Toxic: Fish

Endosulfan (Endosulfan)

RUP Not registered in Colombia Included in the Rotterdam Convention Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention Fatal by inhalation Very Highly Toxic: Fish Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Bees, Amphibians,

Earthworms, Mollusk, ZooplanktonEndrín (Endrin)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Earthworms

Esfenvalerato (Esfenvaler

RUP Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Mollusk,

Zooplankton



REASON FOR REJECTION Highly Toxic: Bees

Etiofencarb (Ethiofencarb)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

Etión (Ethion)

Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, Bees Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Etofenprox (Ethofenprox)

Persistent water, soil, sediment; very toxic to aquatic organisms

Highly Toxic: BeesEtoprofos (Ethoprop)

RUP WHO: 1a = Extremely hazardous Likely Carcinogen (EPA) Fatal by inhalation Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish, Bees Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Fenamifos (Fenamiphos)

WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Fatal by inhalation Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton

Fenbutatina óxido (Fenbutatin oxide)

RUP Not registered in Colombia Fatal by inhalation Very persistent water, soil, sediments Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Fenitrotion (Fenitrothion)

Endocrine disruptor Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms,

MolluskFenpiroximato (Fenpyroxim

Not registered in Colombia Highly toxic by inhalation

Fenpropatrin (Fenpropathrin)

RUP Fatal by inhalation Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans,

Aquatic Insects Highly Toxic: BeesFentión

(Fenthion)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees, Mollusk, Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Fish

Fipronil (Fipronil)

RUP Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Flucitrinato Not EPA-registered



REASON FOR REJECTION(Flucythrinate) Not registered in Colombia

WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees

Flufenoxuron (Flufenoxur

Very bioaccumulative Very toxic to aquatic organisms

Fluoruro de sulfurilo (Sulfphuryl

RUP Not registered in Colombia

Fonofos (Fonofos)

Obsolete pesticide Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Bees

Forato (Phorate)

RUP WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton

Formetanato (Formetanate)

RUP WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Potential pollutant of underground waters

Fosalona (Phosalone)

Not registered in Colombia Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans Moderately Toxic: Mollusk

Fosfamidon (Phosphamidon)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees, Earthworms Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Fosfuro de aluminio (Aluminium phospide)

RUP Fatal by inhalation Highly Toxic: Bees

Foxim (Phoxim)

Obsolete pesticide Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Fish

Furatiocarb (Furathiocarb)


Gamma cihalotrina (Cyhalothrin

RUP Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees

Heptaclor (Heptachlor)




REASON FOR REJECTION Obsolete pesticide Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Earthworms, Mollusk

Heptenofos (Heptenophos)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Highly Toxic: Bees

Hexitiazox (Hexythiazox)

Likely carcinogen (EPA)

Isazofos (Isazofos)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide Potential pollutant of underground waters

Isofenfos (Isofenphos)

Not registered in Colombia Obsolete pesticide

Lambda cihalotrina (Cyhalothrin lambda)

Most products are RUP Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees

Lindano (Lindane)

Not registered in Colombia Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention and

Included in the Rotterdam Convention Endocrine disruptor Highly Toxic: Bees

Lufenuron (Lufenuron)

WHO: Unlisted Very bioaccumulative Very toxic to aquatic organisms

Malatión (Malathion)

RUP Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC-

2015) Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk, CrustaceansMefosfolan

(Mephosfolan)


Metafllumizona (Metaflumizo

Not EPA-registered WHO: Unlisted

Metamidofos (Methamidophos)

Registration canceled in Colombia WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous Fatal by inhalation Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Metilparatión (Methyl parathion)

RUP Registration canceled in Colombia WHO: 1A= Extremely hazardous Potential pollutant of underground waters Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms,

Zooplankton



REASON FOR REJECTIONMetiocarb (Methiocarb)

RUP WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk, Crustaceans

Metomil (Methomyl)

RUP WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Amphibians, Mollusk

Metoxiclor (Methoxychlor)

Not registered in Colombia Organochlorine pesticide Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Earthworms Moderately Toxic: Mollusk Slightly Toxic: Bees

Monocrotofos (Monocrotophos)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Fatal by inhalation Highly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Mollusk, Crustaceans Slightly Toxic: Fish

Naled (Naled)

RUP Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans

Oxamil (Oxamyl)

RUP Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous

Oxidemeton metil (Oxydemeton methyl)

Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees Moderately Toxic: Crustaceans, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Fish

Oxitioquinox (Oxythioquinox)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Likely carcinogen (EPA) Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Mollusk

Permetrina (Permethrin)

RUP due to toxicity to aquatic organisms Likely carcinogen (EPA) Very Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Bees, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians Slightly Toxic: Earthworms, Mollusk

Piridifentión Not EPA-registered



REASON FOR REJECTION(Pyridiphenthion) Not registered in Colombia

WHO: Unlisted Highly Toxic: Bees

Pirimicarb (Pirimicarb)

Likely carcinogen (EPA) Very persistent water, soil, sediments Very toxic to aquatic organisms Moderately Toxic: Bees Slightly Toxic: Amphibians

Profenofos (Profenofos)

RUP Very Highly Toxic: Mollusk, Crustaceans Highly Toxic: Fish, Bees Moderately Toxic: Zooplankton

Propargita (Propargite)

RUP Likely carcinogen (EPA) Very bioaccumulative Very toxic to aquatic organisms Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Bees

Spinetoram (Spinetoram)

RUP Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees

Spirodiclofen (Spirodiclof

Likely carcinogen (EPA) WHO: Unlisted

Sulfotep (Sulfotep)

Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Fish, Amphibians

Sulfoxaflor (Sulfoxaflor)

Registration canceled by EPA No registered products in the US

WHO: Unlisted Highly Toxic: BeesTau-

fluvalinato (Tau-

Record sales in 1994. the product was not found

Tebufenpirad (Tebufenpyr

Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Zooplankton

Teflubenzuron (Teflubenzur

Not EPA-registered

Teflutrin (Tefluthrin)

RUP Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Earthworms, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees

Terbufos (Terbufos)

RUP Not registered in Colombia WHO: 1a= Extremely hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Bees

Tetradifon (Tetradifon)

Not EPA-registered Moderately Toxic: Fish, Amphibians, Zooplankton Slightly Toxic: Mollusk, Crustaceans



REASON FOR REJECTIONTiociclam oxalato ácido (Thiocyclam oxalate hydrogen)

Not EPA-registered

Tiodicarb (Thiodicarb)

RUP Likely carcinogen (EPA) Very Highly Toxic: Amphibians, Crustaceans,

Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish, MolluskTralometrin

a (Tralomethrin)

Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees

Triazofos (Triazophos)


Triflumuron (Triflumuron)

Not EPA-registered Not registered in Colombia Very Highly Toxic: Fish

Zeta-cypermethrin Most products are RUPsBacillus megaterium

No active products in the US Registered in Colombia

Baculovirus phthorimaea

Registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

Baculovirus spodopterae


Steinernema carpocapsae

Not EPA-registered. Not registered in Colombia

Verticillium lecanii No active products in the US Registered in Colombia

Trichogramma spp. Registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

Trichogramma exiguum

Registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

Trichoderma pseudokinigii

Not registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

Verticillium chlamydosporium


Penicillium funiculosum


Feltiella acarisuga Not registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

Amblyseius Not registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

Arthrobotrys irregularis




REASON FOR REJECTIONCyrtopeltis tenuis Not registered in Colombia

EPA: No information available

Eretmocerus Not registered in Colombia EPA: No information available

These pesticides are not authorized by the Rotterdam Convention, the Stockholm Convention, nor the Montreal Protocol. Please see Table 4 and Table 5.

5.3 SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTSIn summary, the mandatory mitigation measures and restrictions that apply to the above-listed pesticides are as follows:

A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be supported with USAID funds in USAID/Colombia activities. These pesticides are enumerated in Table 6 above. (Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating the use of a pesticide.) Where a pesticide product contains more than one ingredient, the product can only be used when all AIs are approved by this PERSUAP.

B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM- based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)

C. Appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid.

D. Projects must require the use and maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. USAID requires that all appropriate PPE for the particular product formulation be utilized, and when necessary, provide PPE. Further, all beneficiaries must receive proper training in pesticide use.

E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.

These conditions are in addition to those described in the list of approved pesticides above. They have been synthesized from the PER analysis and are detailed in the SUAP template (see Section 5.4). In Colombia, rather than completing the SUAP in section 5.4, each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit an environmental management plan (EMP) based on the SUAP template via the MONITOR system, informing the AOR/COR and MEO 30 days before the implementation of the activity and updating the EMP annually. If for some reason the MONITOR system is unavailable, the project implementer must submit a completed SUAP using the template in Section 5.4. The template may also be used on an ongoing basis to track implementation.

With respect to pesticides, completing the EMP in the MONITOR system satisfies the requirement for an EMP. The project EMP should simply incorporate the pesticide EMP in the MONITOR system by reference.


The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements, as detailed in the table below.

Low-risk AIs not requiring approval under this PERSUAP. Note that some particularly low-risk AIs are exempt from regulation under the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and therefore can be used by implementing partners without approval via this PERSUAP. These are listed at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-2015- 12-15.pdf . (A list of pesticide inert ingredients that are exempt from FIFRA is available at: www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-01/documents/section25b_inerts.pdf.)


TABLE 8. IPM/SAFE USE REQUIREMENTS AND RELEVANT RESOURCESIPM/SAFE USE REQUIREMENT

KEY RESOURCES PROVIDEDPesticide recommendations and use must be governed by a set of crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans.(IPs are responsible for developing these plans.)

ANNEX A: sets out crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest chemical and non-chemical management methods recommended by this PERSUAP. The pests and control methods table for each crop is intended to serve as a rough draft for a crop-specific pest management plan.ANNEX B: provides toxicology information for each approved active ingredient, including human acute toxicities and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well as potential eco-toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds Appropriate project staff

and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid.

ANNEX C: Mandatory Elements of Pesticide Safe Use Training provides significant discussion of safe use training elements.

Projects must require use and maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices.


5.4 PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER2017 USAID/Colombia Programmatic PERSUAPMust be submitted to AOR/COR by Specified Date: and annually updated thereafter.

TABLE 9. PERSUAP COMPLIANCE TRACKER—PART 1

BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:Prime Contractor

Initial SubmissionProject Annual Update #1Pesticide Compliance Lead & Contact Information

Annual Update #2

Summary of Pest Management Needs on

Annual Update #3

Note: Pesticide “support” is the use of USAID funds to purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for use; and enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.


TABLE 10. PESTICIDE SAFER USE ACTION PLAN AND COMPLIANCE TRACKER: 2017 USAID/PERSUAP—PART IIREQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL COMPLIANCE

STATUS (IF NOT KNOWN, SO INDICATE)

ACTIONS PLANNED TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE(W/ DEADLINES & RESPONSIBLE PARTY)

STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS

SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2017 USAID/COLOMBIA PROGRAMMATIC PERSUAP

Immediately

Inventory pesticides being supported and ensure NO SUPPORT for Class I chemicals.

(insert extra rows if needed)

Ensure that Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs), as classified by US EPA, can only be used by or under supervision of a pesticide applicator trained in safe use.

Distribute copies of the list of allowed active ingredients (AIs) with matching commercial product names to all project field extension staff and advise regarding the deadline for compliance (below).

As soon as possible but not later than [Insert Date]

Assure that USAID-funded pesticide support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES APPROVED BY PERSUAP.Continue verification throughout life-of-project.Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted integrated pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. For agricultural activities, these will be crop-and-pest specific.






By [Insert Date]Starting from the information in PERSUAP Annex A and drawing on PERSUAP Annex B, adopt/develop crop- and pest-specific integrated pest management plans (IPMPs).For chemical controls, IPMPs must include the use restrictions specified in Table 9 or from the Environmental Management Plan generated by MONITORTranslate IPMPs into crop-specific field reference guides or posters to help farmers anticipate and manage pests.By [Insert Date]Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries on IPMPs.Provide refresher training annually.

From [Insert Date]

Require and enforce IPMP implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide use.






Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be IPMP-based.

Where project control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is less than complete, promote and support IPMPs to the greatest practicable extent.

Ongoing over Life of Project

Modify IPMPs over life of project based on ground-truthing/field experience.

For all target activities, appropriate project staff and beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use and pesticide first aid.Ensure availability of product label and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). For all products that will be in use, the project personnel must obtain and review the product label and MSDS to ensure that pesticide users are aware of potential hazards and are undertaking all measures to minimize risks to human health and safety and to the environment.






Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for procurement and use of seed treated with pesticides, training in handling dressed seed is provided.

Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for project staff and beneficiaries, including at least annual refresher training.

Develop or source curricula conforming to required training elements specified in Annex C.

Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries within 6 months (or timeframe agreed upon by the Mission and IP).

All projects must require use and maintenance of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices.If carbonate or organophosphate-class pesticides are used extensively, follow procedures for baseline testing for cholinesterase inhibition, and establish a periodic cholinesterase monitoring schedule.






Implement/observe core risk mitigation measures (PPE and other precautions) identified on the pesticide label and Table 9 or the Environmental Management Plan generated by MONITORWhere control is less complete, take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation Whenever providing, supporting or recommending pesticides for use, assure that appropriate PPE is available and require its use.

Whenever directly using, procuring or supplying pesticides, assure that quality application equipment is available and local capacity for application is available and maintained.






Projects must follow safety restrictions and precautions for all target activitiesPeople who are not wearing PPE should not enter pesticide-treated areas during restricted entry intervals (REIs) to perform tasks that involve contact with pesticide treated surfaces. Each pesticide label specifies a REI, usually ranging from 12 to 72 hours.Warning signs should be posted to warn people in advance about pesticide application and REI.

Products that are suspected to have potential to cause harm to unborn children will not be handled and applied by pregnant women. Pregnant women should not enter treated areas during application and REI.

Pre-harvest interval is the time required between the last application of pesticides and the safe harvesting of edible crops for immediate consumption. Farmers will be trained about the importance of adhering to the pre-harvest interval stated on the label to ensure no chemical residues are found on harvested crops.Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring.Pesticide efficacy in demonstration must be evaluated.

Any evidence of pesticide resistance development must be tracked






and reported.

Flow-down requirements

Prime contractors must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide use.

Pesticide registration status in Colombia and US EPA must be updated yearly.


REFERENCES AND RESOURCESBedoya, Mauricio. 2010. “Capitulo cuatro: Vulnerabilidad.” Segunda Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio. UNDP Colombia. Climático. http://www.pnud.org.co//img_upload/36353463616361636163616361636163/2%C2%AA_Comunicaci%C3%B3n_Cap_4.pdf

Cajamarca, Juliana Rodríguez. 2015. “Capitulo uno: Circunstancias nacionales.” Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización de Colombia ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático IDEAM and PUND. Bogota, Colombia. http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/023423/PrimerInformeBienal.pdf

Comunidad Andina. 1998. Decision 436: Norma Andina para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Quimicos de Uso Agricola. http://intranet.comunidadandina.org/Documentos/decisiones/dec436.doc

Comunidad Andina. 1998. Resolucion 630: Manual Tecnico Andino para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Quimicos de Uso Agricola. http://intranet.comunidadandina.org/Documentos/resoluciones/RESo630.doc

Cornell University Cooperative Extension. 2012. Agricultural Spray Adjuvants. http://psep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/gen-peapp-adjuvants.aspx

CropLife. 2011. Activities and Projects: Safe Use Training: Training Brochures. http://www.croplifeafrica.org/?module=pages&method=view&conf[page]=website_activities_safe_use_ training&conf[id]=49

Environmental Protection Index. 2016. Pesticide Regulation Scorecard. http://epi.yale.edu/node/11955

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Código Internacional de Conducta para el Manejo de Plaguicidas. Junio de 2013.

FAO and WHO. 2016.Codex alimentarius: Pesticide Residues in Food and Feed. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/pestres/pesticides/en/

Gardner, R. Cornell University: Center for Integrated Pest Management. Pesticide Environmental Stewardship. Monitoring. http://pesticidestewardship.org/ipm/Pages/Monitoring.aspx

Gour, M. 2013. Effects of Modern Agriculture: Fertilizer, Pesticide Problems, Water Logging and Salinity. http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.co.il/2013/10/effects-of-modern-agriculture.html

Gómez, Ignacio. Sanclemente, Gloria. Navarrete, Fabián. Laborde, Ramón. Vieira, Simón. (March 2014.) USAID/Colombia’s 2014-2018 118/119 Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Assessment. http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119LAC/Colombia


%20FAA%20118%20 119%20FB%20Assessment%20April%202014.pdf

ICA. Registro y Control de Plaguicidas e insumos en Colombia http://www.ica.gov.co/Areas/Agricola/Servicios/Regulacion-y-Control-de-Plaguicidas-Quimicos.aspx

http://www.ica.gov.co/getdoc/d3612ebf-a5a6-4702-8d4b-8427c1cdaeb1/REGISTROS- NACIONALES-PQUA.aspx

IDEAM y MinAmbiente. 2014. Estudio Nacional del Agua. Bogotá, D. C., 2014. 496 páginas. ISBN: 978- 958-8067-70-4. https://www.finagro.com.co/sites/default/files/estudio_nacional_del_agua_-ideam-.pdf

Infonet. 2016. IPM – Plant Health Major Pests. www.infonet-biovision.org

IPCS. 2009. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf


Ludeña, Carlos E.; Ordóñez, Daniel A (ed), 2015. Impactos económicos del cambio climático en Colombia: recurso hídrico. Inter-american Development Bank at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7218#sthash.gdQcee2m.dpuf

MADS (Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development). 2013. ‘Plan Estratégico Nacional del Mercurio en la MAAPE’, Internal Document, MADS, Bogotá.

Meyer, JR. 2006. Chapter 18: Insects as pests. NC State University. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text18/pestintro.html

Michigan State University. 2002. Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual. http://www.stewartfarm.org/phragmites/pdf/coremanual.pdf

Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de España. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo. NTP 465: Sustancias carcinogénicas: Criterios para su clasificación.

New Mexico State University. 2014. Environmental Health and Safety. http://safety.nmsu.edu/programs/chem_safety/NFPA-ratingJ-R.htm

North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension. 2016. Integrated Pest Management. https://ipm.ces.ncsu.edu/

Northeastern University. 2016. NFPA Hazard Rating System. http://www.ehs.neu.edu/laboratory_safety/general_information/nfpa_hazard_rating/

Ohio Department of Agriculture: Plant Health- Pesticide and Fertilizer Section. 2016. Restricted Use Chemicals by Product Name. http://www.agri.ohio.gov/apps/Restricted_Products_Rpt/default.aspx

Oregon State University. 2011. National Pesticide Information Center. http://npic.orst.edu/npicfact.htm

Pareja, M. 2003. Colombia Alternative Development Project PERSUAP. Chemonics International, Inc. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx490.pdf

Pesticide Action Network International (PAN). International List of Highly Hazardous Pesticides. June 2014. PAN North America. http://pesticideinfo.org/Search_Chemicals.jsp

World Bank. 2015. COLOMBIA Systematic Country Diagnostic June 22, 2015.


ANNEX A: PESTS AND DISEASES OF TARGET CROPS, AND AVAILABLE AND RECOMMENDED CONTROL METHODSThis Annex details the primary pests of all target crops on a crop-by-crop basis, available non-chemical control methods, and recommended chemical controls, where these are necessary. As such, this Annex contains both information compiled as input to the PER analysis (pests of target crops), and outputs of that analysis (available non-chemical controls, recommended chemical controls.)

The pest-control method matrices provided for each target crop are intended to serve as the basis for the crop- and pest-specific Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) required by the SUAP. This Annex is generated mostly from desk research. USAID/Colombia agriculture sector target crops listed below are profiled in this Annex.TABLE 11. CROPS ADDRESSED BY THIS PERSUAPFRUIT

Avocado Lulo Mango Papaya (palm-like) Pineapple Soursop

CITRUS FRUIT Lemon Orange Tangerine

PERENNIAL PLANTATIONS Banana and plantain Pitaya (dragon fruit) Plantain Sugar cane (for

panela, not for sugar)

TREE/SHRUB PLANTATIONS Coffee Cacao Rubber

PALM TREE PLANTATIONS

Açai (naidi, murrapo) Chontaduro (peach

palm)

FOREST TREE PLANTATIONS Acacia (Acacia

mangium) Other forest trees

PASSIFLORA (VINES/SHRUBS) Curuba (passion fruit) Granadilla Narangilla Passion fruit

(maracuyá),Gulupa

BERRIES Blackberries Blueberries

VEGETABLES Asparagus

(Asparagaceae) Bell peppers Chili peppers/ bell

pepper/ Onion and scallion

(Allium vegetables)ROOT VEGETABLES Beets Cassava Yam/sweet potato

CUCURBITS Cucumber Melon Pumpkin Squash Watermelon Zucchini

LEGUMES Beans Peas

GRAIN Corn Quinoa Rice

MEDICINAL PLANTS, SPICES AND HERBS

Achiote (annato) Anamú (Petiveria

alliacea) Black pepper Castor oil Curcuma (turmeric) Lemon grass Ginger Rue (Ruta

graveolens) Stevia

FLOWERS, EDIBLE AND DECORATIVE

Heliconia and other flower Species

MUSHROOMS TROPICAL PASTURE


TYPE OF PESTS AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES

RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED

TABLE 12. CROP-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN CROP-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLANACACIA (Acacia mangium)

See forest species below.

AÇAI (Naidi, Murrapo) See palm cultivation below.

ACHIOTE (Annato) The achiote is a small evergreen tree that grows in tropical America and has heart-shaped leaves and white or pink flowers; seeds of the annatto tree. It requires strict cultural practices to control pests hosted in weeds.Leaf-footed bug (Chinche

patas de hoja, Leptoglosus zonatus)

Cultural: Chiggers may be

controlled manually without the use of pesticides.

Track colonies and physically destroy them.

Avoid sowing near pipan, tomato, peppers, corn, “maicillo” or cashew.

Cipermetrina

Ants (Atta sp.)

Borer Ant (El Perforador de la cápsula)Milgithea melanoleuca

Red Spider Tetranychus sp.

Red striped thrip (Thrips de banda roja) (Selenotrips rubrocinctus) Girad


Termite (Hetotermes convexinotatus Zinder)

Cultural: Remove all wood debris

from the cultivated lots. Use of wood stakes

not recommended during establishment.

Keep the grafts or patterns clear of dust, dirt, or mud.

Also, periodic inspections marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Place traps baited with soft wood at the edge of the lots or between the



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDthe base of the trees and

in the area of clearing around the base of the plant.

Anthracnose (La Antracnosis) (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides Penz)

Cultural: Prune and destroy

affected branches and stems.

Good aeration (weeding and clearing around the base of the plant) within the crop.

Good fertilization.

Chemical: Alternated application of fungicides.

Captan

Powder mildew (Mildiú polvoriento) (Oidium bixae Viegas):

Chemical: Application of product.

Sulfur-based fungicides

Die back (Muerte regresiva o descendente)

Pestalotia sp., Verticillium ASPARAGUS(Asparagus officinalis)

The biology, extent of cultivation, and careful nutritional and phyto-sanitary management of asparagus clearly distinguish it from other vegetable crops. Unbalanced or sub-optimal fertilization results in thin, light stems, poor coloration, and torpid growth—i.e. a poor economic harvest. Over- fertilization, on the other hand, affects the tenderness and stem color and makes the crop more vulnerable to pests. Asparagus requires abundant watering, whether by rainfall or artificial means, and does well in lots with good Fusariosis (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: Good drainage of the soil. Avoid flooding of the soil. Use new soil when

establishing a new crop. Avoid soil that is rich in

clay and not very permeable.

Disinfect vegetable material.

Eliminate the post-harvest remnants.

Ensure the calcium/magnesium ratio is well balanced.

CaptanCopper oxychloride




Cercospora sp. Cultural: Remove pruned plant material far from the crop.

Rust Disease(Puccinia sp.)

Cultural: Burn all affected remnants. Do not bury affected

material as this may create new focal points of infection.

Utilize a localized watering system and avoid flooding the field so that the water does not act as a vector for the disease.

Sulfur DifenoconazoleTebuconazole

Nematodes Biological: Antagonistic bacteriaBacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Diseases

Rhizoctonia (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: Avoid planting in

contaminated soil or soil that was previously used to cultivate carrot, beet, alfalfa, potato, others.

Disinfect farming implements.

Isolate affected plants.

Captan

Chiza or Mojojoy (Phyllophaga sp.)

Biological: Metarhizium sp.

Metarhizium spp.

Leaf Cutting Ants (Atta sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis

Chemical: Bait poisoned with insecticide.


Sucking Chiggers (Frankinella sp.)

Physical: Soak the yellow stripes with oil.

Edgeless Worm or Antenna worm (Scutigerella sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate the dry stems of the previous crop, since thesemay serve as shelter for the pest.Weeds

Various sp. Cultural: Good preparation of the

soil. Manual control of weeds.

AVOCADO(Persea americana)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDclimates and varieties),

seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.

Fruit and seed worms (Stenoma sp., lepidopteran and Heilipus sp., coleopteran)

Cultural: Collect and bury any fruit

(both fallen and still on the stem) showing perforations.

Good fertilization. Pruning. Weed control.

Chemical: Spraying of

pyrethroid insecticides.

Spraying should be suspended twenty-two days before harvesting.

Deltametrin Dimethoate

Stem worms (Copturonimus sp.coleopteran)Trachyderes sp. coleopteran, Xyleborussp. coleopteran

Cultural: Pruning below the damaged

area. Pruning and burning

of the damaged branches.

Surgical repair and applying of healing agents if the damage is centered in the main stem.

In small gardens the larvae can be eliminated one by one as they leave their holes.

Nail iron tacks or nails into the main trunk.

Bordeaux paste

Leaf-rolling Worm (Platynota sp.)lepidopteran

Cultural: Uproot and destroy desiccated leaf packets.

Chemical: Chemical control is difficult. Product rotation as a control measure against White Flies.Basket worm (Oiketicus

sp.)Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis


Marceños or Holy Week Beetles (Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: Light traps, during afternoon/evening hours.Avocado Thrip (Heliothrips

sp.)Dimethoate

Arragre Bugs or Congo bee(Trigona sp.)

Preventative: Eradication of nests.

Chemical: Spraying atomized insecticides over the fruit and leaves, adding molasses or



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDbees.

Fruit Perforator (Stenomema sp.)

Cultural: Collect, destroy, and burn fallen leaves.

Chemical: application of insecticides is not suggested.

Mites (Eriophyes sp., Oligonychus sp., Tetranychus sp.)

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis

Chemical: Acaricides

Bacillus thuringiensisSulfur

Diseases

Root rot or withering of the avocado, Sadness or Ink Disease (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Plantation must be

located in well-drained terrain.

Installation of artificial drains to avoid stagnant waters.

Disinfect the soil. Avoid planting avocado

nearby crops susceptible to fungi (citruses, apple).

Do not plant in areas where previous crops have fallen prey to this pest.

Uproot dead or dying trees, burning them on the spot to avoid transporting infected soil particles to uninfected areas.

Avoid use of tools during clearing around the base of the plant to avoid damage to the root system.

Regulate humidity in the drainage channels or during fertilizations using organic material.

Restrict the entry of people and animals into

Metalaxyl Cymoxanil

Black stain (Cercospora sp.),Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Pruning. Weed control. Good distancing of trees

from one another. Good humidity control.

Copper oxychloride, Copper sulfate, Azoxystrobin



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChemical: Spraying of

copper-based fungicides.

Branch withering(Verticillium sp.)

Grit (Oidium disease sp.)Chemical: Sulfur based.

Sulfur

Fusariosis (Fusarium sp.)Cultural: Destroy old, decaying

stems. Avoid accumulation of

soil and organic material over the stem base.

Avoid any kind of damage to the stems and roots.

Eradicate and burn dead trees on the spot.

Ensure the terrain is well- drained.

Chemical: Disinfect the holes.

Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Weeds

Various speciesMechanical: Manual control.

Nicosulfuron

BANANA AND PLANTAIN(Musa paradisiaca, Musa sp.)

Two major pests are sigatoka and Panama pest. The IPM of this crop includes preventative measures, focused on elimination or reduction of pests once they invade.Moko

ormaduraviche (Ralstonia sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate sick plants

and sow healthy stems.

Weeding. Ensure good drainage. Disinfect tools

(formalin, Vanodine).

Genetic: There are resistant Bacteriosisor “watery rot” of the pseudo-stem (Erwinia sp.)

Cultural: eliminate sick plants, apply agricultural lime, disinfect tools, and use healthy seeds.

Sodium hypochlorite

Star Sore (Rosellinia

sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate sick plants. Inter-planted crops (coffee,

shade trees,



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDetc.).

Solarization. Apply agricultural lime Use healthy seeds. Prevent cutting and

sprouting of trees.

Elephantiasis (still not identified)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds. Eliminate sick plants. Apply agricultural lime.


Panama pest (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties.


Black Sigatoka and Yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella sp.)

Cultural: Monthly sanitary

trimming burning of affected plants >50% and timely drainage.

Good fertilization. Use ash in water. Weed control. Ensure adequate distancing. Utilize agroforestry

arrangements as a physical barrier to the pathogen.

Genetic: Resistant varieties are available.

Chemical: Alternate between systematic and protective measures so as to avoid

Azoxystrobin, Difenoconazole

Cordana Stain (Cordana sp.)

Cultural: Good agronomical

management. It affects lower leaves.

Normally, this does not produce a significant economic impact.Cucumber Mosaic Virus

(CMV) and Banana Strike Virus(BSV)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds. Weed control.

Cigar pest (Tachisphaeras sp.,Verticillium sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate flowering

portions after branch formation has begun.

Chemical-physical: Cover with pesticide

treated sacks.

Copper Products, Thiabendazole



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDCrown rot

(Fusarium sp., Botrydiplodia sp.)

Cultural: Adequate fertilization. Avoid potassium

deficiencies.

Chemical: Immersion of bananas in solution.

Thiabendazole AzoxystrobinCopper chloride + MetalaxylAnthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)Cultural: Phytosanitary practices

Eliminate sick plants. Sow healthy plants. Weeding. Drainage. Disinfect tools.

NematodesWorm (Radopholus sp.) Gill Former (Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds. Adequate fertilization

with organic material.

Biological: Entomopathogenic Black Chigger

(Cosmopolites sp.)Cultural: Clearing. Good quality seeds. Fertilization. Weed control.

Mechanical: Traps made with

harvest remnants. Constant monitoring.

Biological: Beauveria bassiana. Metarhizium anisopilae.

Chemical: Baited traps.

Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

Arthropods

Screw Worm (Castnia sp.) Cultural: Clearing around the base

of the plant. Clean base of pseudo-stem. Sow healthy plants. Eradicate affected plants. Disinfect affected areas. Good seed selection. Seeds should come from

healthy plantations, Good seed preparation. Good disinfection. Good weed control. Build Jackson traps to

capture adult specimens.





Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis.

Chemical: Apply before the larvae

enter the pseudo-stem. Use bait to attract the pest.Red Spider mite

(Tetranychus sp.)Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis. Abundant beneficent

fauna: spiders; Stethorus sp., Oligota sp. (predators)

Chemical: Trichlorfon.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Amitraz

Basket worm (Oyketicus sp.)

Biological: Psychidosmicra sp. Iphiaulax sp. Spilochalcis sp. Eurytoma sp. (larva

parasites). Beauveria bassiana

Beauveria bassiana

Fuzzy leaf worm Cultural: Good crop management:

Fertilization. Drainage.

Biological: Elachertus sp. Trichogramma exiguum

(parasitoids). Lizards, spiders and

frogs (predators).

Biological: Elachertus sp. Trichogramma exiguum

(parasitoids). Lizards, spiders and

frogs (predators).

Trichogramma exiguum

Cabrito Worm (Opsiphanes sp.,Caligo sp.)

Cultural: Eradicate pupae and larvae. Pruning and removal of

leaves.

Biological: Good natural control. Protect natural enemies

of the worm.Fruit scarring beetles (Colaspis sp.) & Mapairero or angel bee or short hair bee(Trigona sp.)

Cultural: Take samples of pupae and

larvae. Weed control. Adequate fertilization. Good drainage.




Collection of branches that are at the flowering or sprouting stage.

Biological: Frogs, lizards. Predators.

Striped Chigger and Yellow Chigger(Metamasius sp.)

Cultural: Unharmed seeds. Banana pseudo-stem traps.

Micobiological: Beauveria

bassiana. Chemical: Not

suggested.

Beauveria bassiana

Saddle Worm Biological: Apply good natural control. Protect natural enemies

of the worm.WeedsVarious

Manual: Use machete or scythe,

taking care not to cut the roots, which are very shallow.

Manual clearing around the base of the plant around the plants.

Cultural: Uniform distribution of the

shoots and post-harvest remnants over the cropping area.

Vegetable covering (legumes).

Ametryne

BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris)

To prevent bean plants from deteriorating because of pest and disease infestations, an integrated management of the different types of control methods should be employed; this consists of various coordinated tasks or practices performed in a timely manner according to crop conditions to prevent or minimize pest and disease infestations.Common Añublo,

Common bacteriosis (Xanthomonas sp.)

Cultural: Use seeds that are not

affected by the pathogen. Removal and elimination

of post harvest bean remnants.

Rotate with crops that do

Bordeaux mixture Copper mixtureCopper



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDshelter the bacteria

(cereals, vegetables). Plough thoroughly.

Chemical: Protect the seeds or foliage.

Macrophomina Rot (Macrophomina sp.)

Cultural: Adequate soil humidity

by supplementary watering during dry seasons.

Destruction of post harvest bean remnants.

Rotate with crops that do not shelter the disease such as vegetables.

Use seeds that are not

Carboxin

Thiram

(<5%)

Airborne Fungal Pests

Ringed Stain, Red Stain (Phoma sp.)

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.) Gray

Stain (Cercospora sp.)

Dusty Stain (Ramularia

sp.) Angular Stain

(Phaeoisariopsis sp.)Stringy Wilting (Thanathephorus sp.)

White Mold

(Sclerotinia sp.) Gray

mold, LeafAñublo (Botrytis sp.) Azaridachti

Difenoconazole AzoxystrobinAzoxystrobin+Difenoconazole (for Stringy Wilting and molds)

For gray mold:

For Rust Disease: Bordeaux mixtureSulfur Oxycarboxin

For Dusty Mildew: SulfurTriforine Insecticidal soapsof natural extracts (Agroil),other insecticidal soap

For Gray Stain: Copper hydroxide Triadimefon



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED(Pseudocercosporella sp.)

Yellowing, Fusarium Withering (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: Sow in raised rows or

high furrow. Mound up soil around the

plants and establish adequate supports for the crop.

Avoid inflicting wounds on the plant that can serve as entrances for the pathogen.

Rotate with nonsusceptible crops such as cereals or vegetables.


Captan

Carboxin + Captan,

Carboxin + Thiram

(<5%)


Chancro, Root Rot (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: Use clean seeds. Shallow sowing in raised

rows or high furrows. Rotate with corn crop. Application of

nitrogen and calcium fertilizers.

Apply earthing up to affected plants.

Genetic: Use resistant

varieties. Chemical: Not

suggested.

FlutolanilCarboxin + Thiram (<5%) Captan

Fusarium Root Rot Cultural: Ample sowing distances. Rotate affected bean

fields with corn or vegetable crops.

Clear out post harvest remnants.

Apply dolomite lime. Apply nitrogen fertilizer

in the form of nitrates. High earthing up for the

affected plants.


varieties. Chemical: Use




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDPythium Rot Cultural:

Sow in well-drained soil. Widen sowing distances. Take measures to

increase aeration of the crop.

Prompt earthing up of affected plants.

Propamocarb Captan Metalaxyl

Southern Añublo (Sclerotium sp.)

Cultural: Immediate eradication

or elimination of affected plants.

Destruction of post harvest remnants.

Elimination of weeds that might be susceptible to the disease.

Ensure good drainage at the moment of sowing.

Chemical: Fungicides Bacteriosis, Bacterial Añublo,Halo Añublo (Pseudomona sp.)

Cultural: Use clean seeds. Rotate with crops that do

not host the pathogen such as potato, grains, wheat, vegetables.


Copper oxychloride KasugamycinBordeaux mixture Copper hydroxide

Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV)

Cultural: Use of certified seeds. Avoid terraced sowing.


varieties. Chemical:

control of aphids.

Imidacloprid Dimethoate

lnsecticidal soaps of natural extracts

Bean Severe Common Mosaic Virus (BSCMV)

Cultural: Avoid planting bean crops

nearby soybean or corn. Sow during rainy seasons.

Bean Small Mosaic Virus(BSMV), chlorotic speckling of the bean

Cultural: Sowing of bean during

moderately rainy seasons with low temperatures.

Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV)

Cultural: Plan sowing dates in such a

way as to ensure that the young bean plants develop during periods of low temperatures and high relative humidity.

Keep the bean crop isolated from commercial



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDcotton crops.

Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: Rotate with less

susceptible crops such as pastures and cereals.

Frequent weeding. Fertilization with large

quantities of organic material.

Sowing in and incorporation of the soil used for cultivation of crops such as Yellow Rose, Death Flower, (Tagetes sp.), Cascabelillo (Crotalaria sp.).

Biological: Application to the soil of

antagonistic organisms such as: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana.

Paecilomyces

lilacinus

Metarhizium

anisopliae

Beauveria

bassiana

Arthropods

Pests of the soilGrain Worms (Delia sp.)

Slugs (Milax sp,

Deroceras sp.), Earth

bugs, Diggers (Agrotis

sp.,Spodoptera sp.),Chiza orMojojoy (Ancognata sp. andPhyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: Black (ultraviolet) light

traps placed around the bean field.

Good soil preparation. Removal of previous post

harvest remnants.

Biological: Use substrata contaminated with entomopathogenic nematodes, such as:

Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus popillae.

Chemical: Bait and application to

the soil (slugs and earth bugs).

For Earth bugs: Trichlorfon

False Measurer, Sticky Sticky (Trichoplusia sp., Omiodes sp.)

Biological: Various natural enemies:

Wasp (Trichogramma sp)




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDLeaf Eating Beetles:

(Naopactus sp.)Diabrotica sp. Cerotoma sp.)Defoliant Worms (Pseudoplusia sp.)White Flies (Trialeurodes

sp.) Green Parrot pest, Leaf Hopper (Empoasca

sp.)Sapper, Bore (Liriomyza sp.)Aphids, (Macrosiphum sp, Aphis sp.,Myzus sp.)Sappers (Agromyza sp.,

Cultural: Install adhesive yellow

strips to attract and capture the White Flies.

Crop rotation. Sowing during rainy

seasons. Use of hay coverings

(Green Parrot pest).

Biological: Many natural enemies.

For aphids: lady bugs (Coccinélidos), wasps (Polystes sp.)

For White Flies: wasps of the genus Amitus, funguses Verticillium lecanii

Dimethoate

For aphids: Imidacloprid DimethoateInsecticidal soaps of natural extracts (Agroil)

For White Flies: Pyriproxifen

Pod Pests, Pod Passers (Laspeyresia sp.)Shoot Worm, Pod Borers (Epinotia sp.)


Dimethoate

Thrips (Thrips sp., Frankliniella sp.)

Cultural: Deploy adhesive blue strips to attract and capture adult thrips.

Biological: Natural enemies.Chrisoperla externa.

Imidacloroprid Chlorfenapyr Spinosad

Weevil (Acanthoscelides sp.)

Cultural: Do not leave beans in storage for too long before de- husking them.

Chemical: In storage.Weeds

VariousCultural: Weeding by hand or using a weeding hoe at 30 daysafter planting and again at flowering. Chemical: Pre-emergent, post- emergent.

Linuron Bentazon Fluazifop-p-butyl

BEET(Beta vulgaris)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDinspections. In the Amazon no

known pests or diseases afflict this crop.

Earth bugs, Antenna Worm, Gray Worm (Agrotis sp.),GreenWorm (Phytometra sp.,

Cultural: Soil preparation labors should be carried out during a warm season.

Defoliants, Aphids (Epitrix sp.), Beetles Leaf Eaters (Diabrotica sp. Cerotoma sp.) False Measurer (Trichoplusia sp.)Stalk pest SuckersAphids (Myzus sp.) Green Parrot pest (Empoasca

Thiamethoxam

Leaf Sapper (Lyriomyza sp.)

Thiamethoxam

Root Sapper (Plaumannimya Beet Fly (Pegomya sp.) Biological: Many natural

enemies. Chemical:

Application of product.

Sulfur Imidachloroprid Dimethoate TrichlorfonCassida (Cassida sp.) Chemical: Application of

product.Dimethoate

Cleonus (Cleonus sp.) Cultural: Avoid repeating the crop.

Chemical: Chemical treatment should be directed at the adults, since the larvae, although very fragile, are located inside the roots where they are difficult to reach.

Treatments should be made sometime between the first appearance of adults and the beginning of their mating season. It is recommendable to alternate between different active ingredients to prevent Slugs (Deroceras sp, Chemical: Application of bait.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDLimax sp, Milax sp.)

Diseases

Mildew (Peronospora sp.)

Chemical: Application of product in the case of successive attacks.

Copper oxychloride

White Stain (Cercorspora sp.)

Cultural: This fungus has a high capacity for survival in the soil: The beet should be

rotated with other crops and

a deep and thorough tilling of the soil should be performed after harvest.


SulfurCyproconazole Calcium Copper sulfateCopper oxychloride

Rust Disease (Uromyces sp.)

Cultural: Do not use excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, since this encourages the outbreak of this disease.


Calcium Copper Sulfate Difenoconazole

Nematodes (Heterodera sp.,Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: Maintain the surface

free of weeds. In the case of high levels

of infection, plant another crop for prolonged period.

Oidium disease (Erysiphe


Sulfur Cyproconazole

Wine Disease (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: Disinfection of the seed. Design a good drainage

system to avoid accumulation of water into puddles and to improve the soil structure.

Rotate crops.Sclerotic Disease (Sclerocium sp.)

Cultural: Disinfection of the seed,

especially if there have been other cases in the region previously.

Uproot and burn the infected plants, even if they are in a healthy area, next to the affected Yellowing of the beet Cultural:

Take action against the aphids.

Uproot and burn the affected plants so that



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDinto a focus of

infection.

Heart Disease Cultural: Apply boron to the terrain in the form of boric acid (before sowing in the foundation fertilization).

Boric acid

Weeds

Grasses and broad leaves Cultural: Weeding by hands or using hoes or machines.

Chemical: Application of herbicides.

BLACKBERRY (Rubusglaucus)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and variations), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections. Blackberry cultivation requires adequate control of weeds that compete with the crop for water, light, and nutrients. The lack of any of these key factors directly affects the uniform development of the branches and fruit. Weeds also serve as shelters for pests and diseases that reduce the post-harvest life of the crop and Stem Worm or Root

Neck Worm (Epialus sp., Zascelis sp.)

Cultural: Prune the plant. Find stems that are

affected or perforated at the base and burn them.

Use of pest free material when sowing.

Permanently eliminate the weeds around the base of the blackberry plants.

Do timely and adequate fertilization.

For new sowings, remove the post harvest remnants of previous harvests from the soil.

Crumble the soil well in the holes where the plants are to be established.

Metarhizium sp. Beauveria BassianaPaecilomyces fumosoroseus Alisin (natural plant extracts)




Metarhizium sp. Beauveria bassiana. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Chemical: Use insecticide before sowing.

Fruit Fly (Anastrepha

sp.)

Cultural: Destruction of the affected

fruit. Pick ripe blackberries

twice per week. Lay traps with pheromones. Not recommendable to

sow blackberry at altitudes below 1,800 m.a.s.l.

Biological: Paecilomyces. Eucalyptus extract. Basil.

Chemical: Applications of products with purge honey.

Paecilomyces

Delthametrin Spinosad

Red Spider (Tetranychus sp.)

Cultural: Good weed control. Water by spraying in

summer. Supportive pruning. Good fertilization. Good humidity.

Chemical: Applications of sulfur products.

Sulfur

Earth Pearl (Eurthizococcus

sp.)

Cultural: Good fertilization. Use of pest free sowing

material. Eradication of the crop.

Biological: Paecilomyces sp.

Paecilomyces sp.

Aphids(Aphis sp., Myzus sp.)

Cultural: Good fertilization.

Biological: Natural enemies, such asCycloneda sanguínea.

Chemical: Applications of products. Apply rue, chilli pepper

Dimethoate

Garlic-chilli pepper (Garlycin) extracts

Virgin Burrita Bug (Compsus sp.), Stink Bug (Proxys sp.)

Cultural: Good management of

weeds. Clearing around the base

of the plant.

Chilli pepper – Garlic (Garlycin)




Removal of pruned materials.

Apply rue, chilli pepper extract – garlic.

Tender Tissue Worm (Seticosta sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of the damaged material.

Biological: Wasp. Braconidae: Agathidianae.

Altica sp., Schreckenstinia sp.

Cultural: Destroy any foliage that has been infested by the larvae.DISEASES

Red Blackberry Disease Mites (Acalitus sp.)

Cultural: Frequently examine the crop and select plants for various inflorescences observations to determine if they are being attacked by this pest.

Chemical: sulfur based products.

Sulfur

Ants (Atta sp.) Cultural: Use toasted bread moistened with vinegar and living lime.

Biological: Trichoderma sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Thrips or fire flies (Thrips

sp.)

Cultural: Chilli pepper extract–

garlic- coconut soap. Keep the crop free of

flowering weeds. Deploy white sticky

traps to capture adults.

Supportive pruning. Good fertilization. Good humidity.

Biological: Verticillium. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Alisin. Soy oil.

Chemical: Insecticide +

Verticillium lecanii Paecilomyces Fumosoroseus Garlic extractCarrier (soy oil)

Chlorfenapyr Deltamethrin Dimethoato

Leaf beetles (Diabrotica sp.)

Cultural: Chilli pepper extract – garlic.

AlisinNatural garlic extracts DeltamethrinMonalion (Monalion sp.) Cultural: Rue extract. Deltamethrin



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDMites (Phytum sp.) Biological:

Application of antagonistic funguses: Verticillium.

Verticillium lecaniiSoybean oil. Sulfur

Withering (Verticillium

sp.)

Cultural: Eradicate affected plants. Plant material free of the

fungus.

Biological: Applications of

antagonistic funguses to the soil: Trichoderma sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Anthracnose(Sclerotinia sp., Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Prune and destroy

affected branches and stems.

Good aeration (weeding and clearing around the base of the plant) within the crop.

Good fertilization. Apply sisal, chamomile,

and horse tail extracts.

Chemical: Alternated application of fungicides.

Copper fungicides CaptanBordeaux mixture, Horticultural iodine

Fuzzy Mildew (Peronospora

sp.)

Cultural: Prune and destroy the

affected tissue. Maintain good aeration. Apply chamomile and

horse tail extract.

Biological: Trichoderma sp.

Chemical: Application of copper based fungicides.

Copper oxychloride, Fosethyl Aluminium Bordeaux mix Dimetomorf Trichoderma sp.

Gray mold (Botrytis

sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate and destroy

affected fruit. Prompt harvest of ripe fruit. Avoid gathering fruit

from the soil. Avoid picking wet fruit. Establish wind breaks. Eliminate excess

unproductive material. Adequate pruning to

ensure good aeration in the plantation.

Biological: Antagonistic fungus:

Trichoderma sp.

Trichoderma sp.CaptanBordeaux mixture



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChemical: Application of

protective action fungicides.

Dusty Mildew (Oidium

sp.)

Cultural: Pruning and destruction (burial) of all stems that show symptoms.

Chemical: Application of sulfur based products.

Bitertanol Sulfur Azoxystrobin

Leaf Stain (Septoria sp.) Cultural: Separation and burning of the sick plants.

Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Captan

Rust Disease (Mainsia sp.,Gymnocoria sp.)

Cultural: Pruning and

destruction of severely affected tissue.

Nettles extract.


Captan Bitertanol SulfurCopper oxychloride Horticultural iodine Bordeaux Mosaics,

deformations, dwarfism (virus)

Cultural: eliminate and destroy affected plants

Stem Disease (Rhizoctonia

sp.)

Cultural: Solarization of the

substrata before filling bags.

Eliminate post harvest remnants.

Biological: Antagonistic fungus:

Trichoderma sp.

Root Rot (Rosellina sp.) Cultural: Pruning. Adequate fertilization. Soil disinfection.


antagonistic funguses to the soil, such as: Trichoderma sp.

Chemical: Copper based fungicides.

Trichoderma sp.Copper oxychloride

Weeds



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDVarious species

Mechanical: Weeding using “machete”

to keep the furrow free of stem.

Woodworms. In the row, weeds with long shoots are to be controlled every three months. Use of scythe.

Chemical: Application of herbicides with a screen.BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium

sp.) Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.Birds Cultural: Control methods.

Hares Cultural: Fence the lots.

White Pig Bug (Pseudococcus sp.)

Cultural: Take at least 5 samples each year of fruit, branches, cracks, and dry leaves from the tree and around the trunk.

Biological: Parasitoids, such as:

Coccophagus sp. Tetracnemoidea sp.

Predators, such as: Leucopis sp. Ocyptamus sp. Cryptolaemus sp. Hyperaspis sp. Scymnus sp. Sympherobiae sp. Chrysoperla sp.

Chemical: Avoid use of non-specific insecticides.

Refined mineral oil

Soft scales (Coccus sp.)

Cultural: Pruning of infected

branches. Monitor the presence of

parasitoids on the branches (by

Refined mineral oil



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDthe

scales).

Biological: Such as: Coccophagus sp. Metaphycus sp.

Chemical: When infections are

severe and no natural enemies are present.

Do not use phosphorous or pyrethroid insecticides Capachito Bugs, Burrito

Bugs, Cabrito Bugs, Caballito Bugs(Asynonychus sp., Aegorhinus sp., Otiorhynchus sp.,Agrostis sp.)

Preventative: Selective location

of the plantation. Management and

recognition of insects and their shelters.

Elimination of affected plants.

Physical: Nets, canals. Use of Jackson traps.

Biological: Entomopathogenic funguses and nematodes.

Berry Weevil (Otiorhynchus sp.)

Cultural: Use of bait traps.

Diseases

Septoriosis

Anthracnose Chemical: Application of product.

Captan Dichloran TriforinRoot Rot (Phytophthora sp.,

Exobasidium sp.)Preventative: Good soil drainage. Avoid excess drainage. Establish healthy plants. Avoid heavy soils. Plant in raised rows if

necessary.

Metalaxyl

Rust disease of the flowers (Botrytis sp.)

Preventative: Avoid overhead irrigation during development of the buds and flowering.

Stem Rust Disease Cultural: Pruning of infected parts.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED(Botryosphera sp.) Elimination of buds and

fruit on young plants. Pruning of adult plants to

reduce the load of the harvest and minimize the impact of drought and other stressfactors.Moniliniasis

or Mummyberry


Captan Dichloran TriforinFussicoccum Preventative: Prune and burn

affected stems.Captan

Collecotrichum Preventative: Eradicate and burn affected stems.

Crown Gills Preventative: Establish disease-free

plants. Avoid inflicting wounds

on the plants.Shoe Strings (Illinois sp.) Preventative:

Use of healthy raw material. Elimination of infected

plants. Control of aphids. Clean farm implements

before moving from one crop to another.

Ring Stain Virus (Xiphinema sp.)

Preventative: Take soil samples and

test for nematodes before establishing a crop.

Establish healthy plants. Eliminate sick plants.

Weeds

Various species Mechanical: Timely manual cleaning

of the rows. Use of weed tillage-

cultivators.

Chemical: Systemic or contact

herbicides. Keep in mind that the

root system of blueberry CACAO (Theobroma cacao)

Cacao crops present an excellent opportunity to implement an agricultural pest management system that minimizes the use of external inputs such as chemical



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDpromotes the use of

environmentally “clean” crop management practices. The following proposed “ecological cultivation” methods are well adapted to practices already employed by the cacao farmers and to what FEDECACAO (the National Federation of Cacao Growers) is promoting.Moniliasis

(Moniliophthorasp.)

Cultural: Diminish internal humidity;. Shade and weed control. Prune and fertilize well.

Physical: Sanitary pruning of

affected fruits at 8 day intervals at the beginning of the rainy season or flowering period.

During drier periods prune every 15 days.


Biological: Application of bio- controllers, such as: T. harzianum.

Chemical: Fungicides have

Trichoderma harzianumCopper sulfate

Witch’s Broom (Crinipellis

sp.)

Cultural: Pruning and shade

regulation. Weed control.

Physical: Uproot “brooms” (17 week cycle).

Genetic: Use tolerant clones.

Biological: Application of bio- controllers, such as: T. harzianum.


Phytoftera or Grayish-brown Rot of the Stalk and Trunk Cancer (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Diminish internal humidity. Shade and weed control. Prune and fertilize well. Removal of sick fruits.

Physical: Same as for Monilia. It is difficult to distinguish between the symptoms of these two.

Chemical: When cuts are

Metalaxyl Sealing paste



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDmay be necessary to use

metalaxyl with sealing paste, to be spread on the trunk.

Roselinia or Star Sore (Rosellinia

sp.)

Cultural: Shade management and

adequate fertilization. Inga, used as shade,

is very susceptible to fungus.

Maintain biological equilibrium of the soil.

Physical: Destruction of trees if

necessary, including burning of the roots.

Allow solarization.

Trichoderma

Machete Disease (Ceratocystis

sp.)

Cultural: Phytosanitary pruning. Burning in extreme cases. Avoid wounding the trees.

Chemical: Disinfection of tools is

important before pruning and other tasks.

Wounds caused by cuts should be covered with sealing paste (copper oxychloride or metalaxyl).

Sodium hypochlorite Copper oxychloride Metalaxyl

Pink Disease (Corticium sp.),Verticillium sp.

Cultural: Pruning. Shade management. Drainage.

Chemical: Apply preparation of paste with lime, copper sulfate and water.

Methalaxyl Bordeaux Paste

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: Disinfection of the nursery substrata.

Sclerotin Cultural: Good cultural practices,

taking care not to wound the tree.

Avoid accumulation of water in puddles.

ArthropodsYellow Chigger,RED Chigger (Monalonium sp.)

Cultural: Reduce shade and pruning. Nim extracts, chilli pepper,

onion.

Mechanical: Kill larvae by

Beauveria bassiana Bacillus thuringiensis



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDsqueezing the

fruits. Physical:

Apply torches.

Biological: Apply bio-controllers, such as:

Beauveria bassiana. Bacillus thuringiensis.Leaf Cutting Ant (Atta sp.) Cultural:

Identify ant-hills locations. Keep paths clean. Mechanical destruction of

anthills. Prevent emergence of the

winged mating ants. Apply plant purines,

such as: garlic, chilli pepper.

Ecological: Repellant plants, such asCannavalia.

Biological: Apply bait with Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium sp., to be placed in the paths or near the entrances to the anthills.

Chemical: Apply lime to change pH

and thus diminish the funguses that are the pest’s food source.

Contamination of the anthills using

Copper sulfate Pyrimiphos methyl

Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium sp.

Garlic – chilli pepper extract

Aphids

Thrips (Selenotrips sp.) Cultural: Avoid excess light over the

crop. Eliminate shelter plants.

Sulfur Bordeaux mix

Chiza (Ancognata sp.) Cultural: Use light traps.

Biological: Apply bio-controllers, such

asTrichoderma harzianum.

Disinfection of the terrain:

Trichoderma harzianum Metarhizium anisopliae

Black Chigger (Mecistorhinus

sp.)

Biological: Apply bio-controllers, such as: Gliocladium. Phanuropsis

semiflaviventris.

Imidachloroprid



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDFruit Passer (Sinantedum

sp.)Cultural: Removal and destruction of infected fruit.

Stored Cacao Moth (Cadra sp.)

Cultural: Disinfection of the storage room.

Cacao Grain Beetle (Araecerus sp.)

Cultural: Storage in clean and

ventilated rooms. Incineration of the crop

(legal).Ardillas, birds. Cultural: Removal of over-ripe

fruit.

CASSAVA (Manihot sp.) Cassava is an ideal crop for biological control methods because of its long vegetative phase (8-14 months). Key principles: a) it is not necessary to have high levels of pest resistance; b) the climate, especially rainfall, is a key factor; c) cultural control and agronomic practices play a fundamental role: selection of good sowing material, crop rotation, etc.;d) use insecticides only Mites (various species) Cultural: Apply organic solutions,

such as: Anamú. Pig ferns. Rue. Citronela Oil. Basil. Paradise tree. Bitter sage.


varieties. Biological:There are organic materials, predators and entomopathogenic funguses under development.

Biomel.

Dimethoate

Verticillium

lecanii

Soybean oil

White Flies (various species)

Cultural: Cultivate associated with

caupí. Sow during rainy season. Good weeding.


varieties. Biological such

as:





Metarhizium anisopilae.

Physical: Use yellow traps.

Horned Worm (Erinnys ello) Cultural: Till the soil. Weeding. Rotate crops. Use black (ultraviolet) light

traps. Manual removal of larvae.

Biological controllers and predators, such as: Trichogramma sp. Chrysopa sp. Bacillus thuringiensis Baculovirus.

Bacillus thuringiensis Trichogramma sp.

Thrips (various species) Cultural: Adequate soil. Good fertilization. Good watering. Avoid application of

pesticides too early.

Genetic: Use resistant varieties, based on the fuzziness of the leaf buds.

Underground Chigger (Cyrtomenus sp.)

Cultural: Intercrop with Crotalaria

(has little commercial value and slightly diminishes the cassava yields).

Crop rotation (but do not sow in the same lot).

Genetic: Bitter varieties are the most resistant.

Biological, such as: Metarhizium. Bacillus thuringiensis. Beauveria bassiana.

Metarhizium Bacillus thuringiensis Beauveria bassiana

White bugs (Chizas Blancas) or Mojorro bugs (various species

Cultural: Till the soil to a good

depth (so that the pest is exposed to the sun).

Plan sowing during periods when infestation is low.

Biological entomopathogenic organisms, such as:

Metarhizium anisopliae

For the stakes: Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria basiana, Bacillus popilliae



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED Bacillus popilliae

Chemical: Disinfect seed.

Diggers (various genuses and species)

Chemical-cultural: Poisoned bait or localized applications.

Stem Woodworms (Coelosternus sp., Lagochirus sp., Chilomima sp.)

Cultural: Remove and burn post

harvest remnants. Capture adults with stake

traps. Select sowing stakes.

Biological, such as: Trichogramma sp. Bacillus thuringiensis.

Chemical: Chemical control is difficult.Direct application at the holes to minimize environmental impact.

Trichogramma sp. Bacillus thuringiensis

Cutter Ants (Atta sp.) Cultural: Change the pH level of the

ant nest with lime to kill the funguses that nurture the queen.

Capture the queens when they leave the nests on their mating flight.

Destroy nests using a rod.

Chemical: Apply blower to the Diseases

Bacterial Añublo (Xanthomonas sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy stakes. Rotate with corn or

sorghum. Install corn barriers. Well-drainage of soil. Wood weeding. Good fertilization. Eradicate sick plants. Sow at the end of the

rainy season.

Chemical: Apply to the stakes.

Copper Oxychloride MethalaxylCaptan

Super Lengthening (Sphaceloma manihoticola)

Cultural: Use healthy stakes. Rotate with grasses. Plant in seasons that

are less rainy.

Metalaxyl



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDGenetic: Use resistant

varieties. Chemical:

Apply to the stakes.Root rot (Phythophtora sp.) Cultural: Select adequate and deep

soil. Sow on raised rows. Drain properly. Eradicate focal points

of the outbreak. Use clean seed.

Biological: Trichoderma.

Physical: Thermal treatment of the stakes (49°C for 49 minutes).

Frog Leather or Zaragoza Cultural: Eliminate sick plants. Control sucker insects.

Weeds

Various species Cultural: Adequate selection of land. Use of quality seed and

stakes. Optimal sowing density. Perform several weedings

with manual implements until the crop completely closes and prevents the development of weeds because of reduced penetration of light.

Mechanical: Use of tractor or animal drawn tools (cultivators, rotor discs, claws) that pass between the rows and raised rows, beginning 15 to 30 days after planting and if the coverage permits.

Chemical: Pre- and post-

Fluomethuron Linuron Fluazifop-p-butyl

CHILI PEPPER/BELL PEPPER/ BLACK PEPPER

The cultivation of pepper presents an excellent opportunity to implement a pest management system that minimizes the use of external inputs, especially chemical pesticides, and promotes the use of environmentally clean crop management practices.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDto maintain constant and

detailed careof the crop. The crop can be integrated into mixed crop cultivations in humid, tropical places. The accompanying vegetation must be established before the black pepper crop. Black pepper can be cultivated organically if and when basic cultural pest control principles are applied, some of which are presented below.Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)Cultural: Disinfect pruning tools. Apply agricultural lime

to the neck of the plant.

Prune and incinerate pruned materials outside of the plantation.

Use healthy plants or resistant varieties.

Control nematodes.

In the case of intense infestation: Bordeaux mix

Oidiopsis (Leveillula sp.) Cultural: Elimination of weeds

and crop remnants. Use of healthy plants.

Sulfur Triadimefon AzoxystrobGray Rot (Botryotinia sp.) Cultural:

Elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants.

Take care not to cause damage to the plants.

Cut the stem only with sharp, clean tools.

Control nitrogen levels. Use plastic coverings that

absorb UV rays. Ensure the spacing

on the plantation that allows good aeration.

Practice adequate water

Ciprodinil Fludioxonil Tebuconazol

White Rot (Sclerotinia sp.) Cultural: Elimination of weeds,

crop remnants and infected plants.

Use plastic coverings that absorb UV rays.

Ensure the spacing on the plantation that allows good aeration.

Do adequate water management.

Ciprodinil Fludioxonil Tebuconazol



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDDryness or Sadness,

Withering or “wilt” (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Use of healthy

seedlings and substrata.

Clear out post harvest remnants, especially roots and stems.

Ensure the spacing on the plantation that allows good aeration.

Do adequate water management.

Solarization. Sow in soil with good

drainage.Bacterial Mange or Scabies (Xanthomonas sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of weeds,


Avoid high humidity levels. Utilize healthy and

disinfected seeds. Practice adequate

management of watering. Do not water by

spraying if infestation occurs in nurseries.

Chemical: The pest has developed some resistance to the copper products.

Copper Sulfate

Bland Rot (Erwinia sp.) Cultural: Elimination of weeds,


Avoid damaging the plants when cutting.

Good ventilation. Adequate

management of watering.

Disinfect the tools with a solution of 20% bleach.

Do not fertilize with excess nitrogen.

Ensure the spacing on the plantation allows good aeration.

Chemical: Chemical treatment is not very Root Rot (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: Disinfect pruning tools. Apply agricultural lime

to the neck of the plant.

Prune and incinerate pruned materials outside of the

CarboxinCopper oxychloride + Metalaxyl In the case of severeinfestation: Bordeaux



Use healthy plants or resistant varieties.

Control nematodes.

Chemical: Better to rely upon preventive measures.

Stem Rot (Sclerotium sp.) Cultural: Crop rotation. Avoid heavy, poorly drained

soils.PMMV (virus of the light stains of the bell pepper)

Cultural: Utilize virus-free seeds. Utilize resistant varieties. Disinfect the soil. Disinfect hands and work

tools after use.


Cultural: Use of resistant varieties. Conduct soil disinfection. Use healthy plants.

Biological: Rue

extract Physical: Steam sterilization. Solarization.

Arthropods

Chigger (Dasynus sp.) Biological: Systemic biological insecticides.

Capsaicin AzadirachtinSegmented Perforator

(Symmestrichema

sp.), Fruit Perforator (Gnorischema sp.)

Chemical: Application of insecticides.

Horticultural oil Pyrimiphos methyl Imidachloroprid Horned Worm (Panacea

sp.)Cultural: Apply home brew insecticide (500g. of chilli pepper, 200g. natural soap) every 5 days.


Cultural: Disinfection of

structures and soil. Elimination of weeds

and crop remnants. Avoid excess nitrogen. Monitoring of the crop

during the initial phases.

Biological: There are natural enemies,

Pesticide Evaluation Report & Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) | USAID/Colombia Agricultural Activities 108



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDsuch as:

Amblyseius Phytoseiulus persimillis Feltiella acarisuga

White Spider (Polyphagotarsonem


Horticultural oil Sulfur

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp. and Bermisia sp.)

Cultural: Lay mesh, elimination of

weeds and crop remnants.

Do not mix crops. Do not leave plants in the

field at the end of the cycle.

Lay chromatic yellow traps.

Biological: Use natural enemies, such as:

Encarsia Cyrtopeltis tenuis

Horticultural oil Pyrimiphos methyl Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Aphids (Aphis sp., Macrosiphun sp.)



Lay chromatic yellow traps.


Aphidoletes aphidimyza Aphidius Lysiphlebus testaicepes.

Horticultural oil Sulfur Imidachloroprid Pyrimiphos methyl Azadirachtin

Thrips (Frankliniella sp.) Cultural: Lay mesh, elimination of


Do not mix crops. Do not leave plants in the

field at the end of the cycle.

Lay chromatic blue traps.


Caterpillars (Spodoptera sp.)



In heavy infestation eliminate and destroy the low leaves of the plant.

Lay pheromone traps and light traps.

Monitor the first stages of development of the plants.

Biological: Use natural

SulfurPyrimiphos methyl




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED Nuclear Polyhydrosis

Virus of S. exigua

Lice (Pseudococcus sp.) Cultural: Elimination of weeds Maintain good

clearing and plantation hygiene.


Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.

Leptomastix dactylopii.

Chemical: Chemical treatment has proven Mites Cultural: Eliminate weeds and

vegetable debris that shelter the pest.

Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer.

Application of mineral oils. Application of calcium

hydroxide.

Biological: Systemic

Amitraz Sulfur

Refined mineral oils

Weeds Various species Cultural: Manual weeding

with hoe, machete or moto-scythes

Cultivate living coverage material in between rows.CHONTADURO

(PEACH PALM)See palm cultivation below.

CITRUCES (LEMON, TANGERINE,ORANGE)(Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, Citrus aurantium)

Oranges constitute 75% of all citruses, tangerines 10%, and other species such as grapefruit and limes or lemons 15%. To maintain the crops in good sanitary condition an integrated set of practices should be employed, oriented towards sustaining a balanced ecosystem in the plantation, such as: use of resistant vegetable materials, good weed control, adequate pruning, adequate and timely fertilization, use of chemical Scales or Lice

(Lepidosaphes sp., Unaspis sp., Pinastis sp., Aonidiella sp., Chrysomphalus,Planococcus sp., Coccus sp.,

Cultural: Good weed control. Adequate fertilization. Periodic revisions to

prune branches. Removal of cuttings from

the

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam Agrarian oils Insecticidal



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDsp., Ceroplastes sp., Icerya

sp. andOrthezia sp.)

plantation.

Biological: Parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic funguses, such as:

Aschersonia sp.

Chemical: Targeted insecticides and targeted

Coatings of insecticidal soaps

Aphids (Toxoptera sp,Aphis sp.)

Cultural: Periodic revisions,

marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Biological: Parasitoids, predators and

Dimethoate (RUP)

White Flies (Aleurothrixus sp., Aleurocanthus sp., Dialeurodes sp., Paraleyrodes

Cultural: Periodic revisions,

marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.


Insecticidal soap

Thrips (Heliothrips sp., Scitotrhripssp.)

Cultural: Periodic inspections, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible. Adhesive plant extracts and soaps.


Agrarian oils Imidachloroprid Thriamethoxan (RUP) Dimethoate (RUP)

Leaf eaters(Papillo sp., Platynota sp., Halisidota sp., Panoquina sp., Epitrix sp., Cerotoma sp. and Diabrotica sp.)

Cultural: Periodic revisions, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Biological: Insect predators. Spiders. Parasitoids. Virus. Birds (insectivores). Entomopathogenic

funguses.


Foliage Sappers (Phyllocnistis sp.)

Cultural: Periodic revisions, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Biological: Predators. Parasitoids. Entomopathogenic

funguses.




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChemical: Chitin inhibitors,

ecdysone formation simulators.

Citrus Root Chiggers Cultural: Good drainage. Adequate

fertilization and irrigation.

Adequate weeding.

Biological. Entomopathogenic funguses such as:

Beauveria bassiana. Metharizium anisopliae.

Chemical: Not

Beauveria bassiana Metharizium anisopliae

Mites(Phyllocoptruta sp., Poliphagotarsonemus sp., Panonychus sp., Tetranychus

Cultural: Constant monitoring and careful sampling and identification of the focal points.

Chemical: Targeted application of

insecticides, alone or mixed with agricultural Termites

Cultural: Remove all wood debris

from the cultivated lots. Use of wood stakes

not recommended during establishment.

Keep the grafts or patterns clear of dust, dirt, or mud.

Also, periodic revisions, marking off affected branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Place traps baited with soft wood at the edge of the lots or between the trees.

Chemical: Granular Ants Cultural: Periodic revisions. Mark off affected

branches with colored ribbons to make them visible.

Use of glue and repellants applied on plastic strips tied around the trunks.

Chemical:




Apply directly into the entrance of the anthill.

Spray formicides. Use toxic bait. Use insecticides diluted

with sugar or honey in water and applied around the tree trunks.

Diseases

Damping Off or Volcamiento (Phytophthora sp, Pythium sp.,

Cultural: Avoid excess

watering. Chemical:

Treatment of the soil.

Thiabendazole

Root Sores (Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of sick trees,

including total extraction and burning of the roots and remnants.

Expose the area to solarization for at least two months.

Citruses and cassava should not be cultivated close together.

Physical: Early detection allows

recourse to surgery on the affected roots.

Surrounding area should be solarized and pruned.

Biological: Fungus: Trichoderma

koningii

Pseudomonas fluorescens Trichoderma koningii

Variegated Chlorosis of the Citruses (Xillella sp.)

Cultural: Pruning and burning of affected tissues.

Chemical: Application of antibiotics.Death or Slow

Decline (Tylenchulus sp.)

Chemical: Treatment of the soil, in nursery and in field.

Gummosis or Root and Stem Rot (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Adequate cultural practices. Acquisition of plants from

the nursery that are free of funguses.

Use of virgin soil or artificial mixtures in nurseries.

Disinfect the soil with steam or hot water.

Improve drainage. Clear around the base and

Bordeaux Paste (lime + Copper sulfate)

Penicillium funiculosum Trichoderma harzianum and T. viridae




Seriously affected trees should be eradicated and the remaining hole should be solarized.

Genetic: Use resistant graft

varieties. Biological: Penicillium funiculosum. Trichoderma harzianum. T. viridae.

Physical: Surgery and removal of the infected parts.

Chemical: Treatment in the nursery. Immediate application of

potassium permanganate to the surgery and hormonal scarring agent or Bordeaux Paste mixed with lime.

Direct application to the trunk.Citrus Desiccation or

Sudden Death (Ceratocystis sp.)

Preventative: Utilize nursery material

free of the pathogen. Avoid wounding the trees. Do not let workers

climb the trees. Avoid scrapes and

protect any wounds immediately with potassium permanganate.

Pruning, de-parasiting, and pruning of sucker stems should be done during the dry season.

Use tar or caulking paste as sealing paste for wounds.

Mechanical: Periodic revision of the trees to detect infections in the branches early on, use chainsaw in the following ways: 1) When the lesion is

located on a branch without reaching the main stem: cut at 15 cm from the lesion.

Sodium hypochlorite Thiabendazole



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDEmber Disease

Botrytis cinerea

Chemical: repeated applications.

Copper

Exocortis (Exocortis sp.) Genetic: Use tolerant graft-patterns.

Premature falling of fruit and flowers.(Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Avoid wounding the tree. Disinfect tools used

in the pruning. Scar any cuts made

during pruning.

Chemical: When 5% of the flower buds show symptoms and flowering is abundant.

Metalaxyl

Citrus Sadness closterovirus CTV

Preventative: Cross-protection or pre-immunization.

Genetic: Use grafts that are tolerant to the virus.

Decline or Blight (Causal agent unknown)

Cultural: Cutting and burning of the affected plants.

Black Rot(Alternaria sp.) Coffee Rot (Phitophthora sp.)Bland Rot (Aspergillus sp.) Fusarium Rot


ThiabendazoleCopper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

COCONUT Management of coconut pests and diseases should be integrated. Among the available methods are cultural approaches such as: clearing out of alternate host weeds, drainage of areas with standing water, a condition which fosters theincidence of fungal diseases, adequate sowing distances, careful cultivation methods that avoid harming the crop, use of traps, the clearing out of dead fronds when harvesting, among other techniques. Biological methods are also recommendable, since these Rats (Rattus sp.) Cultural: Metallic sheets around the trunks.




Biological: Natural enemies:

Owls. Hawk owls. Snakes.

Chemical: Poisoned bait.Rhinocerous Beetle or

Horned Beetle (Strategus sp.)Mites, Fruit Mange (Aceria sp.,Eriophyes sp.)

Biological: Hirsuetella thompsonil has been released against this pest, but without positive results in practice.

Chemical: Systemic insecticides applied during the first phases of Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: Determine when the mating flight season is and capture the queens when they begin to settle their new nests.

Chemical: Granulated bait.Gulapa

orcasanga or Cocoanut Chigger (Rhynchophorus sp.)

Cultural: Use traps (basket traps) baited with pheromones.

Biological: Bauveira bassiana. Micrococcus sp. Parathesia sp. White cocoanut fly

(Aleurodicus sp.).

Chemical: Chemical control of the larvae.

Bauveira bassiana

Gualapán or Shoot Worm (Alarnus sp.)

Chemical: Apply in the shoot.

Scales (Aspidiotus sp.) Cultural: Pruning and burning of

damaged leaves. Ensure adequate

illumination and air circulation.

Adequate fertilization. When the crop develops

sufficient vigor and resistance, the plants can effectively repel the pest.

Biological: Natural enemies species of the family

Vegetable oil or petroleum emulsion




Palid Cicada (Myndus sp.) Cultural: Replace grasses with legumes.

Red Ring (Rhadinaphelenchus sp.)

Cultural: Use traps to control the

beetles. Cut and burn affected palm

trees. Adequate management of

the plantation, performing necessary tasks in a timely and effective manner (fertilization, weed control, watering —without carelessly wounding the palm trees).

There is no cure for sick palm trees.

Genetic: Use of tolerant

varieties. Chemical: Clean and eliminate the

affectedmaterial at the top of the trees, applying Bordeaux Paste or other fungicides.

Use the palm fronds that are dusted in insecticides as baited traps to eliminate the pest.

Destruction of the

Bordeaux Paste

Diseases

Porroca or Small Leaf Cultural: Improve cultivation

practices. Balanced fertilization. Timely control of weeds. Improve drainage. Adequate watering during

droughts, and adequate control of insects.Arrow or Shoot Rot,

Watery Fruit Stain (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Improve cultivation

practices: Weed control Adequate distancing Fertilization Drainage

Ensure that crop meets strict phyto-sanitary standards.

Any plant with symptoms of the diseases should be

Bordeaux mixture Copper oxychloride Fosethyl Aluminium Propamocarb




Avoid planting on steep slopes, puddles, or standing water for prolonged periods.

Chemical: Application of fungicides to the shoot.

Sudden Withering (Phytomonas sp.)

Cultural: Improve cultivation practices.

Chemical: Cannot be controlled by chemical methods.

Bleeding of the Stem or Hemorrhage Disease

Cultural: Eliminate infected material. Chemical: Apply on wound

Bordeaux Paste

Blue trunk rot gummosis (Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: Avoid wounding the trunks

of the palm trees. Take actions that foster

air circulation and reduce excess humidity.

Weed control. Adequate distancing of

the palm trees. Improve drainage. Control perforating insects. Remove all necrotic

tissue from the trunks by surgery.

Clean the crown of the tree by pruning the affected or necrotic parts.

Bury or burn the pruned parts together with any other plant remnants found on the ground.

Chemical: Use “machete” to

remove all infected

Bordeaux Paste (Copper Sulfate+ lime)

Leaf Stain (Hemilthosporium sp.)

Cultural: Balanced fertilization,

taking special care to avoid excess nitrogen.

Eliminate weeds. Avoid high crop density- Avoid build up of puddles.

Inflorescence Rot (Marasmius sp.)

Cultural: Removal or elimination of infected material.

Chemical: Apply to the crowns



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDtrees.

Añublo or Leaf burn (Pestalotia sp.)

Cultural: Avoid excess humidity

on the plantation (improve drainage of the soil).

Ensure proper nutrition (mainly potassium).

Avoid excess nitrogen. Carefully review the palms

and cut any fronds that show signs of disease, burn the cut fronds in situ to avoid spreading the disease to other areas.

Periodically inspect the plantation and adopt measures to prevent the resurgence of the disease.

Chemical: Apply to heavily

CaptanCopper oxychloride Bordeaux mixture

Lethal Coconut Yellowing. Vector: Palid Cicada (Myndus sp.)

Cultural: Cut down and destroy sick palms, as well as healthy palms that are surrounded by sick palms.

Genetic: Use of resistant or tolerant varieties (more effective).Cracked Leaves

(Botryodiplodia sp.)Cultural: Sufficient watering

during droughts. Balanced fertilization. Pruning of the affected

fronds, sealing of cuts. Destruction of affected

parts, dry, fallen or hanging fronds, fallen fruit, or remnants.

Weeds

Various species Cultural: Circular clearing (clearing

around the base of the plant) by hand.

Avoiding damage to the roots or fronds.

The best yields and most economical process are obtained by conducting two good passes of mechanical weeding machines and one manual weeding. Implement cover crops (growing legumes or related crops).



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDweed and vegetable

material, grains ) out to a radius of 1.5 m.

Ensure correct distancing of the trees when planting.

Biological: Silviculture on coconut plantations (avoid overgrazing).

COFFEE(Coffea sp. )

Coffee is, by its nature, one of the crops best suited to conserving natural resources in the tropics. The research carried forth by CENICAFE offers alternatives for successful management of coffee pests, as long as the causes and conditions of a pest infestation are identified in a timely manner and that preventative or responsive actions are taken. These alternatives are effective, low cost, and pose minimum Root Moth (Dysmicoccus

sp.)Cultural: Examine the young plants

(“colinos”) before planting and take special care of plants that have ants in the base of the stem.

When producing trees (older than two years) are affected by the moths, it is recommendable to uproot them, being sure to eradicate all the roots, and replace them with a healthy “colino”.

Chemical: Apply a mix of low toxicity contact insecticide

Refined mineral oil

Bluff Ants (Acropyga sp.) Cultural: In cases of high

humidity, drain the crop by digging channels.

In clay rich soil, improve the physical conditions by incorporating well-decomposed material. It is not necessary to treat the entire crop, only seriously affected or dead Chisas (Anomala sp,

Phyllophaga sp.)Cultural: Monitoring the

populations with light traps to take precautions at the moment of

Metarhizium sp, Bacillius popilliae




When planting, restrain use of organic material as much as possible (chicken manure, decomposed pulp, etc.).

Stimulate and protect the natural control exercised by parasites and predators.

Management of coverings so that the soil is always covered.

Use hoe to weed since this tool removes the layer of soil (up to 10 cm deep) where the pest lives, leaving them exposed to predators.

Biological: Treat the planting holes, just before sowing, with Metarhizium sp., an Branch Passer (Xylosandrus

sp.)Cultural: Its aggregated distribution

among the crop allows the outbreak focal points to be found and the pruning of the branches with dry shoots.

Drainage of humid areas and good fertilization help to diminish the incidence.

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: It is important to avoid

monocrop cultivation, especially of highly susceptible species such as citruses, cassava, and pastures, among others.

Repellant plants such as Tagetes ensiformis.

Mechanical : Destroy the queen ants in recently established anthills.

Physical : Apply water directly into the main entrance of the anthill for 24 hours using a hose.

Pyrimiphos methyl

Coffee leaf Sapper (Leucoptera sp.)

Biological: Various parasitoid species

have been registered that emerge from the mines or cocoons, all of them from the family Eulophidae of the Hymenoptera order. Common species in coffee crops are: Closterocerus cafellae

Dimethoate

Beauveria bassiana




Pnigalio sarasolai De Santis

Zagrammosoma sp. Tetrastichus sp. Chrysocharis sp. Elachertus sp. Aprostocetus sp. Z. zebralineatum de

Santis.

Chemical: In the absence of natural control factors, treat the focal points with systemic insecticide in granulated form that dissolves into the soil and thus avoids harming Branch Moths (Planococcus

sp.)Chemical: Since focal points tend to

appear in coffee crops where there has been frequent spraying of fungicides or insecticides, these lots shouldbe periodically examined and affected trees marked with a ribbon.

Afterwards, the affected branches should be sprayed with a contact insecticide of short residual impact plus with agricultural oil.

The stream emanating from the nozzle should be aimed at the knots of the affected branches.

Some branches should

Dimethoate

Refined mineral oil

False Measurers (Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

Biological: The populations of this

defoliating pest diminish by spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis.

Also, larvae are killed by Nomurea rileyi (Farlow) and Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) parasites (Hymenoptera:


Saddle Worm (Sibine sp.) Mechanical: Collect larvae and pupae, taking care to avoid contact with the covering of the cocoon, which is an irritant.These can then be placed in closed spaces to stimulate the emergence of natural enemies.

Natural Biological: There is a wide variety of natural enemies.

Beauveria bassiana Bacillus thuringiensis




Apanteles sp. Casinaria sp. (Say) Ceratosmicra sp. Spilochalcis sp.

The pupae are preyed upon by fly parasites of theTachinidae and Bombyliidae families (Diptera).

The following predators are registered: Alcaeorrhynchus

grandis (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and

Asps of the Polistes and Polybia genus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

B. bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. attack the larvae

Prepared applications of the densonucleosis virus have been Floral Cushion Lice

(Orthezia sp.)Cultural: Spray the colonies with

pressurized soapy water, preventing nymphs from climbing up the tree again by applying a sticky substance or a greased plastic strip around the stem.

Be careful not to strangle the stem by tying the strips too Coffee Burrower

(Hypothenemus sp.)Cultural: Based on a well-executed

harvest that avoids letting fruit fall to the soil and does not allow the burrower to escape during the stage of coffee harvest.

Biological: Spraying of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to infect the adults that are penetrating the coffee fruit.

Chemical: The use of insecticides is only worthwhile in focused amounts and only when the level of infestation justifies it. Insecticides are effective only when the adult

Beauveria bassianaPyrimiphos methyl



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDIntegrated Management of

Burrower (IMB), based on the establishment of different levels of infestation.Jointed Scales

(Selenaspidus sp.)

Biological: In Colombian coffee

crops, this species does not reach large populations perhaps because of good natural control.

The parasitoids Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw, Aphytis sp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are registered.

The Predators Pentilia castanea Mulsant, Oeneis sp (Coleopteran: Root Knots (Nematodes

of the genus Meloydogine sp.)

Cultural: Good soil preparation in the nurseries on each farm, since these may house one or more nematode species.

Chemical: Application of a systemic nematicide before or during the first week of sowing the plants.

Diseases

Root Sores, Black Rot, Four Year Disease, Roseliniosis, Black Rot. (ascomycete funguses: Star Sore and Black Sore: Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: Adopt Integrated

Management measures that aim to detain the pest’s progress.

Periodic examination of the lots.

Reduce the inoculum of the pest once the outbreak focal point has been detected.

Elimination of sick trees and/or neighbors, preferably when the first symptoms of yellowing appear.

It is recommendable to completely eradicate and burn all roots and residues.

Expose the area to solar rays for a period of at least 3 months, keeping the area free from pests.

Biological:

Trichoderma koningi Burkholderia cepacia



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChemical: Before the new

planting, apply fungicide, disinfecting (empotatondo) the soil.

Iron Stain, Chasparria (Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: Careful management of nutritional factors (adequate, balanced, and timely fertilization of the crop based on soil analysis).

Chemical: Timely application of fungicide in the nursery to control the disease. Systematic fungicides (triazoles andbenzimidazoles), protective fungicides (dithyocarbamates)

Cyproconazole

Leaky Disease, Cock’s Eye, Euphorbia (Mycena sp.)

Cultural: The recommended

practices are oriented towards improving aeration and light penetration in the crop, and consist of: shade regulation, weeding, elimination of

parasitic plants, adequate and

timely fertilization,

partial or total renewal of the crop.

In zones prone to the development of the pathogen the crop density per hectare should be reduced.

Chemical: In Colombia, it Rust Disease, Orange Rust Disease (Hemileia sp.)

Genetic: Plant and sow resistant varieties, such as the “ColombianVariety”.

Chemical: Apply protective

fungicides that inhibit the germination of the pathogen in its shelter host and systemic fungicides that affect the germination of the fungus and detain its colonization in the foliage.

Application of copper

Cyproconazole Triadimefon Copper oxychloride



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDLoose Threads Disease,

Web Disease, Koleroga(Koleroga sp., Ceratobasidium sp.)

Cultural: Increase aeration and

light in the cultivated lots. Pruning and burning

branches with symptoms of the disease.

Chemical: There are no recommendations as to chemical control of this Butter stain

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of the affected

plants, including their fruit and the brush (chapolas) growing beneath them.

Genetic: Plant selected Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: All humidity-reducing

practices. Adequate management of

pests. Reduce sowing density. Diminish shade, using

shade plants with less

Copper rust Copper oxychloride Copper sulfateKocide (metallic copper), Bordeaux

Iron Stain, Circular Stains, Grayish-brown Stains,Chasparria (Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: Adequate, balanced and timely fertilization of the crop bases on soil analysis.

Chemical: Protect the fruit during their first phases of development.

Triadimefon Copper oxychloride

CBD, Coffee Fruit Disease, not in Colombia (Colletotrichum sp.)

Chemical: Management of this disease has been fundamentally based on chemical control.

Copper oxychloride

Pink Disease (Corticium sp.)

Cultural: Pruning of the sick parts during summer.

Copper oxychloride

CORN (Zea mays) This crop does well under minimum tilling. Among activities that should be carried out are clearing of the terrain, soil conversion practices, good timing of the sowing in accordance with the conditions of the particular zone, association with other crops such as bean, fertilization of the soil, Integrated Management of weeds, diseases, and insects, watering, and any other Fuzzy Mildew Chemical: Fungicides to treat seeds.

Carboxin



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDAsphalt Stain,

CercosporiosisCultural: Incorporate post harvest

remnants that are a source of the nutrition.

Frequently monitor the crop.

Chemical: Curative fungicides.

Foliar diseasesLeaf Ember Disease (Helminthosporium sp.), Rust Disease (Puccinia sp),Brown Stain (Physoderma sp.),Curvularia sp.Diseases of the stem: Phytiumsp andFusarium spDiseases of the

Cultural: Use of excellent quality

seeds. Adequate fertilization. Control the soil humidity. Good coverage of the ears. Frequently monitor the crop.

Copper oxychloride+Metalaxyl

Carbon Stalk Disease (Sphacelotecasp.)

Cultural: Crop rotation. Identification,

elimination, and destruction of sick plants with initial symptoms of the disease.

Use of certified seeds.

Genetic: Use of tolerant genetic types.

Chemical: Seed

Carboxin

Birds Physical: Scarecrows and noise makers.

Arthropods

Pests of the soil

Earth bugs and Diggers: (Spodopterasp., Agrotis sp., Solenopsis sp. Euetheola sp., Blisus sp.)

Cultural: Good soil preparation with

deep plowing and raking (when the slope and soil texture permit).

Prompt destruction of weeds.

Crop rotation. Use of excellent quality

seeds. Adequate fertilization. Good soil humidity at the

moment of planting to ensure quick and uniform germination.


Trichlorfon

Trichogramma Bacillus thuringiensis




Bacillus Thuringiensis Baculovirus spodopterae.Chemical: Use of poisoned bait placed at the base of the stalks. Insecticides to protect the seed.Stem Worm (Diatraea sp.) Cultural: Control grass weed.

Biological: Trichograma exiguum

attacks the eggs of Diatraea sp.

Chemical. Not efficient and not suggested because of its destructive impact on the environment.

Trichograma exiguum

Pests in the leaves Corn Stalk Worm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Cultural: Good quality, vigorous

seeds. Good crop management. Control grass weeds. Avoid sowing in areas that

have a history of infestation.

Excellent monitoring of the infestation and its larval states.

Deploy traps baited with molasses to eliminate adults.

Biological: Take advantage of the

natural enemies. Apply Bacillus thurigiensis

during the first two stages (instar) of the larvae.

During the vegetative state, in order to eliminate the eggs and diminish the population of the stalk pest, release biological controllers,

Bacillus thurigiensis Trichogramma

Deltamethrin

Pests of the stored grains Weevil (Sitophilus sp), moths (Sitotroga sp.)

Cultural: Harvest the corn as soon

as it’s ready. When harvesting,

separate the ears that are uncovered or have parts of the leaf covering damaged.

Storage should be away from sleeping quarters and refuges of rodents, ventilated and with low humidity.

Extracts of neem Azaderachtin



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDresidue from previous

harvests, shake out the floor, roofs, and walls.

Chemical: Quick spraying (small

nozzle) trying not to wet the kernels.

Apply the solution to the walls, corners, cracks and any other places where the pest is found.

Use of repellants (neem).Rodents Cultural: Keep the perimeters of

the lots clean. Good canals

(watering and drainage).

Eliminate weeds and post harvest remnants.

Good covering of the seed during sowing to avoid el damage from rodents.

Biological: Protect the forest fauna such as birds of prey, snakes, mountain cats and weasels.

Chemical: Utilize bait prepared with anticoagulant rat poison, taking care to alternate between these products in accordance with Weeds Various species Cultural: Good terrain preparation

before sowing. Crop rotation.

Mechanical: “Machete”, scythe, or hoe.

Chemical: Use of herbicides.

Nicosulfuron

CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus)

Pollination by insects is essential for cucumber cultivation. Thus, it is necessary to take special care when applying chemicals so as not to harm these insects. Among the methods of control are: selection of an adequate field, construction of drainage, apply organic fertilizer, use vegetation as cover crops, disinfect threshing floors, timely of weed control, use of certified



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDflowering and after weed

control and leaf pruning, implement growth guiding stakes.

Fruit Worm (Diaphania sp.) Cultural: Remove and eliminate affected fruit.

Leaf Eaters (Diabrotica sp., Trichoplusia sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: Manually remove and eliminate them (look for them beneath the leaves and in the plant terminals).

Earth bugs (Agrotissp., Grillotalpa sp.)

Cultural: Timely control of weeds. Timely harvest (whether

small or good sized). Destroy the remnants.

Aphids Cultural: timely control of weeds and leaf pruning.

Dimethoate

Sapper or Drawing Bug (Liriomyzasp.)

Cultural: Good agronomical practices.

Dimethoate SpinosadDiseases

Fuzzy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora sp.)

Cultural: Good disinfection of the

substrata and threshing floors.

Preventing excess humidity. Apply agricultural lime to

the substrata and to the raised-rows when preparing terrain.

Genetic: Use resistant Dusty Mildew (Erysiphe sp.) Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Chemical: Directed at the bottoms of the leaves.

Leaf Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Mosaic Cultural: Eliminate sick plants. Control aphids. Use of drainage and

fertilization so as to develop vigorous plants.


varieties. Chemical: Use

treated seed.

Captan



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDAngular Leaf

Stain (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds. Do not utilize seed from

affected fruit. Crop rotation.


Nematodes Cultural: Rotate with crops that

are not susceptible such as sorghum, corn, crotalaria.

Apply agricultural lime to the soil.

Disinfect the raised-rows and soil by solarization.

Genetic: Use resistant Withering (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: Avoid very heavy soil

and bad drainage. Use high raised rows and

avoid excess watering.

Chemical: Use treated seed.

CaptanCopper oxychloride+ metalaxyl

Fruit Rot Cultural: Avoid accumulation of

water into puddles. Use high raised rows to

facilitate good drainage. Timely harvest. Implement growth guiding

stakes before sowing so that the plants have a place to climb up.

Do insect control (mainlyDiaphania).

Biological: Trichoderma harzianum.


Weeds Various species Cultural: Keep in mind that the

root system of cucumber is shallow; thus, weeding should not penetrate too deeply.

Uproot weeds manually or using “machete”.

Do solarization, using black plastic.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDCUCURBITS

(MELON, WATERMELON)(Cucumis melo) and Citrullus sp.)

Pest control in Cucurbits crops requires an Integrated Management that includes the following elements: good soil preparation that prevents the soil from being compacted (i.e. poor drainage); avoid extended periods of watering; use certified seeds and disease tolerant materials; rotate crops with those not susceptible to the pathogens (corn, sorghum); healing practices and elimination of affected plants, to avoid establishment of disease focal points, cleaning of equipment (plows, rakes, cultivators) to Cenicilla or Oidium

disease (Sphaerotheca sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate weeds and

crop remnants. Use healthy seeds. Treat the plant

structures in nurseries.


Sulfur

Gummy Chancro of the watermelon stem (Didymella sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds. Eliminate weeds and

crop remnants, Avoid excess humidity. Remove affected fruit.

Chemical: Disinfect crop structures.

Mildew, Fuzzy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora sp.)


crop remnants. Avoid excess humidity. Low planting density.

Physical: Eliminate affected plants at the end of cultivation.

CymoxanilCopper oxychloride, Triadimefon Propamocarb

Fruit Rot (Erwinia sp.) Cultural: Collect and bury the affected fruit.

Withering (Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: Rotate crops. Eliminate weeds and

crop remnants. Avoid excess humidity

around the plants.

Physical: Eliminate sick plants, do

SulfurCopper oxychloride+ Metalaxyl



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDsolarization.

Genetic: Utilize resistant varieties and certified seeds.

Chemical: Disinfect crop structures and tools, use fungicides (preventative).

Dusty Mildew (Oidium sp.) Chemical: Apply sulfur based fungicides, when temperatures are low.

Sulfur

Melon Sieve Virus (MSV) Genetic: Use resistant varieties.

Pumpkin Yellow Mosaic Virus (PYMV)

Cultural: Eliminate weeds and sick plants.

Chemical: Control aphids.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Pyrimiphos methyl ThiamethoxamCucumber Mosaic Virus

(CMV)Cultural: Eliminate weeds and sick plants.

Chemical: Control aphids.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Pyrimiphos methyl ThiamethoxamWatermelon Mosaic

Virus – 2 (WMV-2)Cultural: Good weed control,

especially of other wild Cucurbits, and aphids.

Eliminate the plants showing general symptoms, removing them from the field.Squash Mosaic Virus

(SqMV)Cultural: Use virus free seeds. Avoid transmitting the

pest via manual operations.

Cucumber Yellow Vein Virus (CYVV)

Cultural: Use mesh in nurseries. Eliminate weeds and

crop remnants.


Physical: Destroy affected plants.

Chemical: Control of the

Horticultural oil Amithraz, Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Nematodes (Meloydogine sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy seeds.


varieties.

Chemical: Disinfect crop




Biological: Apply fungus Arthrobotrys irregularis.

Physical: Steam sterilization, solarization.

Arthropods



crop remnants. Avoid excess nitrogen. Monitor crops during

the first phases of development.

Chemical: Disinfect crop structures, use insecticides.

Biological: Take advantage of natural enemies.

Horticultural oil AmithrazSulfur

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate weeds and crop remnants.

Physical: Mesh, use yellow traps.

Biological: Take advantage of natural enemies.

Horticultural oil Amithraz Pyrimiphos methyl Thiamethoxam

Aphids (Aphis sp., Myzus sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate weeds and crop remnants.

Physical: Mesh, use yellow traps.

Biological: There are various natural enemies.

Horticultural oil - Amithraz,Horticultural oil - Pyrimiphos methylThiamethoxam

Thrips (Frankiniella sp.) Cultural: Eliminate weeds and crop remnants.

Physical: Mesh and blue traps.


Leaf Sappers (Liriomyza sp.) Cultural:

Eliminate weeds and crop remnants.

Eliminate and destroy the lower leaves of the plant.

Physical: Mesh and yellow traps.

Biological: Use the diversity of natural enemies: Opius sp., Diglyphus sp.

Horticultural oil - Cyromazine Spinosad



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDCaterpillars

(Spodoptera, Heliothis, Agrotis sp.)


crop remnants. Eliminate the lower leaves

of the plant. Monitor the crops during

the first phases of development.

Physical: Mesh, light

traps. Ecological: Use

pheromones.

Bacillus thuringiensis,Amithraz SulfurPyrimiphos methyl

Fruit Perforators (Diaphania sp.)

Biological: Use parasitoids, such as: Cardiochiles diaphanae Apanteles sp. Wasps of the family

Chalcidade Flies of the family

Tachinidae

Bacillus thuringiensisAmitraz

Trichoplusia sp. Biological: Trichograma sp. Halticus sp. Falconia sp.

CURUBA See Pasiflora cultivation below.

FOREST SPECIES In general, pines have more pest problems while Eucalyptus have more disease problems. The promoted species are: Cumin (Aniba sp.), Moncoro (Cordia sp.), Cypress (Cupressus lusitanica), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis), Walnut (Juglans regia), Pine (Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus tecunumanii), Tolua Kapok Tree (Bombacopsis quinata), Teak (Cedrela sp.), Jacaranda (Jacaranda caucana), Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.)

Disease Management Recommendation: - Develop epidemiological research by zones to determine the potential for each of the pathogen-host interactions and their effects on the crop; identify biotic and non-biotic factors that regulate the populations and implement




Damping Off: a complex of funguses of the soil (Phytium, Rhizoctonia, Phythophtora, etc.)

Cultural: Low sowing density. Avoid accumulation of

water into puddles. Acidic soils are preferable. Avoid too much organic

matter.

Chemical: Seed treatment, soil disinfection.

Fosethyl Aluminium SulfurCaptan Thiram (<5%) Thiabendazole

Gills and Root Rot: nematode Meloydogine incognita

Chemical: Disinfect soil.

Sodium hypochlorite

Crown Gill: Agrobacterium radiobacter pv. Tumefaciens

Chemical: Soil disinfection in Eucalyptus sp.

Sodium hypochlorite

Stake Root Death: A complex of funguses (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, etc.)

Chemical: Apply to stakes.

Sodium hypochloriteA complex of iodine,Copper oxychloride+ metalaxyl

Ascending Eucalyptus Desiccation: Mycosphaerella sp.Eucalyptus Rust Disease (Puccinia psidii)

Cultural: Use species that mature early.

Genetic: Use resistant clones.

Diplodia Descending Pine Desiccation (Sphaeropsis sapinea)

Cultural: Early pruning and in low temperature seasons, remove debris.

Genetic: Use resistant clones.Oak Rust Disease (Prospodium bicolor)

Cultural: Removal of

affected parts. Chemical:

Application of product.

Triadimenol

Chancro of the Eucalyptus (Cryphonectria sp.)

Genetic: Use genetic resistance.

Desiccation of the Eucalyptus buds (Botryosphaeria dothidea)

Genetic resistance

Leaf Stain of the Gmelina (Cercosporiosis

Cultural: Prompt management of

weeds. Reasonable plantation

density.




Necrotic Leaf Stain of theEucalyptus(Cylindrocladium spp).

Cultural: Use species that mature early.

Thinning, establish clearings and greater

distance between trees.

Genetic: There are resistant Elm Death Ophiostoma ulmi Pine Trunk RotHeterobasidion annosum. Root Rot Armillaria mellea.Coniferous Rust Diseases Cronartium sp.Gymnosporangium sp. Coleosporium sp.Root Rot

Cultural: Use good primary material. Good production practices. Good plantation

establishment. Management practices in

accordance with the technology packages provided for each species.

Captan Triforine Lime

DefoliantsGlena bisulca (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Glena sp. (Pinus patula) Oxydia trychiata (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Oxydia platypterata (Pinus patula) Oxydiavesulia (Eucalyptus grandis) Pepo buckeyi (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica)Cargolia arana (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Cargolia pruna (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Cargolia sp (Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica) Chrysomima semilutearia (Pinus patula, Eucalyptus grandis and Cupressus lusitanica) Malanolophia commotaria (Pinus patula, Eucalyptus grandis and Cupressus lusitanica) Neuromelia ablinearia (Pinus radiata and Pinus patula) Bassania schreiteri (Pinus patula and

Cultural: Good management of the

canopy. Pruning, interspaces and

clearings Stimulate secondary

natural vegetation. Management of natural

forest strips. Management of

plantation densities. Light traps. Removal of larvae from

trees and pupae in the soil; destruction of adults.

Microbiological: For controlling larvae use. Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliaae Trichoderma harzianum.

Biological: Wasp Telenomus Ichneumonidae Cratichneumon sp. Xanthoepalpus sp. Telenomus alsophilae Podisus sp. Siphoniomyia melaena Euphoracea floridensis Cratichneumon sp. Rogas sp. Polistes sp.

Bacillus thuringiensis Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliaae Trichoderma harzianum.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDgrandis) Coccygomimus sp.

Trichogramma sp. Anastatus sp. Anisia sp.

Chemical: Not suggested; causes greater biological imbalances.Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.)

(All the sp.)Cultural: Soil preparation during

rainy season eliminates surface colonies.

Ensure good maintenance of the crop.

Keep the trees pruned. Encourage native

vegetation when possible since this attracts the presence of birds and natural enemies.

A very important crop management practice is to determine when the mating flights take place, and to capture the queens on that day when they try to start new colonies; look for small holes in the soil with loose dirt dug up by the queen.

Place traps baited with plants that can be easily foraged by the ants, but which are toxic to them and to the fungus Attamyces bromatificus.

Among toxic species are: the higuerilla bean and the neem tree; these should be placed near the ant nests and around the crops that are being invaded by the ants.

Biological: Protect birds and their

habitat and food sources. Birds are capable of preying upon up to 90% of the female ants (future queens) during and after the mating flight.

Apply bait mixed with Trichoderma harzianum.

Application of the fungus Beauveria bassiana and



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDnatural, biodegradable

ingredients is available in stores. An adequate amount should be applied to an adhesive strip 10 cm. wide which is wrapped around the tree trunk about 1.20 m from the ground, beneath the branches.

Chemical: Toxic bait (pellets) distributed near the nests.Dehydrated orange pulp can be used as bait. Application of sulfluramide eliminate the fungus that serves as a food source for the queens by changing the pH of the ant Rabbits Repellant odors. Dimethoate

Chizas Cultural: Light trap for males. Dimethoate

Aphids, Suckers, Shoot Pests

Biological: Herons.

Chemical: Localized applications.

Soybean oil

Termites (Termitidae sp.) Cultural: Gravity watering.

Weeds Various Mechanical: Manually eradicate with “machete” or scythe.

Metsulfuron methyl

GUANABANA (Annona muricata)

Fruit of Annona muricata, a broad leaf, flowering, evergreen tree native to the Caribbean and South America.Guanabana is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3°C (37 °F) can be fatal. The Pests of leaves and stems

- Áfidos or pulgones (Aphis sp., Toxoptora sp.),- Membrácidos (Aconophora sp.),

- Lorito verde (Empoasca sp.),

- Mosca

Cultural: To control adult insects use light traps in the field. Close monitoring during growth of the tree.

Biological: The following predators are registered: Trichogramma sp. Bacillus thuringiensis. Himenoptera,

Baconidae, Eulophidae.

Diflubenzuron Triclorfon

Trichogramma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED- Escama articulada

(Salenaspidus sp.),- Escama de la papaya (Phylephedra sp.),- Cochinilla (Saissetia sp.),- Ácaros (Eriophyes sp., Tetranychus sp.),- Polillas (Sabulodes sp., Hylesia sp.),- Minador (Leucoptera sp.),

Toxoptora sp. (Coccinellidae, Crisopidae)., Aschertonia sp.

Chemical: Application of product under the leaves.

Chinche de encaje (Corythucha sp.)

Cultural: Monitor frequently to detect on time.

Biological: Release vespidae, Parachatergus sp., Family trichogrammatidae, Epoligosita sp.

Chemical: Application of product under the leaves.Mites (Eriophyes sp.) Cultural: Close monitoring specially to growth of stems and leaves.

Chemical: Identify and mark sick trees to apply product.

Sulfur

Pests of the flowers- Polillas (Tecla sp.),- Cucarrones (Ciclocephala sp.)

Cultural: Use light traps during the night.

Biological: Release.

Chemical: Baited traps with sugar.

Trichogramma

Pests of the trunkHormigas (Atta sp.), - Gorgojo barrenador (Cratosomus sp.), - Comején (Nasutitermes sp.), -

Cultural: Pruning and burning

of the damaged branches.

Surgical repair and applying healing agents if the damage is centered in the main stem.

Bordaux paste - Pasta bordelesa

Pests of the fruitChinches, polillas, cucarrones, avispas, abejas, ácaros, perforadores del fruto: Cochinilla, (Trigona sp.,

Cultural: Install light traps during the

night. Monitor during growth

period. Eliminate nests. Bag young fruits.

Triclorfon



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDBephratelloides sp.,

Saissetia sp., Phylephedra sp.), Escama articulada (Selenaspidius sp.), Mosca algodonosa (Aleurodicus sp., Aconophora sp.), Chince hediondo (Antiteuchus sp.)

the ground or form the tree to bury them.

Chemical: Application of

product. Biological: Hymenoptera Apanteles stenomae Xuphosomella sp. Microhimenoptero

Brachymeria psudovata.DiseasesAntracnosis (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Location of crop in low

relative humidity and moderate rainfall.

Collect affected fruits. Disinfect tools. Adecuate nutrition. Transplant from

nurceries only healthy trees.

Captan

Pudrición parda del fruto (Rhizopussp.)

Cultural: Avoid cuts or damage to the

fruit. Eliminate any fruits

from the ground. Transplant from

nurceries only healthy tres.

Plant trees apart form each other as much as possible for good ventilation and humidity Mancha blanca del

follaje (Cercospora sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate any fruits



Plant trees apart form each other as much as possible for good ventilation and humidity levels.Pudrición radicular

(Armillaria sp., Rizocthonia, Phytophtura)

Cultural: Location of crop in low

relative humidity and moderate rainfall.

Collect affected fruits. Disinfect tools. Adecuate nutrition. Transplant from

nurceries only healthy trees.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChancro de las ramas

(Phylophthera sp.),Secamiento de la rama (Botrydiplodia sp.), Roña o Sarna (Elsinoe sp.)

Cultural: Sow 1,250 meters

below sea level. Eliminate any fruits



Plant trees apart form each other as much as possible for good ventilation and humidity levels.

Sodium hypochlorite

HELICONIA AND OTHER FLOWER SPECIES

Flower and tropical foliage cultivation is oriented towards ecological and clean production based on clean production principles such as acquisition and preservation of healthy plants, appropriate fertilization with organic materials, including green fertilizers, cover crops, poly-cultivation, agroforestry systems, and microbial enrichment of the soil. Cultivation of these crops is also oriented towards IPM, which includes use of bio-controllers, close monitoring and early identification of pest infestation, cultural control methods, and other techniques. This eco-friendly production does not necessarily exclude the use of pesticides; however, pesticides are used only as a last recourse when all other options have proven ineffective in producing the desired result. And even when pesticides must be used, the farmers themselves openly

Leaf Stain (Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp,

Cultural: Plant healthy specimens in zones not affected by the pathogen.


Moko (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: Eradicate and bury the affected plant.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDSoil Pathogens,

Fungal post-harvest attack

Sodium hypochlorite

Myrothecium sp. Cultural: Regulate shade. Drain the soil. Do not apply excessive

nitrogen fertilizers.

Nematodes Cultural: Do not weed or clear clearing around the base of the plant using hoe, since this can rupture the roots and permit entryof the pathogen.Arthropods

Spodoptera sp. Biological: Entomopathogenic fungus.

Bacillus thuringiensisTrichlorfon

Lice

Weevil Chemical: Use baited traps.

Stem Woodworms

Trichoplusia nii Neem extract AzadirachtiHeliothis Physical: Use light

traps.Screw Worm (Castniomera sp.)

Cultural: Remove and compost affected vegetable material.

Chigger (Cholus sp. ) Cultural: Ensure good luminosity to the crop.

Biological: Use of Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana

Post-harvest Insects

Ants Ecological: Alelopathically withCanavalia Ants.

Physical: Manually capture the queens.Weeds varios species Mechanical: Eliminate weeds by hand

or using appropriate tools. Do not eradicate all

vegetable material because this may result in soil erosion.




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDrecommended.

HIGUERILLA (Ricinus communis)

Higuerilla, also known as palm cristi, castor, higuera infernal, tártago, andricino, is a forest bush that grows in most tropical regions.

Earth bugs (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: Optimal soil preparation. Good sowing.

Leaf Beetles (Diabrotica sp., Cerotomasp.)

Cultural: Adequate water supply. Elimination of weeds.

Chemical: Application of product.Leaf Eaters

(Spodoptera sp.Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

Biological: Natural enemies. Bacillus thuringiensis


Stink Bug (Nezara sp.) Cultural: Keep the crop and surrounding area free of weeds.

Chemical: Application product.Jogoto

(Phyllophaga sp.), Antenna worm (Agrotis sp.), Soldier Worm (Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: Good soil preparation

preferably one month before sowing to destroy pest eggs, larvae, and pupae by leaving them exposed to the sun and to animals.

Biological: Predators, such as: Calosoma sp. Polistes sp.

Chemical: Granulated

Trichlorfon

Cigar Pest (Empoasca sp.) Chemical: Application of product.

DiseasesAsh Mold (Botrytis sp.) Cultural:

Correct sowing distance, only one plant per site.

Keep free of weeds during rainy seasons.

Do not plant in regions with high atmospheric humidity.

Eliminate and destroy affected parts, as well as the wild plants of this



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDGenetic: Sow

resistant and precocious varieties.

Fusarium Stain (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: Crop rotation. Appropriate use of

potassium. Destruction of affected

plants.

Genetic: Sow resistant and


Withering of theseedlings (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Avoid poorly drained

terrains in very humid regions.

Ensure good weed control. Sow in an appropriate

season.

Genetic: Utilize resistant Rust Disease (Melampsora sp.)

Cultural: Keep free of weeds. Ensure adequate drainage.

Chemical: Application of sulfur.

Sulfur

Stains of the leaves (Cercospora sp., Xanthomonas sp.)

Genetic: Sow resistant varieties.

Virosis Genetic: Sow resistant varieties.

Weeds Various species Mechanical: Two or three clearings per cycle.

LULO (Solanum quitoense)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), quality of seed and sowing materials, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.Root Neck Worm

(Faustimus sp.) Coleopteran

Cultural: Weed control. Removal and burning

of the affected plants.

Chemical: Application of products.

Diflubenzuron



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDStem and Branch

Worms (Alcidion sp.) Coleopteran

Cultural: Remove fallen fruit from

the soil, bury it 50 cm beneath the soil, and cover with lime.

Supportive pruning and pruning of sucker stems.

Biological: Use entomopathogenic funguses: Bacillus thuringiensis Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Chemical: Applications of products that inhibit chitin synthesis, pyrethroids.

Bacillus thuringiensis Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Diflubenzuron

Mites (Tetranychus sp., Tarsonemus sp.)

Cultural: Removal and burning of

the affected parts. Supportive pruning.

Good fertilization and good humidity.

Chemical: Applications of acaricides.

Sulfur based products

Thrips (Deidatotrips sp.) Cultural: Supportive pruning. Good fertilization. Good humidity. Elimination of

alternate host weeds.

Biological: Apply entomopathogenic funguses, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroeus.

Chemical: Application of insecticides.

Paecilomyces fumosoroeus

Chlorfenapyr Dimethoate

Earth bugs, Diggers (Agrotis sp.)

Cultural: Optimal preparation of the soil.

Chemical: Application of toxic bait.

Beetles (Diabrotica sp., Leptinotarsa sp, Colaspis sp., Epilachna sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of alternate host weeds.

Biological: Application of entomopathogenic funguses, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroeus.

Chemical: Application of insecticide.

Paecilomyces fumosoroeus

Paton Chigger (Leptoglossus sp.), Chigger (Anthonomus sp.), Box

Cultural: Supportive pruning and pruning of sucker stems.

Biological: Entomopathogenic

Bacillus thuringiensis Paecilomyces fumosoroseus



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED(Corythaicasp.) funguses, such as:

Bacillus thuringiensis Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Chemical: Application of pyrethroid insecticides.

Dimethoate Deltamethrin

Fruit Flies (Anastrepha sp., Ceratitis sp.)

Cultural: Removal of affected fallen

fruit. Deploy traps with

hydrolized protein.

Chemical: Application of pyrethroid insecticides.

Dimethoato Deltamethrin Spinosad

Diseases

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Removal of sick fruit

from the crop area and burial.

Timely fertilization. Weeding and clearing

around the base of the plant to achieve better aeration.


Copper sulfate SulfurCaptan Tebuconazol Fludioxonil

Dusty Mildew and Fuzzy Mildew (Oidium sp., Peronospora sp.)

Cultural: Prune and diminish

affected tissue. Maintain good aeration.

Chemical: Copper based fungicides.

Copper oxychloride

Cotton rot (Sclerotinia sp.) Cultural: Removal of affected

parts together with the fungus.

Bury away from the crop.Black Stem Stain (Phoma sp. And Colletotricum sp.) Cultural: Removal of the

affected parts.Chemical: Application of fungicides.

Copper oxychloride

Leaky Disease (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Removal of sick stems and fruits.


Cymoxanil

Cephalosphorum sp. Cultural: Removal of sick parts of the

plant. Burning them

somewhere away from the crop.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDnot recommended.

Bacterial Withering (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: Sow in areas that have no

history of infection by the disease.

Preventative: cleaning of the tools.

Genetic: Use of grafts with

resistant patterns such as Solanum torvum.

Use of resistant materials (i.e. a hybrid between S. hirsutum and S. quitoense).

A complex of Iodine, Propamocarb

Bacterial Cancer (Corynebacterium sp.)

Cultural: Avoid use of scions and

seeds of affected plants during reproduction.

Preventative: clean work tools with 5% formalin solution.

Chemical: Application of bactericide.Yellowing of the

Leavesmor Leaf Fan Virus transmitted by (Myzus sp. and Aphis sp.)

Cultural: Use of seeds that come

from healthy plants. Use of botanical seeds for

propagation (to avoid transmitting the disease).

Plant the hybrid between S. quitoense and S. hirsutum, which is resistant to the virus.

Nematodes (Trichodorus sp.)

Genetic: Graft nematode-resistant

patterns such as S. Torvum.

Plant the hybrid between S. quitoense and S. hirsutum, which is resistant.

Biological: Application of entomopathogenic funguses, such as: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae.

Paecilomyces lilacinus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae

Dry Neck Rot of the Root (Fusarium sp.),

Cultural: Eradicate plants that are in an advanced stage of infection.


Copper oxychloride + lime Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDWithering vascular fungicides.

Gray mold or Rot of the flower and fruit (Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: Application of absinthe and nettles broth.

Chemical: Application of systematic fungicides.

Thiabendazole

Grayish-brown Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Cultural: Establish the crop in furrows that are in line with the wind.

Chemical: Application of curative fungicides.

Copper oxychloride Azoxystrobin

Weeds various species Manual: Manual control in the area at the base of the plant. Leave scythed materials in the field as covering.

MANGO (Mangifera indica)

Mango presents a good opportunity for the implementation of an integrated agricultural pest management system that minimizes the use of external inputs, especially chemical pesticides, and promotes use of environmentally clean crop Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)Cultural: Remove and burn sick

fruit, branches, flowers, and leaves.

Adequate sowing distances (to ensure good aeration and sunlight penetration).

Elimination of dry inflorescences.

Production during dry season.

Clearing after harvest. Mechanical: Prune

technically. Good drainage to

avoid accumulation of water into puddles.


Bordeaux mixture CaptanCopper oxychloride, Thiabendazole

Dusty Mildew (Oidium sp.) Cultural: Pruning of inflorescence remnants after the harvest.

Chemical: Spraying of sulfur based fungicides.

Sulfur,



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDMange (Elsinoe sp.) Cultural:

Elimination of damaged fruit.

Pruning of inflorescence remnants after the harvest.


Copper oxychloride, Thiabendazole

Trunk Cancer, Mango Branch Desiccation (Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: Sow scions that are

certified sanitary. Eliminate and burn sick

trees. Avoid wounding. Maintain good nutritional

balance. Harvest fruit from sick

trees last and separately. Avoid dense planting. Elimination of dry

branches at the tree tops (pruning and clearing).

Seal any cuts.

Genetic: Sow tolerant

varieties. Chemical: Disinfect pruning tools.

Copper oxychloride

Cercosporiosis of the mango

Chemical: Preventative applications of copper based broth.

Copper oxychloride

Black Bacterial Stain (Xanthomonas sp.)

Mechanical: Install wind breaks. Systematic pruning of

infected buds.

Chemical: Copper based spraying.

Copper oxychloride

Base Rot (Rosellinia sp.) Cultural: Eradicate affected plants. Avoid dissemination of

contaminated soil within the plantation.

Chemical: Isolate the area with

applications of lime. Disinfect with formalin.

Fumagina (Meliolo sp.) Cultural: Elimination of insects.

Chemical: Application of fungicides or agrarian oils.

Horticultural oil



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDFloral and Vegetative

Deformation (Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: Elimination of affected buds. Careful disinfection of

tools used in the pruning.

Chemical: Not suggested. Use of fungicides has not produced satisfactory results.


Internal Fruit Rot or Internal Fruit Decay (Soft – Nose)

Cultural: Adequate fertilization program, with calcium, magnesium and boron.

Fruit Tear Cultural: Avoid brusque

changes of humidity in the soil.

Anthracnose control.

Arthropods

Fruit Fly (Ceratitis sp. and Anastrepha sp.)

Cultural: Daily removal and burial

(50 cm beneath the surface) of fallen fruit or fruit with symptoms of infestation.

Elimination of weeds. Harvest the fruit as soon

as it is ripe. Eliminate trees that

shelter the pest: “mombia”, “jocotes” and “guayaba”.

Use pheromones. Use McPhail or Steiner

traps with hydrolized protein bait mixed with borax to eliminate adults.

Chemical: Use of insecticides. Hangcloth sacks

filled with sawdust or bran.

Gyberellic acid, TrichlorfonSpinosad Borax (Boric Acid)

False White Lice (Aulacaspis sp.)

Chemical: Agricultural oil alone or mixed with insecticides. Do not utilize agricultural oil during flowering.

Dimethoate Agrarian oil

Bearded Indian Worm (Megalopyge sp.)


Deltamethrin

Thrips (Selenothrips sp.) Cultural: Induce flowering

in a concentrated manner.

Elimination of alternate host



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDvegetation (“marañón”,

“jocotes”, “espanvel”).

Biological: Natural predators, such asAmblyseius cucumeris.

Scales (Planococcus sp.) Biological: Natural predators, such as: Encarsia sp. Rhyzobius sp. Aphytis sp. Aleurodothrips sp. Chilocorus sp.

Chemical: Emulsified insecticides, systemic insecticides.

Dimethoate Gyberellic pho

White Citrus Lice (Unaspis sp.)

Chemical: application of product.

Agrarian oil

Burrower of the Mango (Hypocryphalus

Cultural: Cut and burn affected branches.

Trigona (Trigona sp.) Cultural: Destroy the honeycombs.

Mites (Eriophyes sp.) Cultural: Cut the branches that are over-budding.

Sulfur

Weeds Various species Mechanical: Clearing around the base of the plant, use of scythe, rake.

Manual: Uproot weeds.

Chemical: Use of

herbicides.MEDICINAL PLANTS (CURCUMA,RUE, LEMMON GRASS, GINGER)

The following information includes pests affecting the cultivation of: curcuma (Curcuma longa), rue (Ruta graveolens), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratos), ginger (Amomum zingiber) and Anamú (Petiveria alliaceae). Ginger is attacked by pests anddiseases that cause significant damage and is thus given more detailed consideration. In general, the pest control strategy for medicinal plants and herbs includes a series of general preventative measures that contribute to diminishing pest presence before it can manifest and that minimize use of chemicals inputs. Some general practices are:



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDmethods and bio-inputs, and

minimal use of chemical pesticides as a last resort, when the other methods have proven ineffective. The chemical pesticides mentioned in this table should not be used as a standard component of the production technology.Bacterial withering

(Pseudomonas sp.)Chemical: Antibiotic pesticides directed at the base of the plants.

Cultural: Be careful when weeding and tilling.

Red Rot (Fusarium sp.) Cultural: Rotate with non-

susceptible crops. Prevent water drained

from infested fields from reaching the crop.

Biological: Trichoderma lingorum, T. koningii, T. harzianum.


Trichoderma lingorum Trichoderma koningii Trichoderma harzianum


Dry Rot and Black Rot (Rosellinia sp.)

Cultural: Good drainage. Rotation. Select healthy rhizomes.

Biological: Bacillus subtilis

TridemorphCarboxin + Thiram (<5%)Bacillus subtilis

Root Rot (Phytium sp.)

Cultural: Choose a well-drained spot. Crop rotation. Select healthy rhizomes.

Propanocarb

Leaf Stain (Colletotrichum sp.)

Cultural: Remove and burn the affected parts.

Chemical: Prophylactic spraying of Bordeaux broth can control the disease.

Difenoconazole Bordeaux mix Bacillus megaterium

Gills Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)

Chemical: Apply granulated nematicide in the holes where plants are sown in accordance with the recommended dosage. This is the most significant pest of ginger crops.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDRickets

Nematode (Tylencorrynchus sp.)

Cultural: Disinfect the soil before

planting. Repellant effect:

Tagetesand calendula.

Physical: Solarization. Uproot the affected plants.

Chemical: InsecticidalInsecticidalInsecticidal soaps complex.Nematode Worm (R.

similis)Cultural: Repellent plants such as Ricinos cummunis, Origanum vulgare, Calendula officinalis.

Various funguses(Alternaria sp., Septoria sp, Sclerotium sp, Rhizoctonia sp., Sclerotinium sp., Botrytis sp., Cercospora

Cultural: Repellent plants, such asRicinos cummunis, Nicotiana tabacum.

Bordeaux mix

Arthropods

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: Change the pH of the ant

nest by periodically applying lime to the nest entrances.

Capture the queens during their mating flight.

Repellants: Mentha spicata, Eucalyptus globules.

Biological: Protect animals that are

natural enemies: aardvarks, “armadillos”, “perdices”, etc.

Metarhizium anisopliae.

Chemical: Application of carbon sulfate and poison

Pyrimiphos methyl


Aphids Cultural: Repellant crops as Sambucus nigra.

Biological: Trichoderma, Metrhizium anisopliae.

Trichoderma sp. Metarhizium anisopliae

Others insects Cultural: Associate with crops as: Capsicum sativus, Allium sativus, Curcuma longa.

Trichogramma sp. Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus




Weeds Various Cultural: Control by hand using

“machete” or scythe, two or three times per cycle.

Removal and earthing up of soil.

Physical: plastic coverings (mulching).MUSHROOMS As with all the funguses,

mushroom has no chlorophyl and must nurture itself from the mineral substances in the soil. Thus, to grow them, they must be planted over substrata that are duly prepared with the nutrients that the crop needs (generally this is adequately prepared natural or artificial dung). The use of chemical products during the mushroom crop cycle is limited by the fungus’ high vulnerability to pesticides and by the risk of accumulating dangerous pesticide residues on the product itself. Therefore, the best methods of reducing contamination are cleaning and disinfection of empty Mites: white spider

(Tyrogliphus sp.),blond spider (Linopodes sp.), red spider (Tarsonemus sp.), black spider (Ceratophylla sp.)

Cultural: Optimal treatment of substrata (pasteurization and conditioning).

Chemical: Not suggested. Use of acaricides not recommended.

Flies (Sciaridae,Phoridae, Cecydomidae sp.)

Cultural: Optimal treatment of the

substrata to eliminate larvae and eggs (pasteurization and conditioning).

Correct elimination of residues.

Identify insects, study life cycles and ecological characteristics.

Entrance of personnel with appropriate attire used exclusively for cultivation (coats, boots, mouth covers and hats).

Mechanical: Installation of


RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDthe roofs, windows, and

walls. Place mosquito mesh

over ventilation areas.

Biological: Natural Beetles (colémbolos) Cultural: Optimal treatment

of the substrata. Correct elimination of

residues. Adequate cleaning

of the cultivation chambers.

Baited traps. Mechanical: place Nematodes

(Aphelenchus sp., Ditylenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp., Parapholenchelus sp.)

Cultural: Preventative: adequate

sterilization ofthe compost, control of the crop environment.

Exhaustive supervision of all processes.

Ensure exact pasteurization and disinfection of the covering layer of soil.

Biological: Fungus

Arthrobotrys robusta. Diseases

Bacterial Stain or “Drop”, Mummification (Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: Adequate preparation

of the dung. Adequate ventilation

of the installations. Avoid excessive watering. Adequate cleaning and

rigorous control of the covering layer of soil.


Chemical: Isolate affected areas,

placing cooking salt over the affected area.

Disinfect with sodium hypochlorite.

Add chlorine (bleach) to the water when watering.

Spray hallways of crop

Sodium hypochlorite Calcium chloride




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDDry rot, Dry Bubble or

Paste Disease (Verticillium sp.)

Cultural: Use healthy lands, that

have not been used recently.

Disinfect the covering layer of soil with steam.


Chemical: Disinfect the covering layer of soil with Spider Web (Dactylium sp.) Cultural: Exhaustive

supervision of all processes.

Adequate disinfection of the topsoil.

Chemical: Apply formalin or calcium chloride powder to terraces.

Calcium chloride

Bland Rot, Humid Paste Disease (Mycogone sp.)

Cultural: Constant cleaning. Make sure that the

covering material is in perfect condition.

Chemical: Treat with steam or formalin.

Castaño Mold, botrytis (Plicaria sp.)

Cultural: Do not sterilize all of

the covering layer of soil. If the mycelium of the mushroom grows very quickly, the mold does not appear.

Green Mold Cultural: Cleaning. Good ventilation. Introduction of recently

incubated specimens.

Carnenillo Disease (Myceliophthora sp.)

Cultural: Avoid excess humidity

in the compost. Ensure sufficient heating

during pasteurization. Sufficient ventilation.

Chemical: Destroy germs using steam and formalin.

Olive Green Mold (Chaetomium sp.)

Cultural: Avoid fertilizers that are

too nitrogen-rich, especially at the



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDend of the elaboration

of the compost. Keep the pasteurization

temperature between 55-58ºC.

Sow only after having eliminated all the ammonia.Carmine Mold

(Sporondonemasp.)

Cultural: Avoid high levels of

nitrogen in the compost. Adequate pasteurization. Good ventilation.

Mushroom Plaster (Oospora sp.)

Cultural: Thoroughly disinfect all

wood parts (boxes, planks, etc.) to prevent early infestation.

The compost should be well fermented and pasteurized.Fusarium Cultural:

Sufficient ventilation. Regular replenishment of

water.Chemical: Disinfection of the

covering layer of soil. Alternate between

various disinfectants.

IodineSodium hypochlorite, Ethanol 70%,Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Truffles Disease (Pseudobalsamia sp.)

Cultural: Uproot and immediately

burn the reproducing components.

Maintain the temperature of the crop beneath 16ºC.

Copper sulfate

Virosis Cultural: Extreme cleaning. Clean and disinfect

machines and tools after each use.

Place footwear disinfecting tubs before the entrance of each chamber.

Open ventilationwith spore filters.

Disinfect and cover the infected areas with plastic sheets.

Before uncovering the substrata it is best to disinfect and then remove quickly.




Sprinkle the access path with formalin or a similar disinfectant.

ONIONS (ONION, SCALLION)

An appreciable number of insect and other organism species are registered in the existing literature as actual or potential pests of the liliacea family (to which onions belong) cultivated in Colombia. However, only a few of them are capable of inflicting damage of any Mildew (Peronospora sp.) Cultural: Use loose, well-drained, light

soil. Weed control. Rotate with unrelated

species. Water crop rationally. Adequate fertilization. Bury remains of infected

plants with plough.

Chemical: Disinfection with

protective fungicides such as copper based products.

Alternate between systemic and protective fungicides (no more than 3 times per crop cycle) to

Copper oxychloride SulfurMetalaxyl FenamidoneCymoxanil PreopamocarbMandipropamide

Rust Disease (Puccinia sp.) Cultural: Avoid soil with high nitrogen and low potassium content.

Triadimeform

White Rot (Sclerotium sp.)

Cultural: Long rotations with non-

shelter species. Avoid soil that is overly

humid and that contains dung that is only slightly decomposed.

Temperatures should be above 24ºC.

Eliminate plants with symptoms of the disease, together with the surrounding soil.

Incorporate cabbage post harvest crop residues to soil.

Carboxin

Ember Disease (Urocystis

Cultural: Remove and burn affected

plants. Avoid cultivation in

heavy and humid soil.

Sodium hypochlorite




Avoid watering with contaminated water.

Chemical: Disinfect Pink Root (Pyrenochaeta sp.), Fusarium sp.)

Cultural: Use of good quality seeds. Rotate with crops

belonging to other families, besides liliaceous, and legumes for a 3+ year period (grasses or cruciferous plants).

Reduce the use of fresh organic material.

Avoid storing the bulbs or pseudo-stems when humid.

Avoid contact between the organic material and the plant.

CarboxinCopper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

White Tips (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: Long rotations. Use disease-free seeds. Prevent excess humidity

by constructing channels and ditches.

Avoid high crop density. Periodic cleaning of

the farm equipment. Eliminate affected bulbs.

Neck rot, gray mold, Botrytis (Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: Avoid areas of high

humidity. Use good quality seeds. Rotate with crops

belonging to other families besides liliaceous and legumes for a 3+ year period (grasses or cruciferous plants).


Avoid storing the bulbs or pseudostems when

Tebuconazole

Purple Stain (Alternaria sp.) Cultural: Rotate with unrelated

species. Construct good drains. Water crops rationally. Adequate fertilization. Bury the remains of

infected plants with the plough.

Chemical: Use protective

Copper oxychloride, Difenoconazole, Azoxystrobin+ nDifenoconazole Trifloxystrobin




Bulb Rot or Blue Mold (Penicillium sp.)

Cultural: Use good quality seeds. Rotate with crops





Avoid excess humidity by constructing channels and Bulb Shrinkage,

nematodes (Ditylenchus sp.)

Cultural: Disinfection of the

vegetative seed by heat (56ºC for 2 hours).

Eliminate plants with symptoms of the disease together with surrounding soil.

Crop rotation.

Chemical: Treat infected soil.Bacterial diseases (Erwinia sp., Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: Use good quality seeds. Rotate with crops





Arthropods

- Chisas,White Worms, Mojojoy,Blind Hen Pest (Ancognata

Cultural: Good soil preparation. Manual removal of the

pupae of some pests. Use of well-decomposed

organic material. Incorporate and mix the

organic material thoroughly and well in

Bacillus

thuringiensis

Trichlorfon

Extracts of




- Diggers and Earth bugs (Agrotis sp., Peridroma sp.)

- Onion Root Fly (Delia sp.)- Underground Chigger or Smallpox Chigger (Cytromenus sp.)

advance of the planting.

Control the soil humidity through correct application of watering and the construction of adequate drainage.

Adequate and timely weed control.

Increase the amount of seeds per surface unit when expecting infestation so as to make a better selection when thinning.

Timely harvest to avoid damage to the bulbs.

Collect and eliminate all the post harvest remnants.

Utilize various traps, deployed at the perimeter of the lot, to capture adult pests.

Apply Sisal broth to the soil before sowing and after the crop has been transplanted.

Biological: Various natural enemies.

Bacillus thuringiensis (for Diggers and Earth bugs).

Capscicine

Slugs and snails(Deroceras sp., Limax sp., Milax sp., Vaginulus sp.)

Cultural: Good soil preparation. Incorporate and mix the

organic material thoroughly and well in advance of the planting.

Control the soil humidity through correct application of watering and the construction of adequate drainage.

Collect and eliminate all the post harvest remnants.

Chemical: Granular molluskicides, baited traps

Methaldehyde

Thrips (Thrips sp.) Cultural: Eliminate crop remnants. Destruction of

alternate host weeds both in crop and surrounding areas.

Crop rotation. Use of blue or white sticky

Imidaclop

rid

Dimethoa

te



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDto capture adults.

Biological: Predator mites. Amblyseius cucumeris. A. barkeri.

Chemical: Use of insecticides. Use humidifiers to

improve penetration.Onion Sapper (Liriomyza sp.)

Cultural: Alternate host weeds

control. Crop rotation. Use of yellow sticky traps.

Biological: There are a considerable number of larva parasitoids:

Diglyphus begini, D. intermedius, Diglyphus sp., Euparacrias sp., Crysocharis sp., Crysonotomya sp., Halticoptera sp., Oenonosgastra sp.

Chemical: Translaminant insecticide actions directed

Cyromazine Thiamethoxam Deltamethrin

Aphids (Mycromyzus sp.)

Chemical: Application of product not recommended.

Deltamethrin

Onion fly (Hylemia sp.)

Biological: Various natural enemies.

Weeds various species Cultural: Manually eliminate weeds mainly around the trees during the first three years.


Pendimethalin Linuron Prometryn Fluazifop-p-butil

Palm CultivationACAI and CHONTADURO

Red Ring Bursaphelenchus cocoanutphil

Ecological: Systematic trapping by use of Pheromones.

Physical: Eradication and contained burning of Chigger

(Rhyncophorus palmarum)

Ecological: Lay systematic traps, using molasses with fermented pineapple or sugarcane as bait.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDPhysical: Remove the

remnants of dead trees and fronds old decomposing palm trees. Remove and destroy the insects found on the plantation.

Pulgon Negro Cerataphis latanieParasitos perforadores Cocotrypes spp.Larvas de la mariposa Brassolis astyraPAPAYA (Carica papaya) Pests and disease control for

papaya is based on a combination of the available control methods in an integrated and rational manner. By conducting pest diagnostics and identifying the factors conducive to the emergence of a phytosanitary problem, the task of formulating timely IPM recommendations is greatly facilitated. In this way unnecessary use of agrochemicals is avoided, production costs are reduced, natural resources Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)Cultural: Clearing of fallen fruit, old leaves, old stem sections, etc.

Chemical: Disinfect tools, apply fungicides. The fungicides should be used carefully since they can potentially damage the crop and result in cross resistance within the bencimidazoles group (this has been observed with benomyl and thyabenzidol).Alternate between different modes of action.

Captan Dimethoate

Foot Rot (Phytophthora sp.) Other associated pathogens: Phytium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp

Cultural: Avoid soil with high

humidity. Recently harvested fruit

should not be placed on the soil.

Use clean soil in the nurseries.

Metalaxyl Copperoxychloride + Metalaxyl



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDsoil.

Do not sow two times consecutively in the same lot.

Chemical: Can apply with a

sprinkler. Physical:

Solarization of the nurseries.Stem Rot by Phytophthora sp.

Cultural: Use of sterilized soil. Adequate watering

without inducing high humidity in the soil.

Chemical: Applications of copper

sulfate. Spray during rainy season. Dissolve Derosal in

cooking oil and apply it in

Copper sulfate

Bud Arrepollamiento, Bull’s Eye, Bunchy top,(mycoplasm associated with the fungus)

Cultural: Fertilize with boron and

calcium. Avoid sowing twice

consecutively in the same lot.

Physical: Remove sick Diseases caused by virus: PMV (Papaya Mosaic Virus) Circular Stain of the papaya, Virus of the Circular Stain

Cultural: Only use seeds from

healthy plants. Protect seedlings from

wounding and aphid attacks.

Good fertilization and irrigation.

Control vector insects (aphids, “loritos verdes”).

Destruction and burial or removal of sick trees from the lot.

Destruction of crop remnants.

Avoid sowing twice consecutively in the same lot.

Rot (Ascochyta sp). Chemical: Application of product not recommended.

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp., Rotylenchulus sp.)

Cultural: Crop rotation. Avoid sowing twice

consecutively in the same lot.

Take periodic soil and root samples during




Arthropods

Papaya Fly (Toxotrypana sp.) Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis sp.)

Cultural: Weed control.

Physical: Removal of all the affected fruit, both on the ground and on the stem, and bury them in a hole.

Genetic: Choose varieties with thicker pulp and skin.

Biological: Wasp Aceratoneuromiya.

Chemical: To stop infestations. Apply only at the perimeters. Some chemicals cause phyto-toxicity in the crop: chlorpyrifos,

Trichlorfon Dimethoate Spinosad

Aphids (Aphis sp., Myzussp.) Vector of PMV

Physical: Eliminate sick plants.

Dimethoate

White Scales (Pseudaulacaspis sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate / destroy old or abandoned plantations.

Agrarian oil (does not affect beneficent organisms)

White Papaya Fly (Aleurodicus sp.)

Cultural: Watering. Adequate fertilization.

Biological: Release of Encarsia sp.

Dimethoate

Leaf Hopper, Green Parrot pest (Empoasca sp).

Cultural: Trap crops and border crops based on grasses.


Cultural: Good fertilization and timely irrigation.

Biological: Various natural controllers.

Cahudo Worm (Erinnys sp.) Biological: Aply natural enemies, such as Trichogramma, Apanteles americanus. This is normally sufficient to control the pest.

Thrips,White Flies (Trialeurodes sp.)

Dimethoate



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDPASSION FRUIT and

other Pasifloras (GRANADILLA, MARACUYA, GULUPA, CURUBA)

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections.Earth bugs and Diggers

(Agrotis sp., Feltia sp.) Lepidoptera

Cultural: Optimal preparation of the soil.

Chemical: Use poisoned bait made of rice, weeds, and insecticide. Only up to three months before production begins to avoid contaminating the fruit.

Chiza orMojojoy (Ancognatha, Eutheola and Anomala) Coleopteran

Cultural: Pruning, removal, and destruction of the affected parts.

Chemical: Application of Wax Lice or turtles (Ceroplastes sp.) Homopteran

Cultural: Light traps. Preventative

application of insecticide during sowing.


Dimethoate + Refined mineral oil

Thrips (Frankliniella sp., Thrips sp.) Thysanoptera

Cultural: Appropriate, well

regulated shade. Reduce the humidity by

pruning.

Biological: Chrysoperla externa.

Dimethoate

Green Parrot pest (Empoasca sp.) Homopteran

Dimethoate


Cultural: Prune very affected leaves. Good fertilization. Dood humidity.

Biological: Control with Coccinellidae. Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus californicusi, Paecilomyces Fumosoroseus.

Chemical: Application of acaricides during intense summers.

Chlorfenapyr Dimethoate

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDLeaf Worms

or Harvester Worm (Agraulis sp.) Lepidopteran

Cultural: Manual removal, elimination, and destruction of larvae, after placing them in mesh containers to produce parasites. Inspect plants periodically.

Biological: In severe cases resort to application of Bacillus thuringiensis, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Bacillus thuringiensis, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus,

Diflubenzuron

Ovary Flies (Lonchaca sp.) Deltamethrin SpinosadShoot Pests

(Spodoptera, Copitarsia sp., Tuta sp.)



Sappers (Liriomyza sp.) Chemical: Application of products.

Buprofezine Deltameth

Floral Bud Flies (Dasiops sp., Lonchae sp.) Dipteran

Cultural: The cultivated areas

should be above 2000 m.a.s.l., and free of the fly.

Sowing distances atic 6 cubic meters (278 pl/Ha).

Constant monitoring once flower buds begin to emerge.

Use of support frames. Maintenance or phyto-

sanitary pruning. Noble cover crops (clover,

burrs, suelda con suelda). Lay plastic beneath the

plants to collect pupae. Eliminate and fallen buds,

flowers, and fruit. Deploy McPhail traps

hydrolized protein and borax.

Eliminate sick and unproductive elements.

Adequatefertilization. Application of lime to the

soil.

Dimethoate Deltamethrin Spinosad

Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma

Stem Woodworms (Melanogromyza sp., Phthorimaca sp.)

Biological: Syntomus sp.

Chemical: Inject the solution to force the larvae out of the plant.

Imidacloprid Deltamethrin



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDAphids (Aphis sp., Myzus

sp.)Biological: Release wasps of the genusAphidius sp., Praon sp.


Imidahloroprid, Acetamiprid DeltamethrinMoths or White

Flies (Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Biological: Encarsia formosa, Amitus fuscipenistoTrialeurodes.


Buprofezin Acetamiprid DeltamethrinLeaf eaters

(Epitrix sp., Diabrotica sp., crickets of the family Gryllidae)


Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Fruit Eaters

(Heliothis sp., Lineodes sp.)Chemical: Application of product.

Mites (Aculops sp.) Chemical: Application of product.

Stem Worm (Faustinus sp., Epiallis sp.)

Chemical: Inject into the stem.

Earth Pearl or White Pearl (Margarodes sp., Eurhizococcus

Chemical: Preventative (50 g applied to the hole before planting).

Black Bee (Trigona sp.) Hymenopte

Cultural: Locate and destroy nests.

Buprofezin Deltamethrin

Nocturnal Beetles Coleopteran

Cultural: Light traps.

Chemical: Application of insecticide.

Fruit Flies (Anastrephasp.) Dipteran

Cultural: Use of McPhail traps (sugar and yeast). Collect and destroy the fallen fruit.

Hydrolized protein bait trap

Deltamethrin

Striped Beetles (Macrodactylus sp.) Coleopteran

Cultural: Manual removal.


products.

Trichlorfon

Chizas (Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: Optimal preparation

of the terrain. Elimination of shelter weeds.

Biological: Application of entomopathogenic funguses, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChemical: Granulated for

better incorporation.

DiseasesDesiccation (Nectria sp.)

Anamorph (Fusarium sp.)

Preventative: Disinfect the seeds, soil or substrata that are to be used.

Cultural: Good drainage of the soil. Disinfect the soil. Eradication of irrecoverable

trees, let land lie fallow and apply lime.

Disinfect boots and footwear when entering the field with formalin and living lime.

Sow seedlings above the soil level with temporal earthing up.

Do not wound the roots

CarboxinSodium hypochlorite CaptanCopper oxychloride + Metalaxyl


Grayish-brown Stain (Alternaria sp.)

Biological: Trichoderma harzianum Desiccation (Nectria sp.) Anamorph (Fusarium

sp.)

Chemical: If a plant with symptoms is detected then apply formalin or hypochlorite, and then after 8 days uproot and burn it. Application of fungicide with brush in the crop, including

Difenoconazole Captan

Nematodes (Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp.)

Cultural: Do not wound the

roots to reduce access to nematodes.

Avoid associating the crop with solanaceous plants (“naranjilla”, “tomate”, “chili”).

Spread lime over the plantation each year.

Apply sufficient organic fertilizer.

Stem and Fruit Mange, Anthracnose (Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: Regular pruning of

stems and leaves. Avoid over-

bedding (“sobreencamado”).

Bury or burn post

Captan CimoxanylFosethyl

Aluminium



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDplantation field.

Eliminate unproductive trees and any affected materials.

Build good drainage to prevent the accumulation of water into puddles on the plantation.

Spread lime over the soil.

Chemical: Application of Mange (Cladosporium sp.)

Cultural: Eliminate post harvest

remnants. Use healthy

seeds for propagation.

Sanitary pruning throughout the

Difenoconazole Propamocarb

Gray mold (Botrytis sp.)

Cultural: Pruning or total clearing

of the unproductive and affected parts, burning and burying it.

Avoid excess humidity. Avoid accumulation of

water into puddles on the plantation.

Biological: Trichoderma

Fenhexamid + Tebuconazole Thiabendazole

Trichoderma sp

Chicken Eye (Phomopsis sp.)

Chemical: Application of product. Difenoconazole

Descending Death (a complex ofPhoma sp.


Difenoconazole

Black Fruit Rot (Glomerella sp.)

Cultural: Do not pack fruit when it’s humid.

Chemical: Applications made before the harvest.

Difenoconazole

Gray Stain (Cercospora sp.) Cultural: Curative pruning that

increases aeration and penetration of light on the plantation.

Improve drainage. Use healthy seeds. Destroy pruned material. Maintain nutritional

balance of the plant especially as regards elements such as

Difenoconazole, Thiabendazole



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDDesiccation of the Fruit

Stalk (Pestalotia sp.)Chemical: Application of product.

Difenoconazole

Virus (SMV,Tymovirus) Cultural: Establish the nursery

isolated from cultivations of “maracuyá” passion fruit, “granadilla” passion fruit, and any other forest pasiflor that may be infected with the virus, using the fruit of longlived, productive, and disease-free plants.

The crop should not be planted until all plants with symptoms of viral infection have been removed.

Keep the crop free of weeds and forest pasiflor plants that can serve as shelter for aphids and sources of nutrition for the virus.

Prune with tools that have been disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or

Acetamiprid Buprofezin Deltamethrin

Weeds various species Manual or mechanical control: Using hoe or “machete”,

avoid penetrating the soil and damaging the roots or creating entrances for the pathogen.

Use of black plastic coverings on each of the planted terraces.

Fluazifop-p-butyl

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)

This crop requires integrated control based on cultural practices that reduce the incidence of the pests and diseases and provide the crop with the capacity to tolerate further attacks of pathogens. These practices include: rotation with less susceptible crops, fertilization, appropriate watering and weed control, elimination of nutrition sources (destruction of remnants, elimination of affected structures), and sowing during the seasons thatare least favorable to the Pineapple

Worm (Melanoloma

Cultural: Establish crops in areas

with favorable conditions, applying



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDagronomic practices that

foster normal development of the plant (use of healthy and uniform shoots (“colinos”), regulation of the flower period, among other practices).

Remove and destroy affected fruit, either burying it or cutting it into small pieces and exposing the pieces to the sun so as to accelerate decomposition and death of worms and larvae therein.

Do not leave crops or fruit abandoned.

Destroy the remnants after the last cutting.

Use of baited traps (hydrolyzed proteins).

Bag the fruit.

Legal: quarantine (movement of infested fruit is restricted).

Pineapple Chigger (Metamasius sp.)

Cultural: Do not leave overripe fruit in the field.

Biological: Beauveria bassiana directly or mixed in bait. Use of traps.

Chemical: Systemic products.

Beauveria bassiana

Pineapple Flour Lice (Dysmicoccus sp., associated with the fire ant Solenopsis)

Cultural: Do not use seedlings that

originate from affected plants by lice.

In lots with attack, the affected vegetable material should be cut and disinfected as soon as possible.

Lots with high incidence should be rotated with grasses or forage legumes, allowing the lot to recuperate.

Disinfection of vegetable material.

Biological: Preventive application of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus when the population of the insect is still low.

Fosethyl Aluminio Dimethoate

Agrarian oil



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDdisinfect the reproductive

material. Control ants (use of bait such as fipronyl).

Edgeless Pest (Scutigerella sp.)

Cultural: Avoid transporting the fruit

from infested areas to uninfested areas.

Good soil preparation such as habitat modification, ensuring that no clods of soil remain in the field.

Chemical: Application of products.Pineapple Worm II (Thecla

sp.)Chemical: Application of product.

Paca or fusariosis(Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp.)

Cultural: Visual selection of shoots

(“colinos”) for sowing, ensuring that they come from healthy, disease-free, mother plants.

Categorize the shoots (“colinos”) according to their size so as to obtain as uniform a plantation development as possible.

Destroy damaged or penetrated fruit.

Destruction of crop remnants.

Rapid propagation by stem sections, trying to obtain accelerated multiplication of clones.

Cultivate tissues for later propagation in beds in the field.

Good drainage. Raise the pH level above

5.5.


Thiabendazole SulfurCaptan Copper,Copper oxychloride + Metalaxyl

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp., (Pratylenchus sp, Rotylenchus sp. )

Cultural: Let the soil lie fallow for

six months to eliminate nematodes.

Do not plant consecutive pineapple crops in the same soil.

Alternate with crops that do not shelter nematodes (cassava).

Do not alternate with



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDBlack Rot or Fruit

Rot (Thielaviopsis sp.)

Cultural: Adequate selection and

destruction of the affected fruit.

Good drainage.

Chemical: Cut fruit with long stalks, applying copper to the cuts. Systemic action nematicides.

Copper composites, Triadimefon

Rot of the shoot (Phytopthora sp.)

Cultural: Good drainage. Disinfection of the colino. Sow in beds or elevated

furrows.


Fosethyl Aluminium

Weeds various species Manual: high sowing density. Manual weeding, being careful notto wound the plant, should be performed

Ametrina

PEAS (Pisum sativum) Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely Grain Worms (Delia sp.) Cultural: constant monitoring.

Chizas: (Astaena sp., Ancognata sp., Phyllophaga sp.)

Cultural: Soil preparation

Aphids (Myzus sp, Aphis sp.)

Biological: Erynia neafidis, Beauveria bassiana, Aphidius colemani.

DimethoateBeauveria bassiana

Sapper Fly (Liriomyza sp.) Biological: Dacnusasp., Opius pallipes, Diglyphus isaea.

Spinosad

Worm (Epinotia sp.) Biological: Metahrizium anisopliae, Absinthe

Metahrizium anisopliae

Thrips Biological: Orius sp. Amblyseius sp.

Azaridachtin

Leaf Worms (Heliothis sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana

Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana Edible Diseases

Yellowing (Fusarium sp.)

Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Chemical: seed treatment.




RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDAnthracnose

(Colletotrichum sp.)

Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Biological: Bacillus subtilis.Chemical: application of fungicides not recommended.

DifenoconazoleBacillus subtilis

Ascochyte Disease (Ascochyta sp.)

Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Biological: Bacillus subtilis, Bisabol. Chemical: application of fungicides not

DifenoconazoleBacillus subtilis

Fuzzy Mildew (Peronospora sp.)

Biological: Botrytis cinerea

Tridemorph

Cenicilla (Oidium sp.) Biological: Cryptococcus sp. Chemical: application of products.

Sulfur micronizado (micronized)


Biological: Azaridachtine

Insecticidal soaps, AzaridachtinOpaque stain (Alternaria

sp.)Biological: Pseudonomas fluorescens. Chemical: application of product.

Insecticidal soaps

Root rot (Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.)

Biological: Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Gliocladium virens.Chemical: application of product.

Trichoderma viride Trichoderma harzianum ThyabendazoleCopper oxychloride + Neck rot (Sclerotinia sp.) Biological: Trichoderma

viride, Laetisaria arvalis.Chemical: application of product.

Trichoderma viride

Rust Disease (Uromyces Biological: Verticillium lecanii, T. lletiopsis sp.)


Copper sulfate, CyproconazoleMarginal root rot

(Aphanomyces sp.)Biological: Burkholderia cepacia, Trichoderma harzianum.Chemical: application of

PropamocarbBurkholderia cepacia, Trichoderma harzianum

Weeds (Grasses and Wide leaves.)

Cultural: manual weeding using a common hoe or weeding hoe.Adequate lot preparation. Use of good quality seeds. Crop rotation. Chemical:

LinuronPrometryn (Wide leaf)

PITAYA (Hylocereus triangularis)

The pitaya is a robust plant with no known serious sanitary problems; it is adaptable to a wide range of altitudes and rainfall levels. However, there are more phytosanitary problems and less production in zones of high rainfall. Some pests require control measures. The



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDRats, birds

(various species)

Cultural: sow the fruit when it is already in a semi-ripe state.Deploy rat traps.Chemical: poisoned bait to control the rodents.Fruit Fly or Fruit

Worm (Anastrepha sp.)

Cultural: baited traps.

Mites (Tenuipalpidae sp.)

Cultural: isolate the outbreak focal point to impede dissemination.

Sulfur

Leaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Cultural: visit the ant nest location, find the main entrance, pump smoke into the nest with a device, and seal. Chemical: toxic bait.Slugs (Mylax sp.) Chemical: Application of product

MethaldehydeStem and Fruit Worm (Noctuidae sp.)

Cultural: periodic revisions of the plantation to eliminate them.

NA

Chigger Stem Worm (Methamasus

Cultural: immediately locate the damage and eliminate the damaged part infested with larvae.

NA

Chigger (Leptoglossus sp.)Scales (Cuadraspidiotus sp.)

Cultural: spray lime and water. Constant monitoring.

NA

DiseasesRot by bacteriosis Cultural: pruning, clearing of

branches, reduce shade. Well-drained soil.Chemical: bactericides.

Branch Tip Yellowing Cultural: eliminate by cutting off the affected part.Chemical: apply sealing paste.

Bordeaux paste

Weeds various species Mechanical: manual clearing around the base of the plant, taking care not to damage the shallow roots. The in- between rows shouldbe kept clean and weeded by machete or QUINOA Quinoa requires extra care of the soil to avoid build up of puddles when it rains. Insects and diseases do not often affect this crop; nonetheless, the limits and possibilities of biological pest control are being studied. Certain



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDbe established in order to

keep pest problems under control. These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomic practices and Earth bugs and

Diggers (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: good soil preparation to destroy weeds, eggs, and larvae, and to conserve the soil humidity.Biological: Bacillus


Slugs (Deroceras sp.) Cultural: good soil preparation. Chemical: application of product.

Methaldehyde

Army Worm (Copitarsia sp.) Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis.

DimethoateBacillus thuringiensis

DiseasesMildew (Peronospora sp.) Chemical: Application of

product.Bordeaux mix

WeedsCommon cold climate weeds (kikuyo, raygrass, avfena, malva, turnip)

Cultural: careful weeding so as not to damage the roots, which are very shallow and fragile.

Fluazifop-p-butyl

RICE (Oryza sativa) The National Rice Growers’ Federation of Colombia (FEDEARROZ) and the National Rice Fund promoteIntegrated Management of Rice Cultivation within the agro-ecological rice growing conditions of the country, including infrastructure, surrounding environment, and cultural patterns of the rice Diseases

White leaf disease (WLD)

Cultural: clear out debris, keep channels and crops free of grass weeds (alternative sogata pest hosts), fangueo. Supervise progress through sampling (see instructions because this can be complicated).Genetic: resistant varieties. Biological: employ natural enemies of the vector insect (sogata).Beauveria bassiana (Empoascavine), Metarhizium anisopliae (Pretty Girl vine). Chemical:

Beauveria bassiana (vine Empoasca) Metarhizium Anisopliae (vine Niña Bonita)

Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDAñublo or Rice

Burn (Pyricularia sp.)

Cultural: good water management, fertilization, sowing density.Good soil preparation. Genetic: resistant crops. Chemicals: not

Azoxystrobin

Brown satin, Helmintosporiosis (Bipolaris sp.)

Cultural: use of certified seeds. Crop rotation. Good watermanagement. Adequate nurturing of plants. Careful selection ofsowing date so that the productive phase does not coincide with periods of high relative humidity

Azoxystrobin

Pod Burn (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: adequate sowing densities, balanced fertilization (avoid high levels of nitrogen), careful selection of sowing date, soil and residue management. Elimination of the sclerotium found on the soil after harvest. Crop rotation. Terrain leveling and fangueo, deep plowing and annual leveling of the soil.Genetic: resistant crops (indica > japonica, late maturation > early maturation, high growth > low growth).Biological: Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas fluorescens Trichoderma harzianum

Cyproconazole, Flutalonil Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid Azoxystrobin Difenoconazole

Pod Rot (Sarocladium sp)

Cultural: eliminate harvest remnants, good nutrition, avoid high sowing density. Avoid letting the crop suffer from lack of water.Use good quality seeds, free of the pathogen.Genetic: resistant varieties. Chemical: as a last recourse. Insect control (stem burrowrs,

Beauveria bassiana(vineEmpoasca),Metarhizium anisopliae (vine Niña Bonita),Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid AzoxystrobinArthropods

Sogata pest (Tagosodes sp.)

Cultural: clear out harvest remnants and weeds. Careful selection of sowing date. Take samples with entomological nets and take any necessary actions.Genetic: resistant varieties. Biological: natural enemies: Paranagrus perforator, Tytthus parviceps, Haplogonatopus hernandezae, Elenchus sp., spiders. Chemical: only when

Beauveria bassiana (vine Empoasca)Metarhizium anisopliae (vine Pretty Girl)Imidachloroprid Acetamiprid Thiamethoxam



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDMoths

(Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: elimination of harvest remnants and weeds; careful selection of sowing date; good post harvest water management.Pheromone traps. Constant supervision.Biological: predators: Coleomegilla, Chelonus, Telenomus. Bacillus thuringiensis. Larva parasitoids Euplectrussp.,

Bacillus thuringiensis,

Deltamethrin

Rice leaf Sapper (Hydrellia sp.)

Cultural: adequate weed control, level ground with good drainage, optimal sowing densities and uniform water levels. Fieldmonitoring (performed weekly between weeks 2 and 4 after rice planting, to observe the population dynamics of the pest). This pest attacks with greater intensity during the rainy seasons. Water management.Genetic: resistant varieties. Biological: egg and larva parasite wasps.

Trichogramma sp.

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam

Mites (Schizotetranychus sp.)

Cultural: avoid water stress. The rains regulate the population.Biological: natural

NA

Aquatic Chigger (Lissorhoptrus sp.)

Cultural: do not drain fields; careful selection of sowing date; clearout post harvest remnants and weeds. Constant supervision. Biological: Beauveria


Neocultilla sp. Cultural: intensive soil preparation, flooding of lots. Weed control.

Eutheola sp. Cultural: avoid sowing in lots where there is a high incidence of insect larv Biological: Metarhizium anisopliae.Natural enemies: birds,

Metarhizium anisopliae Deltamethrin Clothianidin

Phyllophaga sp. Cultural: flooding of lots. Weed control. Intensive soil preparation that induces the destruction of the larvae.

Thiamethoxam

Leeches (Aenedamia sp, Zulia sp., Deois sp.)

Cultural: elimination of grasses near the rice fields. Avoid excessiveuse of nitrogen-rich fertilizer.Stink Bug

orTibraca (Tibraca sp.)

Cultural: carefully manage the sowing density. Elimination of abandoned lots. Weed control.

Beauveria Metarhizi



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDBiological:

entomopathogenic funguses.

Paecilomyces sp.

Burrowers (Diatrea sp., Elasmopalpus sp., Rupela sp.)

Cultural: destruction of remnants and post harvest remnants. Crop rotation. Flooding of the terrain.Biological: natural enemies. ParasitoidsTelenomus

Telenomus sp., Trichogramma sp.

Rice Chigger (Oebalus sp.)

Cultural: clear out post harvest remnants before sowing. Weed control. Constant supervision. Genetic: resistant crops.Biological: Metarhizium anisopliae. Parasite


Weeds

(Echinocloa sp) Propanil Bispyribac sodiumRed rice Cultural: soil preparation

byfangueo, dikes (raised soil), permanent flooding, followed by establishment of a water layer. Pregermination. Direct sowing in saturated soil.Competitiveness of the variety. Crop rotation (sorghum, corn, soy). Manual weeding.

Metsulfuron methyl Bispyribac sodium

RUBBER(Hevea brasiliensis)

Rubber can be grown together with other species such as fruits, timber species, and grains—especially those thatare adapted to the conditions of the region. Before sowing rubber in an agroforestry arrangement, a detailed study of the terrain should be made to identify favorable areas where the species can be planted in optimal conditions. While rubber is not demanding in its cultivation requirements, its Horned Worm (Erinnys sp.) Cultural: till the soil, weed control, rotate crops.Biological: (a) Parasitoids, Trichogramma sp., and predators and(b) microorganisms, Bacillus thuringiensis.Mechanical: manual removal of larvae. Physical: black light trap.

Trichogramma sp. Bacillus thuringiensis



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDLeaf cutter ant (Atta sp.) Chemical: apply with blower

to the anthills.Deltamethrin LimeBeauveria bassiana, Thichoderma sp., Termites (Coptotermes sp.) Cultural: destruction of

termite anthills.Chemical: apply with blower to the anthills.

DimethoateBeauveria bassiana

Diseases

South American leaf disease (Microcyclus sp.)

Genetic: resistant clones or grafts

Black Crust (Phyllachora sp.)Areola Stain (Thanatephorus sp.)

Chemical: several applications during rainy season

Copper based fungicides Triadimefon


Cultural: pruning of the affected branches.Chemical: applications of fungicides.

Copper sulfate Cooper oxychlorides Thiabendazole iLeaf Stain (Corynespora

sp.)Cultural: pruning of the affected branches.Chemical: very sensitive to several fungicides, not recommended.Leaf Burn or Black Stripe

in the Blood Sifter (Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: do not establish plantations in very humid areas or using susceptible clones, select short-leaved clones, prune low infected branches. Disinfect tools used in the process of sifting.Chemical: fungicide solutions, applied with brush, sifting

Metalaxyl

Weeds Various species

SQUASH (Cucurbita maxima)/PUMPKIN/ ZUCCHINI

Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and inspections. Squash grows in any soil that is of decent quality, that does not dry out quickly, and that is located in a sunny area. Fungus diseases



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDthe ground.

Aphids (Aphis sp.)

Cultural: place mesh on bands in crops grown in greenhouses.Elimination of weeds and remnants of the previous crop. Lay chromatic yellow traps.Biological: predator species: Aphidoletes aphidimyza.-Parasitoid species:

Imidachloroprid Thiamethoxam Deltamethrin

Leaf Beetles (Acalymmasp., Cerotoma sp., Diabroticas

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Good agronomic practices and timely inspections. Chemical: application of product.

Imidachlorop

rid

Thiamethox

amChiggers (Acanthocephala sp., Acanthocerus sp., Corythucha sp.)

Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.

Imidachlorop

rid

ThiamethoxaStem Worm (Melittia sp.) Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.

Deltamethrin

Cutting Worm or Biringo (Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. In heavy infestation, eliminate and destroy the lower leaves of the plant. Lay pheromone and light traps. Monitor the first phases of development of the crop, during which it is vulnerable to irreversible damage.Biological: parasites:

Amitraz Trichlorfon Deltamethrin


Leaf-eating Worms(Agrotis sp., Feltia sp., Spodoptera sp., Pseudoplusia sp., Trichoplusia sp.)

Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.Azaridachtine.Biological products: Bacillus thuringiensis.

Amitraz,Bacillus thuringiensis

Fruit Worm (Diaphania sp.) Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.Chemical: pyrethroids

Deltamethrin

Green Parrot Pest Cultural: good agronomic practices and timely inspections.

Thiamethoxam Imidachlorop



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDLeaf

Sappers (Liriomyza sp.)

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. In heavy infestations, eliminate and destroy the lower leaves of the plant. Lay chromatic yellow traps.Biological: natural enemies. Parasitoid species:Diglyphus isaea, Diglyphus minoeus, Diglyphus crassinervis, Chrysonotomyia formosa, Hemiptarsenus zihalisebessi.

Thiamethoxam Imidachloroprid


Cultural: disinfection of structures and soil before planting in fields with a history of red spiderinfestations. Elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Avoid excess nitrogen. Close monitoring of crops during first phases of development. Biological: natural enemies.Main predator species of red spider eggs, larvae, and adults:Amblyseius californicus,

Horticultural oil, Amitraz, Sulfur

White Flies (Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)

Cultural: place mesh on bands in crops grown in greenhouses.Clearing of weeds and crop remnants. Do not place different crops in the same greenhouse. Do not leave sprouts at the end of the cycle since these young sprouts attract White Flies adults. Lay chromatic

Horticultural oil

Thrips (Frankliniella sp.)

Cultural: clearing of weeds and crop remnants. Lay chromatic bluetraps. Place mesh on bands in crops grown in greenhouses.Biological: natural enemies: Amblyseius barkeri,

Sulfur Deltamethrin Thiamethoxam Imidachlorop

Diseases

Bacterial Withering Cultural: elimination and destruction of diseased plants.Chemical: control the beetle vectors. Chemical: control the

NA

Dusty Mildew (Erysiphe sp.)

Cultural: use healthy seeds. Eliminate the vegetable debris andweeds in and around the crop. Chemical: copper or sulfur based fungicides. Do not apply within eight

SulfurCopper oxychloride Copper sulfate Bordeaux mixture



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDMosaic (virus)


Cultural: crop rotation. Soil disinfection in lots that have suffered invasion in the past. Use healthy plants. Vapor sterilization.Solarization (elevate the soil temperature by placing a transparent plastic sheet over the soil for at least 30 days).Genetic: use of resistant Fruit Rot

(Choanephora sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation. Chemical: copper or sulfur based fungicides. Do not apply within eight days of the harvest.

SulfurCopper oxychloride Copper sulfate Bordeaux Stem Rot

(Fusarium sp., Phoma sp., Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Sclerotium sp., Thielavipsis sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation. Elimination of weeds, crop remnants andinfected plants. Adequate ventilation and drainage. Solarization.Chemical: seed disinfection

Captan Tebuconazol Thiram (<5%) Thyabendazole

Curled Tips (Virus)

Cultural: use virus free seeds. Monitoring and control during the early cultivation and nursery phases. Lay chromatic yellow traps to capture and monitor the pest (White Flies). In large fields, a period of rest should be allowed between one cucurbitaceous crop and the next to break the pest’s natural cycle. Eliminate vegetable debris and weeds in and around the crop. Uproot and eliminate the plants affected by the virus and the surrounding plants at the beginning of cultivation.Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Chemical:

Horticultural oil

Cenicilla or oidium Cucurbit Disease (Sphaerotheca sp.),

Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Use of healthy plants. Treatment of the structures.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDGray Rot (Botrytis sp.) Cultural: elimination of

weeds, crop remnants and infected plants.Take special care during the pruning, making clean cuts, leveled with the stem, which is possible when the relative humidity is notvery high; apply fungicide paste. Control nitrogen

Tebuconazole

Bland Rot Cultural: elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants.Avoid wounding while pruning. Adequate ventilation and drainage. Disinfect the tools with a bleach dilution of 20%. Do not fertilize with excess nitrogen. Chemical: chemical treatments are not very effective once the

NA

Weeds(Grasses and grains)

Cultural: Weedings every 15 days until the row is sealed.

STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana)

In Colombia, stevia is a plant that tolerates a wide variety of climates, from sea level up to 2,100 meters. However, it is very susceptible to root and leaf diseases when cultivated in rainy areas and in heavy soils.Given its characteristics, (low growth and consecutive harvests), management of weeds figures as the most Marceños Beetles

(Phyllophaga sp.)Cultural: utilize ultraviolet light traps. Biological: application to the soil:Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus Papillae.

Metarhizium anisopliae Bacillus popilliae

Termites (Amitermes sp.) Cultural: remove all the timber residues and any decomposing organic material before planting. Place baited adhesive traps aroundthe infested lots. Frequent monitoring.Biological: Beauveria

Beauveria bassiana

Compsus, Leaf Cow Bug (Compus sp.)

Cultural: periodic monitoring of stems and leaves to detect the pest in a timely manner. Manual removal of adults.

Beauveria bassian, Metarhizium anisopliaeLeaf Cutting

Ant (Atta sp.)Biological: application of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae (directed at the soil). Nematode Heterorhabditis sp.Natural enemies:

Trichoderma sp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana Pyriphos



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDAphids (Aphididae sp.) Cultural: raking up and tilling

as part of soil preparation, thereby ensuring the elimination of emerging ants.Locate and eliminate the queen (up to three months after the colony is formed).Biological: fungus Trichoderma sp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana. Predators: flies, beetles, ants, chiggers, mites, birds (cirirí, bichofué, pinches, cucaracheros, swallows, ant eatingbirds, scarlet bee birds,

Dimethoate eImidachloroprid

DiseasesLeaf Stain(Alternaria sp., Septoria sp, Sclerotium sp,)

Cultural: frequent supervision of the plantation to detect andeliminate immediately any plants suspected of infection (burn and bury). Moderate watering by spraying to avoid conditions of high relative humidity. Adequate weed control.Sanitary post harvest pruning

Copper oxychloride

Cenicilla, Oidium disease (Oidium sp.)

Cultural: water by spraying to diminish the severity of the affliction. Chemical: spraying of sulfur based fungicide products.

Sulfur

Sclerotium Rot (Sclerotium sp.)

Cultural: treatment of the substrata (sand, soil) that is to be used in the rooting beds. Humid solarization of the substrata. Eliminate plants with symptoms of the disease together with the surrounding soil. Moderate watering by spraying.Rhizoctonia

Rot (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: treatment of the substrata (sand, soil) that is to be used inthe rooting beds. Eliminate affected plants. Moderate watering by spraying.

Propamocarb

Weeds Various Species Cultural: good terrain preparation, good quality seedlings, optimal sowing density, timely sowing, adequate levels of fertilization. Use a cover crop or other soil cover, such aspacholí grass, rice husks,shavings, or other organic material. Avoid the dissemination of new species through the substrata during

Linuron



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDMechanical: mechanical and

manual weeding between the plants.Physical: solarization, cover the soil with black plastic.Chemical: herbicides.SUGAR CANE (for

panela, not for sugar)Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly speaking, that is). These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical practices and Cabrito Worm (Caligo sp.) Cultural: manual control of pupae and larvae.Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis.


Stem Worms (Diatraea sp.)

Biological: release of wasps Trichogramma sp., Cotesia flavipes, Lixophaga ditraeae, fly Paratheresia claripalpis andMetagonistylum minense and the fly Jaynesleskia

Trichogramma sp.

Sucker Insects, Saliva Bug (Aeneolamia sp.)

Biological: Metarrhizium anisopliae.

Metarrhizium anisopliae

Yellow Aphids (Sipha sp.)

Sugar Cane Chigger (Metamasius

Cultural: traps laid with pieces of guadua.

NA

Remnant Rickets (Clavibacter

Cultural: seed treatment with hot water prior to sowing.

NA

Diseases

Red Rot (Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: crop or varieties rotation. Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization.Genetic: sowing of resistant Pineapple Disease

Or Black Heart (Ceratocystis sp.)

Cultural: crop or varieties rotation. Good terrain preparation.Adequate fertilization.Genetic: sowing of resistant

Carboxin Captan TriadimefonGrayis brown

stripe (Cochiobolus

Cultural: improve drainage and physical conditions of the soil. Genetic: resistant

NA

Carbon Disease (Ustilago sp.)

Cultural: eradication of sick plants. Crop or varieties rotation. Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization.Genetic: resistant

Triadimefon



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChemical: immersion. Seed

treatments with protective fungicides.

Ring Stain (Leptosphaera sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation. Good fertilization.Genetic: use of resistant varieties.

NA

Rust Disease (Puccinia sp.)

Cultural: healthy reproductive material, disinfect cutting tools. Crop or varieties rotation Good terrain preparation. Adequate fertilization. Genetic: use

NA

Sugar Cane Mosaic Virus (SCMV)

Cultural: elimination of sick plants, use of reproductive material free of the disease.Genetic: sowing of resistant varieties.

NA

Eye Stain (Helminthosporium sp.)

Cultural: avoid excess nitrogen fertilization.Genetic: use of resistant varieties.

NA

Nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus sp. Pratylenchus sp.Helicotylenchus sp.)


Weeds Cyperus sp.

Cultural: adequate preparation of the soil. Apply recommended sowing systems and distances. Good quality seeds. Nurseries,Drainage. Adequate control of pests and diseases.Manual: 2 – 4 weedings with spade. Mechanical: using scythe or tractor implements.

Ametryne Mesotrione

TOMATO(Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato is exposed to very high pressure from diseases and pests. This makes it necessary to implement an IPM program that integrates chemical options with cultural practices and use of natural enemies, all within a coherent framework designed to offer long-term protection. By restraining use of pesticides during the first phases of cultivation, the populations of natural enemies are preserved. Intensive



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDEarly Ember Disease,

alternariosis (Alternaria sp.)

Cultural: use certified seeds and treat them with disinfectant prior to sowing. Fertilize with potassium.Avoid sowing in soilswhere infections have occurred in the past. Adequate management of watering. Eliminate the weeds, plants, and sick fruit. Manage humidity well. Do not leave sick plants in the crops, systematically prune away the affected parts of the plant.Genetic: use of tolerant

Captan Difenoconazole,Azoxystrobin, Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole

Fuzzy Mildew (Cladosporium sp.)

Cultural: the table variety used in this country has demonstrated good tolerance.Chemical: applications of copper products.

Copper sulfate Copper oxychloride Dimetomorf

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp)

Cultural: crop rotation, disinfection of the seed and of the seed nursery.

Captan

Smooth Rot (Erwinia sp.)

Chemical: spraying of chemical products in proportion to the intensity of the infestation.Chemical: spraying of chemical products.Late Ember Disease,

Drop or mildew(Phytophthora sp.)

Cultural: elimination of sick plants and fruit. Adequate management of ventilation and watering.Phytosanitary pruning.Utilize healthy plants. Manage Solanacae crops that are nearby and eliminate the remnants of previous crops.Chemical: it is advisable to use adherents to improve

CaptanCopper oxychloride, Copper sulfate

Mandipropamid

Withering (Fusarium sp., Pseudomonas sp.)

Cultural: crop rotation, eliminate sick plants and crop remnants, utilize certified seeds and healthy plants.Adequate control of thehumidity and temperature. Do not establish nurseries in infected soil. Solarize to disinfect the nursery. Genetic: use of resistant varieties. Physical: solarization.Chemical: disinfection of


Bland Rot Cultural: Sprinkle lime to adjust the pH level of the soil. Adequate fertilization. Maintain good drainage. Maintain constant humidity in

NA



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDRoot Rot (Sclerotiumsp.) Cultural: crop rotation. All

affectedplants should be eliminated and their roots burned. This pathogen is highly persistent in the soil.Genetic: use resistant varieties. Chemical: apply directly to the base of the soil.

Tebuconazole Captan Ciprodinil

Mildew (Fulvia sp.)

Cultural: sow certified seeds since this disease can be transmitted by poor seeds. Reduce the humidity within the crop by pruning. Remove the low leaves of the plant to eliminate the first affected leaves.

Iodine Organic

Damping off or Sudden Death (Phytophthora sp, Phytium sp, Rhizoctonia sp.)

Cultural: avoid high humidity. Soil disinfection. Avoid high crop density in the nursery, the seedlings should be sown preferably in the row so as to allow free circulation of the air. Disinfect the soil by solarization.

Copper oxychloride Copper sulfate

Bacterial Chancro (Clavibacter sp.)

Cultural: use certified seeds and uninfested soil.Chemical: sterilize with hot water or with a solution of chlorine and water.

NA

Oidiopsis (Leveillula sp.) Cultural: elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Use of healthy plants. Chemical: application of product.

Sulfur, TriadimefonSpeckled Virus (TSWV) Cultural: do not plant

specimens that show symptoms on their leaves.Avoid proliferation of weeds. Completely destroy affected plants. Control thrips. Genetic: use of resistant

Azadirachtin


Cultural: use plants that are free of the pathogen. Use resistant varieties. Soil disinfection.Gray Rot (Botryotinia sp.) Cultural: elimination of weeds, crop remnants and infected plants.Adequate management of humidity and free water. Prune old leaves before they can be affected by another fungus.Timely pruning of the side buds (sucker stems), to prevent possible infections, avoiding any scraping of the stems or wounds that can provide an easy entrance for the fungus. Sprinkling of lime on acidic soil to increase the



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDthey are affected by it.

Arthropods


Cultural: periodic revisions. Disinfection of structures and soil. Elimination of weeds and crop remnants. Avoid excess nitrogen. Monitoring during the first phases of the crop. Biological: main predator of eggs, larvae, and adults: Amblyseius californicus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Feltiella acarisuga.

Sulfur Pyridaben

Vasate (Aculops sp.) Cultural: disinfect clothes, footwear and any other gear carried into the crop by workers. Affected plants should be eliminatedEarth bugs, Biringo

Worm and Shoot Worm (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp.)

Cultural: correct preparation of the soil.Biological: no effective measures are known.Chemical: applications using bait targeted at detected focal points (in the afternoon).

Trichlorfon

Aphids (Macrosiphum sp., Aphis sp., Myzus sp.)

Cultural: use mesh coverings in the nurseries. Elimination of weeds and remnants of previous crops. Lay chromatic yellow traps. Apply nettle infusions. Biological: there are some organisms that can control aphids, among which: Hymenoptera: Aphidius colemani, A. matricariaeDipteran: Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Lysiphlebus

Dimethoate Sulfur

False Measurer (Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

Biological: there are many biological enemies: Trichogramma sp.Copidosoma truncatellum, Meteoros leaviventris Euplectrus sp., the fungus Nomuraea rileyi

Trichogramma sp.

Horned Worm (Manduca sp.)

Biological: very effective natural enemy: wasp of the genus. Apanteles sp.Chemical: apply in cases of severe infestation.

Trichlorfon

Stem Woodworms (Melanagromyza

Cultural: affected plants should be uprooted and burned.Eliminate alternative host plants such as Amarantus.

Trichlorfon



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDStalk pest (Scrobipalpula

sp.)Cultural: avoid various succeeding sowing dates. Do not leave debris in the field that can be contaminated. Do not transplant material from infested seed beds.Biological: Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae. Reports of success using larvae parasitoids such asSyntompus sp. The parasitoids find the orifices left by the larvae before pupating and attach themselves to the larvae or pupae inside of the stem.Biological: Egg parasite: Trichogramma sp. Larva


White Flies(Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia sp.)Vector of the spoon virus (TYLCY)

Cultural: avoid various succeeding sowing dates of susceptible crops, can rotate with crops such as: corn, onion, bell pepper, sweet peppers and chilli peppers, sugar cane, sorghum, etc. Eliminate host weeds (milkweed, brush, burs). Destroy remnants or crop remnants. Enrich the soil with organic material. Do not abandon sprouts at the end of the cycle.Inspect the bottoms of leaves to monitor populations. Fertilize and water according to recommendations made by official organisms and technical companies. Aromatic herbs and marigold also help control White Flies infestations, thanks to their repellant quality.Mechanical: Yellow traps. Use of “mulch” or rice husks, dry hay, sugar cane waste pulp, or plastic (preferably yellow) as soil coverage. Protect nurseries with mesh nets.Biological: wasps (Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus

Pyrimiphos methyl Pyridaben Imidaclorid Thiamethoxam Spinosad

Fruit Perforator (Heliothis sp., Neoleucinodes sp.)

Cultural: control and monitoring, use pheromone traps.Biological combine egg parasitoids with use of pheromones. To combat the presence of the eggs, Trichogramma exiguum should be applied. Take

Trichogramma exiguum Bacillus thuringiensis



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDasCopidosoma sp. and

Lixophaga sp. Apply biological insecticide prepared withBacillus thuringiensis, which controls the larvae of these lepidopterans.Ecological: analyze the behavior of the pest through the use of pheromones. Chemical: applications are Leaf Sapper (Lyriomiza

sp., Scrobipalpula, Phthorimae sp.)

Biological: natural enemies. Some of the species are: Native parasitoid species: Diglyphus isaea, Diglyphus minoeus,Diglyphus crassinervis, Chrysonotomyia formosa, Hemiptarsenus zihalisebessi, H. stropersii. Parasitoid species used loosely: Diglyphus isaea.Chemical: spraying should be

Cyromazine Dimethoate Thiamethoxam Spinosad

Thrips (Frankliniella sp.) Vector of the Bronze Tomato Virus (TSWV)

Cultural: lay mesh in the crop, clear weeds and crop remnants, lay chromatic blue traps at plant high level. Good watering. Control the humidity since this pest flourishes in drought and dry conditions.Biological: natural enemies: Amblyseius barkeri, Aelothrips sp., Orius sp.

Sulfur

Weeds Various species

Cultural: terrain preparation (manual or with tractor). Use hoes for small crops. Earth up the plants. Also use scythe at the perimeters of the crop. It is recommendable to perform 4 weedings, generally with machete and hoe, taking care not to damage the plants.Chemical: apply herbicide in strict accordance with the product instructions TROPICAL PASTURES Tropical pastures in Colombia are composed of the genuses Agrostis, Andropogon, Axonopus, Brachiaria, Cenchrus, Choris, Cynodon, Dactylis, Digitaria, Festuca, Lolium, Melinis, Panicum, Paspalum and Pennisetum and others. Many of the species of these genuses have been reported resistant to diseases and have figured as an important aspect of IPM. Research into insect pests afflicting Colombian pastures



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDchemical based.

Arthropods

Earth bugs, diggers(Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp., Feltia sp.)

Cultural: avoid over-grazing. Natural: Parasitoids: Gonia sp., Incamya sp., Eucelatoria sp., Archytas sp., Apanteles sp. and Meteorus sp. Predators:Polistes sp., Calosoma sp. and Zelus sp. and Entomopathogenic: Metarhizium sp.Biological: use of bait poisoned with Bacillus thuringiensis. Biological:


Ant complexes (Acromyrmex sp., Atta sp.)

Biological: Tagetes sp. And Canavalia ensiformis.Genetic: Brachiaria humidicola. Chemical: use of toxic bait.

Sulfluramide

Leaf-eating Pests(Arctia sp., Antarctia sp., Estigmene sp., Cirphis sp., Heliophila sp., Heliothis zea, Mocis latipes, Mocis repanda, Spodoptera sp., and Thioptera sp.)

Natural: Parasitoids: Spilochalcis sp., Brachymeria sp., Euplectrus sp., Emicospilus sp., Archytas sp., Atacta sp., Oxysarcodexia sp. and Winthemia sp.Biological: application of


Chrysomelids(Diabrotica sp., Gynandrobrotica sp., Teratomasp., Colaspis sp., and Chaetonecma sp.)

Cultural: correct irrigation.

Natural: Predators: Geocoris sp. Entomopathogenic: Metarhizium, Beauveria

NA

Leaf-hopper complex(Hortensia similis, Empoasca sp, Agallia lingala, Erythrogonia quadriplagiata, Parallaxis sp., Graminella sp., Cicadulina pastusae and

Cultural: avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, correct irrigation.Natural: funguses such as Entomophthoraand predators such as: spiders and chiggers of the Nebidae

NA

Saliva bugs (Miones) Aeneolamia sp. and Sulia sp.

Cultural: establishment of mixed pastures, grazing and fertilization. Genetic: sowing of grasses that are tolerant or resistant to the damage and that are capable of re-budding. Natural: Predators: Salpingogaster sp., Castolus sp., Zelus sp. and Celerymerus sp. Entomopathogenic:

NA



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDChiggers

Collaria sp., Blissus sp. Solubea sp. and Alkindus atratus.

Cultural: establishment of mixed pastures, grazing, periodic rotation, balanced fertilization between nitrogen and potassium.

Deltamethrin

Diseases


Genetic: resistant varieties.

NA

Rhizoctonia (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Genetic: resistant varieties. Chemical: application of product.

Azoxystrobyn

Bacterial Rot Xanthomonas campestris

Genetic: resistant varieties. Preventative: good drainage of the soil, avoid excess watering.Disinfection of tools and

NA

Weeds various species Cultural: avoid over-grazing, ensure good establishment of the pasture. Mechanical: Timely manual weeding. Chemical: systemic or contact herbicides.

Dicamba

VETIVER(Vetiveria zizanioides)

Vetiver grass is extremely resistant to pests and diseases. There is evidence from India that suggests that when a dead vetiver plant is attacked by termites it has an allelopathic reaction that prevents the resurgence of the grass through the center of the plant. During severe drought the peripheral shoots of the plant turn pink and the plant dies. Very probably these shoot sare too tough for termites to penetrate. Burning can eradicate this pest. Reports from Brazil suggest that Vetiver is resistant to various species of nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus. In the majority of cases, Vetiver pests and diseases are best controlled through burning, which figures as an important Termites Cultural: In severe cases, the termite mounds can suffocate the crop.Under such circumstances an annual burning of the Vetiver barriers and removal of dead plant material reduces the incidence of termite damage.Cultural: Vetiver grass appears to be susceptible to



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDis weak and not growing well,

mainly when the soil is not very deep and in extreme drought conditions.

YAM (Dioscorea villosa) Cultivation of Dioscorea villosa requires a lot of watering, but does not require intensive care. Certain preconditions should be established in order to keep pest problems under control (broadly, speaking, that is).These include: lot selection, (for an optimal mix of climates and varieties), seed and sowing materials quality, and timely agronomical Yam Beetles

(Heteroligus sp.)

Cultural: timely agronomical practices.

Gophers Cultural: traps.

Diseases

Anthracnose (Colletotricum sp.)

Cultural: select and treat seed, good terrain preparation, careful selection of sowing date, set up growth guiding stakes, eradication of sick plants, weed control, clearing of harvest remnants, crop rotation, sow in multiple locations.Withering

Fusarium oxysporumCultural: burning of affected plants and of the post harvest remnants. Genetic: resistant varieties.Chemical: application of


Phyllosticta Stain (Phyllosticta


Cercosporiosis (Cercospora sp.),Helmintosporim sp. Chlorotic Bands (virus)Zonified Stain Rhizoctonia sp. Curvularia Stain

Cultural: use of virus free seeds. Chemical application of product not recommended.



RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDEDTuber Rot,

Clear BrownishRotPenicillium sp., Fusarium sp.Dark Brownish Rot Aspergillus sp.,

Cultural: timely agronomical practices.


Erwinia Chemical: application of product.

Nematodes Scutellonema sp. Meloidogyne Weeds various species Manual: manual

weeding.Fluazifop-p-buthyl


ANNEX B: PESTICIDE PROFILES: TOXICOLOGYB.1ORIENTATION: PESTICIDE TOXICITY AND RISKPesticides of necessity are poisons, but the toxicity of different compounds varies greatly, as do the risks of using them in particular circumstances.

Toxicity is the quality of being poisonous or harmful to animals or plants. A highly toxic substance causes severe symptoms of poisoning with small doses. A substance with a low toxicity generally requires large doses to produce mild symptoms. (Even common substances like coffee or salt become poisons if large amounts are consumed.) Doses can be received (absorbed) via oral ingestion, through dermal contact, or through inhalation. These different dose channels typically have different toxicities.

Toxicity can be either acute or chronic. Acute toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects which develop rapidly following absorption, i.e., a few hours or a day. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause adverse health effects resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. There is a great range in the toxicity of pesticides to humans.

The relative risk of harm from a pesticide is dependent upon the toxicity of the pesticide, the dose received, and the length of time exposed. Dose can be influenced by the amount of pesticide used, concentration of the pesticide, and how the pesticide and application equipment are handled.

For example, a pesticide can be highly toxic as a concentrate, but pose little risk to the user if:

Used in a very dilute formulation,

Used in a formulation not readily absorbed through the skin or inhaled, or

Used by experienced applicators who are equipped to handle the pesticide safely.

In contrast, a pesticide may have a relatively low toxicity but present a high risk because it is used in the concentrated form which may be readily absorbed or inhaled.

In the United States of America, formulated pesticide products (which often include inert ingredients) are given an overall acute toxicity rating by US EPA which is shown on the label on the pesticide container:

Category I: Extremely toxic Category II: Highly toxicCategory III: Moderately toxic Category IV: Slightly toxic, relatively non-toxic

As a member of the CAN, Colombia adopted the “Manual Técnico Andino para el Registro y Control de Plaguicidas Químicos de Uso Agrícola.” Section 6 of the manual establishes how to determine the toxologic category of a pesticide and should be used as a regional authoritative reference for toxologic classification that has been recommended by the WHO.

Pesticide product labels in Colombia should display the WHO classification, which includes a corresponding band of color and warning word per the categorization below:


TABLE 13. PESTICIDE LABEL WARNINGSCategory Classification Band Color WarningIa Extremely dangerous Red Very toxic

(MUY TÓXICO)Ib Very dangerous Red Toxic

(TÓXICO)II Moderately dangerous Yellow Dangerous


TABLE 13. PESTICIDE LABEL WARNINGSCategory Classification Band Color Warning

(NOCIVO)III Somewhat dangerous Blue Caution

(CUIDADO)

TABLE 14. CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY: US EPA AND WHO

CATEGORYLD50 Acute Effects in Rats Other Effects (EPA)

Oral(mg/Kg de peso)

Dermal(mg/Kg

de peso)Inhalati

on (mg/Litr

Ocular Effects Dermal Effects

Ia Extreme

ly Dangero

us

<, = 50 (EPA) S:

<5 (WHO)L:

<20 (WHO

<,= 200 (EPA) S<10 (WHO) L>40

<,= 0.05 (EPA)

Corrosive(irreversible

destruction in the ocular

tissue), irreversible

corneal opacity

Corrosive (irreversible

destruction in the skin tissue and/or scar)

IbHighly

Dangerous

S: 5-50(WHO) L: 20-200 (WHO)

S: 10-100 (WHO) L: 40-400

IIModerately Dangerous

>50-500 (EPA)

S:50- 500 (WHO)L: 200-

>200-2,000(EPA) S:100-1,000 (WHO)L: 400-

>0.05 – 0.5 (EPA)

Corneal opacity.

Persistent irritation for 8-

21 days

Severe irritation atat

72 hours (severe

erythema or edema)

IIISlightly

Dangerous

>500-5,000(EPA) S:>500 (WHO) L: >2,000 (WHO)

>2,000-5,000 (EPA)

S: > 1,000 (WHO)L: >

>0.5 -2 (EPA)

Reversible irritation in 7

days or less, no corneal opacity

Moderate irritation at 72 hours

(erythema moderate)

IV - ULow Probability

of danger in normal use

> 5,000 (EPA)

> 5,000 (EPA)

> 2 (EPA)No irritation.

Effects disappear within less

than 24 hours.

Light irritation at72 hours (without

irritation or light

WHO: World Health Organization uses Danger CategoriesUS EPA – uses Toxicity LevelsS: Solid formL: Liquid form


B.2 SUMMARY TOXICOLOGY PROFILES OF PESTICIDES ASSESSED BY THIS PERSUAPThe following table summarizes the toxicological profiles of all AIs examined by this PERSUAP, as well as their US EPA registration status.

TABLE 15. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES

Active Ingredient

Chemical class

Human Health Issues Ground- water contami nant

Ecotoxicology

Acute Toxicity Class/Categ.

Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant

toxicological aspects

Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP

WHO EPA Fish

Bees Birds Amphibians Earth- worm

Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic insect

Zooplankt on

HERBICIDES2,4-D Ácido

fenoxiacéti co

halogenad o y/o

sus ésteres

No II NCV PC (IARC- 2B)

P NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT Yes Conditionally accepted; status to be reviewed annually

Acetoclor (Acetochlor)

Cloroacet anilida

Yes III IV ED HT NAT MT MT Suggested carcinogen

(EPA)

Yes Rejected

Alaclor (Alachlor)

Cloroacet anilida

Yes II NCV ED C MT ST MT MT ST ST Included in the

Rotterdam Convention

Yes Rejected

Ametrina (Ametryn

Triazina No II IV P ST ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Arsenicales Compuest os de metal

pesado

n/a Unlisted

NR IARCGroup 1

C Carcinogenic to humans

(IARC, 2012)

No Rejected

Atrazina (Atrazine)

Triazina Yes III IV ED C ST ST ST ST ST ST HT Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Bentazona (Bentazo

Benzotiadi azina

n/a II NCV NAT ST ST NAT Yes Accepted

Bispiribac sódico

(Bispyribac- sodium)

Pirimidinilt

iobenzoat o

No III NCV P ST Yes Accepted

Butaclor (Butachlor)

Cloroacet anilida

n/a III NR LC (EPA)

HT MT MT MT MT Yes Rejected

Ácido cacodílico (Cacodylic acid)

Organoars enical

II NCV Group 1(IARC- 2012

NAT ST Carcinogenic to humans

(IARC-2012)

No Rejected

Ciclosulfamuron (Cyclosulfamuron)

Sulfonilure a

n/a U NR No Rejected

Cicloxidim (Cycloxydim)

Ciclohexe nona

n/a III NR No Rejected

Cletodim (Clethodim)

No Unlisted

III P ST ST Yes Accepted

Clomazona (Clomazone)

Isoxazol

No II NCV P ST ST HT Yes Accepted

Cloridazona (Chloridazon)

Piridazinon a

No III IV P NAT No Rejected

Clorimuron etil(Chlorimuron

ethyl)

Sulfonilúre a

No III IV MT ST NAT Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish Bees Birds Amphibians Earth- worm

Mollusks

Crustaceans Aquatic insect

Zooplankt on

Cihalofop-butil (Cyhalofob-

Cianofeno xi

No U NCV Yes Accepted

Dalapón (Dalapon)

Ácido carboxíli

co halogen

ad o

n/a U NR NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT No Rejected

Dicamba (Dicamb

Derivado del ácido benzoi

Yes II NCV P ST NAT NAT ST Yes Accepted

Diflufenican (Diflufenican)

Anilida n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Diquat dibromuro (Diquat

Bipiridiliu m

No II II P NAT ST NAT ST MT ST ST Fatal by inhalation

and ingestion

Yes Rejected

Diuron (Diuron)

Derivado de la úrea

No III IV LC (EPA), C ST NAT ST ST MT MT Yes Rejected

Etofumesato (Ethofumesate)

Benzofura no

No U IV P ST ST MT No Rejected

Fenmedifam (Phenmediph

Bis- carbamato

No U III P ST NAT ST No Rejected

Fenotiol (MCPA thioethyl)

ácido fenoxiacéti co clorado

n/a II NR MT No Rejected

Fenoxaprop-etil (Fenoxaprop-

Ácido ariloxife

no xi

No O NCV Obsolete pesticide

Registration canceled

Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

propiónico

Fluazifop-p-butil (Fluazifop-p-

Acido ariloxip

ro pionico

No III NCV RD ST Yes Accepted

Fluometuron (Fluometuron)


No U IV ST NAT ST MT Yes Accepted

Glifosato (Glyphosate)

Derivado de la glicina

Yes III NCV PC (IARC- 2A)

P ST ST MT ST Yes Conditionally accepted; status to be reviewed

annuallyGlufosinato-

amonio(Glyfosinate ammonium)

Derivado de la glicina

No II NCV RD P NAT NAT ST Yes Rejected

Haloxifop-metil

(Haloxyfop- methyl)

Ácido ariloxife

no xipropio

ni co

n/a II NR LC (EPA)

No Rejected

Ioxinil (Ioxynil)

Hidroxibe nzonitril

n/a II NR MT MT No Rejected

Lactofén (Lactofen)

Difenileter

No Unlisted

NCV MT NAT No Rejected

Linurón (Linuro


No III IV RD P MT NAT ST ST ST Yes Accepted

MCPA Acido (2- (4-cloro-2-

metilfenoxiacético)

Acido fenoxiac

éti co halogen

ad

Yes II II ST ST ST ST NAT ST No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish


Mollusks


Zooplankt on

o

Mesotriona (Mesotrion

Benzoilcicl

ohexanedi ona

Yes Unlisted

NCV ST Yes Accepted

Metamitron (Metamitron)

Triazinona

No II NCV Yes Accepted

Metobromuron (Metobromuron)


n/a III NR ST No Rejected

Metolaclor (Metolachlor)

Cloroacet anilida

Yes III IV C MT NAT ST Yes Accepted

Metribuzina (Metribuzi

Triazona No II III ED P ST ST ST ST Yes Rejected

Metsulfuron metil

(Metsulfuron- methyl)

Sulfonilúre a

No U IV ST Yes Accepted

Molinato (Molinate)

Tiocarbam ato

No II ST ED P ST ST NAT MT MT No Rejected

Napropamida (Napropami

N,N-dietilami

da

No U ST P ST NAT ST MT No Rejected

Naptalam (Naptala

N-naftilami

da

No U NCV NAT No Rejected

Nicosulfuron (Nicosulfuron)

Sulfonil úrea

Yes U IV P NAT Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish

Bees

Birds Amphibians Earth- worm

Mollusks


Zooplankt on

Nitrofeno (Nitrofen)

Nitrobenc eno

n/a O NR Group 2B (IARC)

MT ST ST MT MT ST Obsolete pesticidePossibly

carcinogenic to humans

No Rejected

Oxadiazón (Oxadiazon)

Oxadiazol

No U IV LC (EPA) MT ST MT ST HT Yes Rejected

Oxifluorfeno (Oxyfluorfen)

Difenileter

No U IV LC (EPA) HT ST NAT VHT Yes Rejected

Paraquat dicloruro(Paraquat dichloride)

Bipiridilo

Yes II NCV P ST ST ST NAT ST Fatal by inhalation

and ingestion

Yes Rejected

Pendimetalina (Pendimetha

Dinitroanil ina

No II IV MT ST MT MT Yes Accepted

Picloram (Picloram)

Yes U NCV ED C ST ST NAT NAT ST Yes Rejected

Pretilaclor (Pretilachlor)

n/a U NR MT Yes Rejected

Profoxidim (Profoxydim)

n/a Unlisted

NR ED Yes Rejected

Prometrina (Prometryn)

Triazina

No III IV MT ST ST Yes Accepted

Propaclor (Propachlor)

Cloroacet anilida

No II NCV LC EPA ST No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish


Mollusks


Zooplankt on

Propanil (Propanil)

Anilida No II IV P MT ST ST NAT ST ST Yes Accepted

Piribenzoxima (Pyribenzoxim)

Pirimidinilt

iobenzoat o

n/a Unlisted

NR Yes Rejected

Quinclorac (Quinclorac)

Quinoleina

No III IV P ST NAT ST ST Yes Accepted

Simazina (Simazi

Triazina Yes U IV ST ST NAT NAT NAT ST HT No Rejected

Terbutrina (Terbutryn)

Triazina No III Registr ation pendin g

P MT Yes Rejected

Trialato (Triallate)

Tiocarbam ato

III IV P MT NAT VHT Very persistent in water, soil

and sediments; Very toxic to aquatic

No Rejected

Triasulfuron (Triasulfuron)

Sulfonilúre a

No U IV NAT ST Yes Accepted

Triclopir (Trichlopyr)

Cloropirid inilo

Yes II NCV ST ST NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Trifloxisulfuron (Trifloxysulfuro

Sulfonilúre a

No Unlisted

NCV Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Trifluralina (Triflurali

Nitroanilin a

No U IV ED HT ST MT HT ST ST MT Very bioaccumulative

Yes Rejected

FUNGICIDESAzoxistrobina (Azoxystrobin)

Estrobina

Yes U NCV P ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Azufre (Sulfu

Elemento

No III IV C NAT NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Benalaxil (Benalax

Xililalanina

n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Benomil (Benomyl)

Benzimida zol

n/a U NR RD ST MT ST NAT ST Included in the


Yes Rejected

Bitertanol (Bitertanol)

Triazol No U NCV Yes Accepted

Caldo de Bordeaux (Bordeaux

mix) Lima + sulfato de

cobre

Inorganic

No II Sí MT HT HT MT ST MT Yes Accepted

Pasta de Bordeaux (Bordeaux

Inorganic


Boric Acid Inorganic

No - - MT ST ST ST ST Accepted

Boscalid Anilida No U NCV NAT Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Bromuconazol (Bromuconazol

Triazol No II NCV MT No Rejected

Bupirimato (Bupirima

Pirimidina

No III NR Yes Rejected

Calcium Chloride

Inorganic

No U - ST ST ST ST Accepted

Captafol (Captafol)

Tioftalimid a

Ia NR LC (EPA)

PC (IARC)

ST Probably carcinogenic to humans

(IARC)Included in

the Rotterdam

No Rejected

Captan (Capta

Tioftalimid a

No U NCV HT NAT MT MT NAT MT Yes Accepted

Carbendazim (Carbendazim)

Benzimida zol

Yes U IV RD MT ST ST ST HT Accepted by the US EPA for use on different

crops leading to food

Yes Rejected

Carboxín (Carboxi

Carboxam ida

No III MT NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Ciproconazol (Cyproconazole)

Azol No II IV ST NAT MT Yes Accepted

Clorotalonil (Chlorothalonil)

Benceno sustituido

Yes U II LC (EPA) P VHT NAT HT ST VHT MT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Clozolinato (Chlozolinate)

Dicarboxi mida


Hidróxido de cobre

Cobre inorgánico

n/a II Registr ations with Pendin g Reque sts for Canc

Very persistent water, soil, sedimentVery toxic to aquatic organisms

Yes Rejected

Oxicloruro de cobre

(Copper oxychlori

de)

Cobre inorgánico

No II NCV ST HT VHT Yes Accepted

Copper Chloride

Inorganic

No U - MT MT MT MT Accepted

Sulfato de cobre (Copper

Cobre inorgánico


Cimoxanil (Cymoxanil)

No II IV ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Ciprodinil (Cyprodin

Pirimidina

No Unlisted

IV P MT NAT HT Yes Accepted

Diclofluanida (Dichlofluanid)

N,N-sulfona

n/a U NR MT VHT No Rejected

Diclorán (Dichloran)

Nitrobenc eno sustituido

No III IV P ST NAT MT Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Dietofencarb (Diethofencarb)

Carbamat o

n/a U NR Yes Rejected

Difenilmetano (Diphenylmetha

Hidrocarb uro aromático

n/a Unlisted

NR No Rejected

Difenoconazol (Difenoconazol

Triazol No II IV ST HT Yes Accepted

Dimethomorf (Dimetomor

Morfolina

No U IV P MT ST ST Yes Accepted

Dinobuton (Dinobuton)

Derivado del dinitrofen ol

n/a II NR VHT No Rejected

Dinocap (Dinocap)

Derivado del dinitrofen ol

No II III RD HT HT VHT No Rejected

Dodina (Dodin

Guanidina

No II II P NAT NAT MT HT No Rejected

Epoxiconazol (Epoxyconazole)

Triazol No Unlisted

NCV LC (EPA); RD, ED

Yes Rejected

Etridiazol (Etridiazole)

Tiadiazol

No III NCV P MT ST MT No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Fenarimol (Fenarimol)

Pirimidina

No III IV ED P MT ST Yes Rejected

Fenhexamida (Fenhexa

Anilida No U IV P MT NAT MT Yes Accepted

Fenpropimorph (Fenpropimorph)

Morfolina

No III NCV ST Yes Accepted

Fenpropidina (Fenpropidin)

Derivado piperidínic o

n/a II NR Yes Rejected

Fentín hidróxido (Fentin

Organome tálico

Yes II II LC (EPA); ED

VHT HT NAT HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

Fenamidona (Fenamido

Imidazol No Unlisted

NCV P NAT Yes Accepted

Ferbam (Ferba

Ditiocarba mato

No U IV MT ST MT HT HT No Rejected

Fludioxonil (Fludioxonil)

Cianopirro l sustituíd

Yes U IV P ST Yes Accepted

Fluoxastrobina (Fluoxastrobin

Estrobin No Unlisted

NCV NAT Yes Accepted

Flusilazol (Flusilazole)

Triazol n/a II NR Yes Rejected

Flutolanil Anilida No U IV P ST NAT ST ST MT ST Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

(Flutolanil)

Flutriafol (Flutriaf

Triazol No II NCV P Yes Accepted

Fluxapiroxad (Fluxapyroxad)

Anilida, pirazo

n/a Unlisted

NR Yes Rejected

Folpet (Folpet)

Tioftalimid a

No U NCV LC (EPA) HT ST HT ST HT MT Yes Rejected

Fosetil aluminio(Fosetyl

Alumminio)

Ester orgánico del ácido fosforos

No Unlisted

II P NAT ST NAT MT Yes Accepted

Furalaxil (Furalaxyl)

Xililalanina


Hexaconazol (Hexaconazole)

Azol n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Imazalil (Imazal

Azol Yes II NCV LC (EPA) MT Yes Rejected

Iodine Inorganic

No U - Accepted

Iprodiona (Iprodione)

Dicarboxi mida

No III IV LC (EPA) P MT HT MT Yes Rejected

Isopirazam (Isopyrazam)

n/a Unlisted

Pendin g Registr ation

LC (EPA) Very persistent water, soil, sedimentVery toxic

Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

aquaticorganisms

Isoprotiolano (Isoprothiolane)

Ditiolanilid eno

n/a II NR MT ST Yes Rejected

Kasugamicina (Kasugamycin)

Antibiótic o

No Unlisted

Yes ST ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Kresoxim metil (Kresoxim

Estrobina

No Unlisted

IV LC (EPA) P ST VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Mancozeb (Mancozeb)

Ditiocarba mato

No U NCV LC (EPA); ED,

P MT HT NAT Yes Rejected

Mandipropamida (Mandipropam

No U NCV P Yes Accepted

Maneb (Mane

Ditiocarba mato

U NCV LC (EPA); ED

MT ST ST ST HT No Rejected

Metalaxil (Metalaxyl)

Xililalanina

Not II III P ST ST ST Yes Accepted

Metam sódico Metam-

Ditiocarba mato

Yes II II LC (EPA); ED

HT ST VHT HT Yes Rejected

Metconazol (Metconazole)

Azol No II NCV Yes Accepted

Metil tiofanato Methyl

Tiofanato

No U IV LC (EPA) P ST ST NAT NAT Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Metiram (Metira

Ditiocarba mato

U NCV LC (EPA); ED

P NAT NAT MT MT Yes Rejected

Metil Tolclofos (Tolclofos

Organofos forado

No U NCV Yes Accepted

Miclobutanil (Myclobutanil)

Triazol n/a II NR MT HT Yes Rejected

Nuarimol (Nuarimol)

Pirimidina

n/a II NR No Rejected

Ofurace (Ofurace)

Anilida n/a III NR No Rejected

Oxadixil (Oxadixyl)

Anilida No II IV NAT Yes Accepted

Oxicarboxina (Oxycarboxin)

Carboxam ida

III IV ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Penconazol (Penconazole)

Triazol n/a III NR Yes Rejected

Pencicurón (Pencycuron)


n/a U NR HT No Rejected

Pentacloronitrobe nceno

(Pentachloronitrob enzene)

Nitrobenc eno halogenad o

No Unlisted

IV MT ST VHT No Rejected

Pirazofos (Pyrazophos)

Organofos forado

n/a II NR MT HT ST MT VHT No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Piraclostrobina (Pyraclostrob

Estrobina

Unlisted

NCV P ST Yes Accepted

Pirifenox (Pyrifenox)


Pirimetanil (Pyrimethanil)

Pirimidina

n/a III NR ST Yes Accepted

Polisulfuro de calcio

(Calcium polysulfi

de)

Sulfuro inorgánico polimeriza do

No Unlisted

NCV ST ST Yes Accepted

Procloraz (Prochloraz)

Azol n/a II NR MT Yes Rejected

Procimidona (Procymidone)

Azabiciclo clorado

No U NCV LC (EPA) NAT Yes Rejected

Propamocarb (Propamocarb)

Carbamat o

No U NCV ST NAT Yes Accepted

Propiconazol (Propiconazole)

Triazol Yes II III P MT ST MT ST MT Yes Rejected

Propineb (Propine

Ditiocarba mato


Sodium hypochlorite

Inorganic

No NL I MT ST HT

Sulfur Inorganic

No U IV HT ST ST ST ST Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Tebuconazol (Tebuconazole)

Triazol II NCV MT HT Yes Accepted

Tetraconazol (Tetraconazole)

Triazol Yes II NCV LC (EPA) P Yes Rejected

Tiabendazol (Thiabendazole)

Benzimida zol

Yes III IV ST MT ST Yes Accepted

Tiram (Thiram)

Ditiocarba mato

No II IV VHT ST VHT HT NAT HT Included in the


Yes Accepted only<15%

Triadimefon (Triadimefon)

Triazol No II III ST ST ST NAT Yes Accepted

Triadimenol (Triadimenol)

Triazol No II III ST Yes Accepted

Triciclazol (Tricyclazole)

Triazol n/a II NR MT ST ST Yes Rejected

Tridemorf (Tridemorph)

Morfolina

Yes II NCV RD Yes Rejected

Trifloxistrobina (Trifloxystrobin

Estrobina

No U IV ST NAT Yes Accepted

Triforina (Triforine)

Piperazina

No U IV NAT ST Yes Accepted

Vinclozolina (Vinclozolin)

Dicarboxi mida

No U IV PC (EPA) RD, ED.

P ST ST Possibly Carcinogen

(EPA)

No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Zineb (Zineb)

Ditiocarba mato en complejo con Zinc.

n/a U NR ED ST HT NAT HT NAT ST ST No Rejected

Ziram (Ziram)

Ditiocarba mato en complejo con Zinc

II No inform ation

HT ST HT MT HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

INSECTICIDESAbamectina(Abamectin;

(mezcla avermectina

B1A, B1b)

Lactona macrocócli ca de origen biológico

Yes Unlisted

NCV SL HT VHT VHT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

Acefato (Acephate)

Organofos forado

No II IV PC (US EPA)

P NAT HT NAT NAT NAT Yes Rejected

Aceite mineral refinado(Refined

mineral oil)

Derivado del petróleo saturado

No Unlisted

Si NATto MT

The non-refined

mineral oil is considered

carcinogenic to humans. PAN 2015

Yes Accepted

Acetamiprid (Acetamiprid)

Neonicoti noide

Yes Unlisted

NCV P ST to MT

VHT Yes Accepted

Aldicarb (Aldicarb)

N-metil carbamato

Yes Ia NCV C MT HT ST HT ST Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Aldrin (Aldrin)

Organoclo rado

n/a O NR HT MT MT VHT ST In Annex A of Stockhol

No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

ConventionObsolete PesticiAlfa

cipermetrina(Cypermeth

rin

Piretroide

Yes II NCV PC(US EPA)

HT MT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Amitraz (Amitraz)

Formamidi na

No II III MT ST MT NAT ST Yes Accepted

Benfuracarb (Benfuraca

Carbamat o

n/a II NR MT HT No Rejected

Beta-ciflutrina (Beta-

Piretroide

Yes Ib III VHT HT ST VHT VHT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

Bifentrin (Bifenthri

Piretroide

Yes II NCV ED VHT HT VHT Yes Rejected

Bromuro de metilo (Methyl bromide)

Organohal ogenado

Yes Unlisted

II MT MT Included in the Montreal Protocol

No Rejected

Buprofezin (Buprofezine)

Tiadiazino na

No III NCV NAT NAT Yes Accepted

Cadusafos (Cadusafos)

Organofos forado

Ib NCV C VT HT Yes Rejected

Carbaril (Carbaryl)

N-metilcarba mato

Yes II III LC (EPA; ED.

P MT HT MT MT ST MT MT Yes Rejected

Carbofuran (Carbofura

N-metilcarba

No Ib II P MT HT ST MT MT HT MT Fatal by inhalation


Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

matoCarbosulfan

(Carbosulfan)N-metilcarba mato

n/a II NR HT HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Rejected

Cartap (Carta

Tiocarbam ato

n/a II NR HT MT MT ST No Rejected

Cipermetrina(Cypermeth

rin and)

Piretroide

Yes II NCV HT Yes Rejected

(Alpha and zeta rejected)

Ciromazina (Cyromazine)

Triazina No III IV C ST ST Yes Accepted

Clofentezin (Clofentezi

Tetrazina

No III IV ST NAT ST Yes Accepted

Clordimeform (Chlordimeform)

Formamidi na

n/a O NR P ST ST ST Included in the

Rotterdam ConventionObsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Clorfenapir (Chlorfenapyr)

Pirazol No II NCV HT Yes Accepted

Clorfenvinfos (Chlorfenvinphos)

Organofos forado

n/a Ib NR HT HT MT ST MT No Rejected

Clorflluazuron (Chlorfluazuron

Benzoiltio urea

n/a U NR VT VT VT VT VT Very bioaccumulative

Yes Rejected

Clorpirifos Organofos

Yes II III HT HT MT VHT MT VHT MT Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

(Chlorpyrifos) foradoClotianidin

(Clothianidin)Neonecoti noid

No NL - P LT HT MT MT Accepted

Gamma Cihalotrina

(Cyhalothrin gamma)

Piretroide s

Yes II NCV HT HT Yes Rejected

Lambda cihalotrina

(Cyhalothrin lambda)

Piretroide

Yes II NCV VHT HT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Ciflutrina (Cyfluthrin)

Piretroide

Yes Ib III VHT HT ST VHT VHT Yes Rejected

DDT Organoclo rado

n/a O NR LC (EPA); ED

VHT Obsolete pestici

No Rejected

Dasanit (Fensulfotio

n)(Fensulfothion

Organofos forado

n/a O NR ST VHT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Deltametrina (Deltamethrin)

Piretroide

Yes II III ED MT HT HT MT NAT VHT VHT Yes Accepted

Diafentiuron (Diafenthiouron)

Tioúrea sustituída

n/a III NR HT Yes Rejected

Diazinon (Diazinon)

Organofos forado

Yes II III PC -2A (IARC)

P MT HT MT ST ST ST MT Probably carcinogenic to humans

Yes Rejected

Dibromocloroprop ano (DBCP)

Organohal ogenado

n/a O NR PC – 2B (IARC); LC

C ST ST Obsolete pestici

No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

(EPA) Possiblycarcinogenic to humans

Dicloropropeno (Dichloropropene)

Organohal ogenado

No Unlisted

II PC – 2B(IARC); LC (EPA)

C MT MT Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Yes Rejected

Diclorvos (Dichlorvos)

Organofos forado

Yes Ib II PC - 2B(IARC)

MT HT ST ST ST HT MT Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Dicofol (Dicofo

Organoclo rado

N II IV HT HT HT HT No Rejected

Dicrotofos (Dicrotophos)

Organofos forado

Yes Ib NCV P ST HT NAT MT MT No Rejected

Dieldrin (Dieldrion)

Organoclo rado

n/a O NR LC (EPA) C VHT HT HT MT MT VHT HT Obsolete pestici

No Rejected

Dienoclor (Dienochlor)

Organoclo rado

n/a NR ST ST No Rejected

Diflubenzuron (Diflubenzuron

Benzoilure a

Yes III IV NAT ST NAT NAT MT MT Yes Accepted

Dimetoato (Dimethoate)

Organofos forado

Yes II III P ST HT ST MT MT MT MT Yes Accepted

Dodecacloropenta

ciclodecano(Dodecachloro

pen

Organoclo rado

n/a O NR ST ST ST HT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Emamectina benzoat

Lactona macrocícli

Yes Unlisted

II P HT Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

(Emamectinbenzoate)

ca

Endosulfan (Endosulfan)

Organoclo rado

Yes II II VHT MT MT MT MT HT MT Fatal by inhalationIncluded in

the Rotterdam ConventionIncluded in Annex A of Stockholm

No Rejected

Endrín (Endri

Epóxido clorado

n/a O NR VHT HT HT ST MT VHT HT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Esfenvalerato (Esfenvalerate

Piretroide

Yes II NCV VHT HT VHT VHT VHT Yes 1996

Rejected

Etoprofos (Ethoprop)

Organofos forado

Yes Ia II LC (EPA) P MT MT ST HT VHT Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Etiofencarb (Ethiofencarb)

N-metilcarba mato

n/a Ib NR No Rejected

Etión (Ethion)

Organofos forado

No II MT MT ST VHT VHT No Rejected

Etofenprox (Ethofenprox)

Piretroide

No U NCV ST HT Persistent water, soil, sediment;

very toxic to aquatic

Yes1993

(approx)

Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

organismsFenamifos

(Fenamiphos)Organofos forado

No Ib II P HT HT VHT MT Fatal by inhalation

Not Rejected

Fenbutatina óxido (Fenbutatin oxide)

Organome tálico

Yes III II VHT Fatal by inhalation

Very persistent water, soil, sediments

No Rejected

Fenitrotion (Fenitrothion)

Organofos forado

No II III ED MT HT MT MT MT VHT HT Yes 1993

Rejected

Fenpropatrin (Fenpropath

Piretroide

Yes II II VHT HT VHT VHT VHT Fatal by inhalation

Yes 2002

Rejected

Fenpiroximato (Fenpyroximat

Pirazol No II NCV NAT Highly toxic by inhalation

No Rejected

Fentión (Fenthion)

Organofos forado

No II III P MT HT VHT HT HT VHT No Rejected

Fipronil (Fiproni

Pirazol Yes II II P HT HT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Flucitrinato (Flucythrinate)

Piretroide

n/a Ib NR VHT HT VHT VHT No Rejected

Flufenoxuron (Flufenoxuron)

No III NCV Very bioaccumulat

ive;Very toxic to aquatic organisms

Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Fluoruro de sulfuriloSulfuryl fluoride)

Inorgánico

Yes Unlisted

II No Rejected

Flutriafol (Flutriaf

Triazol No II NCV P Yes Accepted

Tau-fluvalinato (Tau-

Piretroide

No III NCV Yes 1994

Rejected

Fonofos (Fonofos)

Organofos forado

No O II P HT MT VHT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected

Forato (Phorate)

Organofos forado

Yes Ia II P HT MT ST MT MT No Rejected

Formetanato (Formetanate)

N-metilcarba mato

Yes Ib NCV P Yes Rejected

Fosalona (Phosalone)

Organofos forado

No II III P HT MT HT No Rejected

Fosfamidon (Phosphamidon)

Organofos forado

n/a Ia NR NAT HT NAT HT ST MT VHT No Rejected

Fosfuro de aluminio

(Aluminium phospide)

Inorgánico

Yes Unlisted

NCV HT Fatal by inhalation

Yes Accepted

Foxim (Phoxim)

Organofos forado

n/a O NR HT MT VHT Obsolete pesticide

No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Furatiocarb (Furathiocarb)

Tiocarbam ato


Heptaclor (Heptachlor)

Organoclo rado

n/a O NR HT MT MT MT VHT VHT Obsolete pestici

No Rejected

Heptenofos (Heptenophos)

Organofos forado

n/a Ib NR HT No Rejected

Hexitiazox (Hexythiaz

Carboxam ida

U LC(EPA) Yes Rejected

Imidacloprid (imidacloprid)

Neonicoti noide

Yes II III P NAT HT NAT HT MT ST Yes Accepted

Indoxacarb (Indoxacarb)

Oxadiazina

No II Sin valor consen so

Yes Accepted

Isazofos (Isazofos)

Organofos forado

No O NR P Obsolete pestici

No Rejected

Isofenfos (Isofenphos)

Organofos forado

No O II Obsolete pestici

No Rejected

Lindano (Lindane)

Organoclo rado

No II III ED, HT Included in the

Rotterdam ConventionIncluded in Annex A of Stockhol

No Rejected

Lufenuron Benzoilúre a

No Unlisted

NCV Very bioaccumulative

Yes Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

(Lufenuron) Very toxic to

aquatic organisms

Malatión (Malathion)

Organofos forado

Yes III IV PC- 2A (IARC)

P MT HT MT ST ST MT ST Probably carcinogenic to humans

(IARC – 2015)

Yes Rejected

Mefosfolan (Mephosfolan)

Organofos forado

n/a Unlisted

NR No Rejected

Metafllumizona (Metaflumizon

Benzoilure a

n/a Unlisted

NR HT Yes Rejected

Metamidofos (Methamidophos)

Organofos forado

No Ib NCV P ST HT ST HT HT Fatal by inhalation


Rejected

Metiocarb (Methiocarb)

N-metilcarba mato

Yes Ib II HT HT MT MT MT HT Yes Rejected

Metomil (Methomyl)

N-metilcarba mato

Yes Ib II P MT HT ST ST HT HT Yes Rejected

Metilparatión (Methylparathion)

Organofos forado

Yes Ia NCV P MT HT MT MT ST VHT MT Registration canceled

Rejected

Metilpirimifos(Pyrimiph

os methyl)

Organofos forado

No II NCV MT HT MT MT VHT Yes Accepted

Metoxiclor (Methoxychlor)

Organoclo rado

No U IV HT ST HT HT MT VHT VHT N Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Monocrotofos (Monocrotophos)

Organofos forado

n/a Ib NR ST HT MT MT HT Fatal by inhalation

No Rejected

Naled (Naled)

Organofos forado

Yes II NCV MT HT MT MT VHT No Rejected

Novaluron (Novaluron)

Benzoilúre a

Yes U NCV Yes Accepted

Oxamil (Oxamyl)

N-metilcarba mato

Yes Ib NCV No Rejected

Oxidemeton metil

(Oxydemeton methyl)

Organofos forado

No Ib NCV P ST HT MT MT No Rejected

Oxitioquinox (Oxythioquinox)

Quinoxalin a

No NR LC (EPA) HT ST VHT N Rejected

Permetrina (Permethri

Piretroide

Yes II IV LC (EPA) MT HT MT ST ST VHT HT Yes Rejected

Piridaben (Pyridab

Tioeter No II III VHT HT VHT Yes Accepted

Pirimicarb (Pirimicarb)

N-metilcarba mato

No II III LC (EPA) MT ST Very persistent water, soil, sedimentsVery toxic to aquatic organisms

Yes Rejected

Piriproxifen (Pyriproxyfen)

Éter No U IV MT ST VHT Yes Accepted



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

Profenofos (Profenofos)

Organofos forado

Yes II NCV HT HT VHT VHT MT Yes Rejected

Propargita (Propargite)

Ester del ácido sulfuroso

Yes III II LC (EPA) HT ST HT NAT HT Very bioaccumula

tiveVery toxic to aquatic organisms

Yes Rejected

Piridifentión (Pyridiphenthion)

Organofos forado

n/a Unlisted

NR HT No Rejected

Spinetoram (Spinetora

Espinosina

Yes U NCV P HT Yes Rejected

Spirodiclofen (Spirodiclofen)

Unlisted

LC(EPA) Yes Rejected

Spinosad (Spinosad)

Lactona macrocícli ca

Yes III IV ST HT MT Yes Accepted

Sulfluramida (Sulfluram

Sulfonamid a fluorada

No IV MT Yes Accepted

Sulfotep (Sulfotep)

Organofos forado

Ia II HT HT VHT No Rejected

Sulfoxaflor (Sulfoxaflor)

Cianamida

n/a Unlisted

Registr ation cancel ed

HT Yes Rejected

Tebufenpirad (Tebufenpyr

Pirazol No II NCV VHT No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation

RUP WHO EPA Fish



Zooplankt on

Teflubenzuron (Teflubenzuron

Benzoilure a


Teflutrin (Tefluthrin)

Piretroide

Yes Ib II VHT HT VHT VHT No Rejected

Terbufos (Terbufos)

Organofos forado

Yes Ia NCV VHT MT VHT VHT No Rejected

Tetradifon (Tetradifon)

Sulfona n/a U NR MT MT ST ST MT Yes Rejected

Tiametoxam (Thiamethoxam)

Neonicoti noid

Yes Unlisted

NCV P HT Yes Accepted

Tiociclam oxalato ácido(Thiocyclam

oxalate hydrogen)


Tiodicarb (Thiodicar

N-metilcarba mato

Yes II III LC (EPA) MT VHT MT VHT VHT Yes Rejected

Tralometrina (Tralomethrin)

Piretroide

No II NCV VHT HT VHT No Rejected

Triazofos (Triazophos)

Organofos forado


Triclorfon (Trichlorfon)

Organofos forado

No II III ST ST ST ST MT HT ST Yes Accepted

Triflumuron (Triflumuron)

Benzoilúre a

n/a U NR VHT No Rejected



Active Ingredient

Chemical class


Ecotoxicology


Chronic Toxicit

Other relevant


Registration in

Colombia by ICA

Recommendation



Zooplankt on

MOLLUSCICIDEMetaldehid

o (Methadehy

Aldehyde

No II II, III PC P ST MT MT ST Yes Accepted

PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORTidiazurón

(Thidiazuron)Phenylurea

No III III MT ST ST MT MT Yes Accepted

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONSWHO Acute Toxicity:Class O = Obsolete Pesticide; Class Ia = Extremely Hazardous, Class Ib = Highly Hazardous; Class II = Moderately Hazardous; Class III = Slightly Hazardous, Class U = Unlikely to Present Acute Hazard in Normal UseEPA Acute Toxicity:Category I = Extremely Toxic, II = Highly Toxic, III = Moderately Toxic, IV = Slightly Toxic, NCV = Nerve Conduction Velocity, NR=Not Required Chronic Toxicity:KC = Known/Likely Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin; P = Potential Parkinson’s Disease Risk Factor (neurological toxin)Ecotoxicity:VHT = Very Highly Toxic; HT = Highly Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; ST = Slightly Toxic; PNT = Practically Not Toxic; NAT = Not Acutely Toxic


TABLE 16. US EPA AND ICA REGISTRATION STATUS AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ANALYZED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDESBIOLOGICALPESTICIDES

REGISTRATIONIN

COLOMBIA (ICA)1

ACUTETOXICITY CLASS IN COLOMBI

A1

REGISTRATIONIN USA (EPA)2

OBSERVATIONS &RECOMMENDATIONS

Bacillusthuringiensis

Yes

1881Registration and others

III, IV Yes AcceptedIncident reports in humans: Allergic

reactions, eye discomfort and

breathing problems. It also reported vomiting, convulsions, collapse and coma in a man

who consumed Bacillus popilliae

Yes9667

Registration

(In association with other

microorganisms)

Associations

that contain it

are category

III.

B. popilliae spores

registered

AcceptedSeveral tests indicate

that spores of B. popilliae are not

dangerous to humans.

As a precaution, users should be advised to avoid inhaling spores

and prevent them from coming into Bacillus subtilis Yes

5773Registration and others

III, IV Yes AcceptedAcute toxicity:

Oral / pathogenicity: it is not toxic or

infectious to rats when a dose of 1.9x108 CFU

/ animal was administered. Dermal:

a single dose of 2 g (3.6 x 109 CFU) / rabbit

was not toxic.Pulmonary toxicity / pathogenicity: It was not infectious or toxic when administered at

a dose of2.84 x 109 CFU.

Intravenous toxicity / pathogenicity: was noninfectious and

non-toxic when a dose of 1.8 x 107 CFU was

administered.Eye irritation: irritation occurred from mild to severe with a dose of

0.1 g, effect Bacillusmegaterium

Yes5952, 7685Registratio

n (In association with other

microorganis

n/a NO Rejected

Bacillus mycoides

Yes3189

n/a Registration inthe US seems

Rejected



REGISTRATIONIN

COLOMBIA (ICA)1


A1



Registration(In

association with other

microorgani

be still in process

Can be approved by MEO it

if there is a substantiated need for

this pesticideMetarhiziumanisopilae

Yes2701

Registration and others

(alone and in association)

III, IV (alone)

Yes Accepted

Baculovirusphthorimaea

Yes5614

Registration (for potato)

No Rejected

Baculovirusspodopterae

Not NO Rejected

Beauveria bassiana

Yes4367

Registration (alone and in association)

III, IV (solo) Yes AcceptedAcute toxicity: Oral /

pathogenicity: IV; Dermal: III

/ IV;Pulmonary /

pathogenicity: III/ IV

intraperitoneal injection, non-toxic, infectious, or

pathogenic; Eye irritation: III;Steinernema

carpocapsaeNot NO Rejected

Burkholderiacepacia

Yes6204

Registration

III, Yes AcceptedBased on several

toxicological tests and the warning

information provided on labels, it is not expected that the

M54 and J82 strains are dangerous to

humans. However, further studies are needed to predict which strains of B.

cepacia could infect individuals with cystic Trichogramma

spp.Yes

1558Registrati

on and others

Unlisted Should not be used

It may be approved by MEO it if there is a substantiated need for Trichogramma Yes Unlisted Should not be used



REGISTRATIONIN

COLOMBIA (ICA)1


A1



exiguum 7864, 10135Registration It may be approved by

MEO it if there is a substantiated need for

this pesticideTrichoderma harzianum

Yes2764



III, IV (solo) Yes AcceptedAcute toxicity:

Oral / pathogenicity: category IV. Additional

studies showed LD50 4 g / kg in rats,

assigning category III.Acute Inhalation:

CategoryIV. It was not

infectious or pathogenic.

Intravenous: Category IV without infectious or

pathogenic effects. Nor anaphylaxis or

hypersensitivity responses in animals

treated with Trichoderma koningii

Yes4658

Registration (In

association with other

microorganis

Yes Accepted

Trichoderma pseudokinigii

Not Unlisted Rejected

Trichoderma lignorum

Yes3853



III (solo) Yes Accepted

Trichoderma viride

Yes5886

Registration and others (alone and in association)

IV (solo) Yes AcceptedToxicological Category

III (acute oral). No hypersensitivity or

anaphylaxis observed with various doses of

inoculum administered by subcutaneous

injection8.Verticilliumchlamydosporium




REGISTRATIONIN

COLOMBIA (ICA)1


A1



Verticillium lecanii

Yes2544


IV NO Rejected

Paecilomyceslilacinus

Yes3855

Registration and others (alone and in association)

III, IV (solo) Yes AcceptedAcute toxicological classification of the

US EPA classifies the active ingredient in

category III (oral and dermal) and Category

IV (dermal and ocular).9Paecilomyces

fumosoroseusYes III, IV Yes Accepted

Phytoseiuluspemisilis

Yes4757, 7894

Registrations

Mentions that"not applicable"

Not regulated by

the US EPA

Accepted

Pseudomonasfluorescens

Yes6519


Mentions that"not applicable"

Yes AcceptedNo adverse effects following ingestion of 8.4x1010 CFU / animal three different strains.

Acute injection (intraperitoneal)

showed no significant toxicity or lethality in mice when inoculated with a dose of 2.8x108

CFU / animal. It has been concluded that P. fluorescens strain A506 is not toxic or

Penicillium funiculosum


Feltiella acarisuga


Amblyseius Not Unlisted Rejected

Arthrobotrysirregularis


Cyrtopeltis tenuis


Eretmocerus Not Unlisted Rejected

Capscicine or Capsaicin

Yes4356, 5551

Registrations Only in

combination

Yes AcceptedMost biologics are US-

EPA registered in toxicity category III

and IV to all pathways.



REGISTRATIONIN

COLOMBIA (ICA)1


A1



with allyldisulfide.

Extracto deNeem – Azadirachtina

n/a Registered Neem

oil and other Azadirachtin

Accepted

Extracts ofnettles

911 Registrationand others

(Ruda, ortiga, ajo, ají, tomillo,

Yes Accepted

Garlic-chilli pepper (Garlycin) extracts

Yes911

Registration and othersAs garlic extract

(alone and in

IV(alone) Registered Garlic

Oil

Accepted

Gibberellic acid(Ácido giberélico)

Yes Yes Accepted

Rue extract (Rutinal)

Yes911


(Ruda, ortiga, ajo, ají, tomillo,

Unlisted Should not be used

May be approved by MEO it if there is a

substantiated need for this pesticideNote: Each organism has different strains; it is necessary to verify what is the most

appropriate for theparticular environment where it will be used, taking into account that different strains can have significantly different toxicological characteristics.References:

1.Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA. Productos Registrados Bioinsumos, Octubre 20 de 2015.

2.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Disponible en: http://www3.epa.gov/ [Consulted: February 7 – March 11/ 2016]

3.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bacillus thuringiensis. Revised Preliminary Work Plan and Summary Document. Registration Review: Initial Docket. September 2014. Case 0247.4.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bacillus subtilis Summary Document. Registration Review: initial Docket March 2008.5.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Beauveria bassiana strains 447, ATCC 74040, GHA and HE23. Summary Document. September 2010. Case 6057.6.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Burkholderia cepacia type Wisconsin strain M54 (006465). Burkholderia cepacia type Wisconsin strain J82 (006464) Fact sheet.7.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Trichoderma species Final


Registration Review8.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Trichoderma species Final Registration Review Decision Case 6050. Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0245.


9.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Biopesticides Registration Action Document.

Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. (PC Code 028826) 6/7/05.10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Pseudomonas fluorescens. Final Registration Review Decision. Case 6006.11. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Capsaicin Final Registration Review Decision Case 4018. Docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0121. Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division. Final draft 9/15/2010.


ANNEX C: MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAININGPesticide safe use training must address the following minimum elements:

Definition of pesticides.

Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons.

Concepts of active ingredients (AIs) vs. formulated products.

Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective against only certain classes of organisms.

Concept of proper application rates and the concept of pesticide resistance and techniques for preventing resistance.

Concept that pesticides have specific organisms against which they are effective.

Survey of the core elements of safe pesticide use: integrated pest management (IPM), safe purchase, transport, storage, mixing, application, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals, and clean-up and disposal, including specific treatment of personal protective equipement (PPE).

Pesticide first aid and spill response.

Interpretation of pesticide labels, particularly to understand PPE requirements and other precautions, dosage rates, and to identify AIs and expiration dates.

Proper sprayer operation and maintenance.

The following sections provide specific content notes on some of these topics.

C.1INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTIPM is an integral part of safe pesticide use and supporting the use of pesticides only within an IPM framework is a core requirement of this PERSUAP. Therefore, pesticide safe use training must build an understanding of IPM fundamentals.

The heart of IPM is an understanding of the relationship between pest injury, damage, yield loss, and economic loss. IPM was developed within the discipline of economic entomology. Farmers who are not trained in IPM may spray a crop upon seeing a single insect in a field or a few brown spots of a disease on a leaf. Pesticides are expensive and should only be used as a last resort and only when economically justified.

Threshold determination. Extension workers and farmers first need to understand the relationship between increasing injury levels and crop yield of each pest which is known as the damage function. A small amount of injury in fact can cause yield gain called overcompensation. In most cases, significant yield loss does not occur until a certain pest density occurs in the field because the crop can compensate for this level of damage. Then there is normally a linear decline in yield with increasing pest density. From this relationship, the economic injury level, economic threshold, or action threshold can be defined in


the case of insect pests. Other methods to assess the threat of weeds and crop diseases will need to be developed based on field experience. Certain guidelines can be developed based on experience in neighboring countries.

IPM involves several tiers of integration. First there is the integration between control methods which must be harmonious. A non-harmonious example is the negative effect of pesticides on biocontrol agents. Biocontrol, which is the action of natural enemies against the pest, is free to the farmer so it behooves him not to upset this delicate balance unless absolutely necessary. The next tier of integration occurs between the different pest control disciplines. When one sprays an insecticide, herbivorous insects


feeding on weeds are killed. Some fungicides also kill insect pests. Removing weeds forces army worms to feed on the crop. The third tier is integration with the cropping system and farming system. Crops that are well nourished can tolerate more damage. Many crop husbandry practices also affect pests, either positively or negatively. Application of nitrogen fertilizer is an example. On the one hand it can stimulate plant diseases, but on the other nitrogen fertilizer can provide strength of the crop to tolerate insect pest damage.

Pests do not occur in isolation, thus the crop has to deal with multiple pests as well as multiple stresses. A crop that is weak from zinc deficiency or water stress cannot tolerate as much pest damage as a healthier crop. In fact some sucking insect pests explode in abundance on a drought-stressed crop, further exacerbating the problem. The relationship between multiple pests and multiple stresses can be additive (1 + 1 = 2), antagonistic (1 + 1 = 1), or synergistic (1 + 1 = 3). This can occur in terms of yield loss from adding more pests or stresses, or can occur in terms of yield gain when one or more stresses are removed due to an effective curative control effort.

IPM training should provide examples of the different pest control methods beginning with preventative ones. Preventative methods start with quarantine and cultural crop husbandry methods based on good agronomic practices, which increase the crop’s tolerance for pest injury. Many of these methods fall under the rubric of cultural control. Host plant resistance is another good example of prevention. Other pest control methods can be physical (e.g., a fence to keep out animals), mechanical (e.g., using nets), or biological (e.g., parasitoids, predators, pathogens). Biological methods include natural control and man-induced methods, such as purchasing and releasing natural enemies or using selective pesticides. As a last resort there is chemical control.

Farmers will need to be trained to recognize pests in the field and to be able to assess their densities as well as know several methods of control for each. Training manuals with high-quality, color photos will be essential in the training process. Government-approved, recommended practices need to be published and updated annually in guides given to extension officers.

Use of PPE and protective clothing needs to be understood for each level of toxicity. This information is summarized below along with other information on the risks and hazards of transport, storage, and disposal of pesticides. Safety practices need to be learned. For example, pesticides should not be stored in the home where children can find them.

C.2UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE RISKSMany times, non-chemical controls can be used to deal with pests. When deciding to use a pesticide, it is important to understand the risks associated with a specific product or treatment. No matter the treatment method, there is always a degree of risk associated with using a pesticide. Understanding the risk from specific pesticides can help determine whether or not a given pesticide is appropriate, or help choose between two different products.

Many people believe that some pesticides are “safe,” while others are “dangerous.” Actually, all chemicals, including all pesticides, have the potential to be hazardous. Even products that are considered low in toxicity, natural, or organic can be hazardous if someone or something comes in contact with enough of the substance.


The toxicity of a pesticide, its formulation, and how much a person touches, ingests, inhales, or gets on skin and in eyes are all important considerations. The likelihood of experiencing some health effect as a result of using a product is referred to as the pesticide risk. The pesticide risk depends on which pesticide is used, how much is applied, frequency of application, and who or what has contact with the pesticide. The length of time of the exposure and how much of the substance actually gets on or in the body are important details in understanding the risk.22

Occupational exposure often occurs in cases of agricultural workers in fields, people living close to agricultural fields, and people working in the pesticide industry and working in structural pest control.

22 National Pesticide Information Center. “What’s My Risk?” http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/WhatsMyRisk.pdf


Exposure of the general population occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues. Water, soil, and air becomes contaminated from pesticides leaching into the ground, running off into rivers with rain water, or drifting as spray from pesticide applications.

Ecological risk is risk posed by a pesticide to the wildlife and the environment. US EPA looks at ecological risks, including:

Wildlife and aquatic organisms: How the pesticide affects various animal species.

Plant protection: How the pesticide affects various plant species.

Non-target insect: How the pesticide affects insects other than the ones the pesticide is intended to kill.

Environmental fate: What happens to the pesticide in soil, water, and air after being released into the environment?

Residue chemistry: How much pesticide is present in the environment over time after application.

Spray drift: How much the pesticide drifts off-site when sprayed from the air? Helps determine exposure of non-target organisms.

An adjuvant is any material that is added to a pesticide solution to enhance or modify the performance of the solution. Most pesticides are not flammable, but the solvents or dilutents of liquid emulsion concentrates or oil solutions—xylene, kerosene, or other organic solvents—can be flammable and under some conditions explosive. Adjuvant can be inert but it can also significantly increase pesticide toxicity.

C.3UNDERSTANDING PESTICIDE LABEL AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETThe label of a pesticide container must have all the information about risks as well as information needed for safe and effective use. Additional important details about risks of pesticide products and instructions about safe use can be found in the manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Labels and MSDS for some pesticides are available online at http://www.cdms.net and http://www.greenbook.net.

The label on a pesticide container has three main functions:

To tell the user what pest the product can be used on.

To tell the user how to handle, use, and store the pesticide safely.

To tell the user how and when to apply the pesticide

for the best effect. By law, pesticide labels must contain:

The name of the product.

Level of toxicity.

Active ingredients.

Other ingredients—co-formulants.


The pests which the product will control.

The rate of application of the product (how much of it to use).

The time and method of application.

Directions for handling the product safely.


First aid procedures in case of an accident.

Any special instructions or warnings about its use, transport, storage, or disposal.

The net contents (weight when packed) of the container.

FIGURE 3. PESTICIDE LABEL EXAMPLE

The pesticide pictogram will provide information about risks and safety measures required, including PPE.FIGURE 4. SYMBOLS RELATING THE RISKS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PESTICIDE

All programs must review the MSDS and provide training on reading and understanding the pesticide label prior to using pesticides.

C.4PESTICIDE SAFETY AND USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT


Training must address the types of PPE, when they should be worn, and why.


TABLE 17. HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTSROUTE OF EXPOSURE

TOXICITY CLASSIFICATION BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE OF END-USE PRODUCTI DANGER

II WARNING

III CAUTION

IV CAUTION

Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irritation Potential1

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Socks Socks Socks Socks

Chemical-resistant footwear

Chemical-resistant footwear

Rubber boots or shoes

Rubber boots or shoes

Chemical-resistant gloves2



No minimum4

Inhalation Toxicity

Respiratory protection device3

Respiratory protection device3

No minimum4 No minimum4

Eye Irritation Potential

Goggles5

Goggles5 No minimum4 No minimum4

1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity classification of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required.2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove.3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection.4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS.5 “Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection.

Note: Where necessary, farmers can make their own PPE. For example, a plastic or water repellent apron from the waist to ankle length, can be fashioned from a large piece of plastic purchased in the local market (important if walking through the spray path).FIGURE 5. PPE INFOGRAPHIC


Source: CropLife


C.5PROPER SPRAY TECHNIQUE: PROTECTING AGAINST PESTICIDE SPRAY DRIFTMany farmers apply pesticides with a knapsack sprayer, which means that delivery of pesticides is either in front of the person spraying or to the side, not to the back as is the case with tractor-drawn sprayers.Inevitably pesticide drift will be carried by the wind and potentially settle on sensitive ecosystems such as national parks if they are nearby. Herbicides pose the greatest risk for environmental damage, especially when their drift lands on a neighbor’s crops and kills or severely damages them.

The potential for drift to travel long distances has been shown with highly residual chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, which have moved through the atmosphere and been found in measurable quantities at both poles on earth. Pesticides that can be transported to the earth’s distant poles are bound tightly to dust particles carried high into the atmosphere and transported by jet streams. Their presence only represents a very small percentage of the drift. Spray drift is a mostly local phenomenon, whereby spray droplets move to areas near the field.

There are a number of ways in which pesticide drift can be minimized:

Increase spray droplet size. Fog-sized droplets can travel three miles (4.8 km) while coarse droplets typically travel less than 10 feet (3 meters). To increase droplet size, the farmer can reduce spray pressure (e.g., 30 to 50 pounds per square inch [2–3.5 kg/cm2] with 5 to 20 gallons [19 to 76 liters] of water per acre [0.4 ha]), increase nozzle orifice size, use special drift reduction nozzles, and purchase additives that increase spray viscosity.

Distance between nozzle and target. Reduce the distance between the nozzle and the target crop.

Temperature and relative humidity. As pesticides vaporize under high temperature, low relative humidity and/or high temperature will cause more rapid evaporation of spray droplets between the spray nozzle and the target. Evaporation also reduces droplet size, which in turn increases the potential drift of spray droplets. It is best not to spray in the heat of the day to avoid drift problems.

Avoid spraying when the wind speed > 10 mph (16 km/h). As drift occurs as droplets suspended in the air, it is best to minimize applications during windy days. If spraying must be done, however, the farmer should spray away from sensitive areas. Local terrain can influence wind patterns, thus every applicator should be familiar with local wind patterns and how they affect spray drift.

Do not spray when the air is completely calm or when a temperature inversion exists. When the air is completely still, small spray droplets become suspended in the warm air near the soil surface and will be readily carried aloft and away from susceptible plants by vertical air movement. Temperature inversion occurs when air near the soil surface is cooler than the higher air. Temperature inversions restrict vertical air mixing, which causes small suspended droplets to remain in a concentrated cloud and impact plants two miles or more downwind. This cloud can move in unpredictable directions due to the light, variable winds common during inversions.

Application height. Making applications at the lowest height reduces exposure of droplets to evaporation and wind.


C.6PESTICIDE TRANSPORT AND STORAGEWhere IPs or beneficiary groups will be transporting pesticides, training must address the fundamentals of safe transport of pesticides. (Some of the largest accidents involving pesticides have occurred during transportation.) Drivers should be trained on how to deal with and contain spills, and not to transport pesticides with food. Many of the agro-dealers are small and ship their stock individually in relatively small quantities. Agro-dealers should be sensitized about minimizing potential risks during transportation.Minimum elements of safe transport are:

Keep pesticides away from passengers, livestock and foodstuffs;

Do not carry pesticides in driver’s compartment;


Containers must be in good condition;

Do not transport packages with any leakage; and,

Transport under cover and protected from rain, and direct sunlight.

Storing pesticides properly protects human and animal health, safeguards wells and surface waters, and prevents unauthorized access to hazardous chemicals. The pesticide label is the best guide to storage requirements for every product. The MSDS provides additional information on normal appearance and odor as well as flash point, fire control recommendations, boiling point, and solubility.

Preventative measures are required in pesticide warehouses in order to reduce cases of pilferage, exposure through leakages, theft, and expiration of pesticides. Where IPs or beneficiaries, including agro-dealers, will be maintaining pesticide stores, training must address these practices, as per the best management practices for pesticide storage highlighted in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO’s) storage manual23 and summarized below:

All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded on a 24-hour basis.

All the storage facilities will be located away from water sources, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals, etc. Wastewater from pesticide storage facilities must not be drained directly into public drains but should be pretreated on site.

Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities.

A trained storekeeper will be hired to manage each facility.

Pesticides will be stacked as specified in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual.

Inventory management will include recording expiration dates of all pesticides and maintaining a “first-in first-out” stocking system.

All the warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of a fire outbreak.

A non-water-based fire extinguisher will be available in the storage facilities, and all workers will be trained on how to use this device, and how to respond to fire (see below).

Warning notices will be placed outside of the store in the local language(s) with a skull and crossbones sign to caution against unauthorized entry.

Further, if IP-run pesticide stores exist in an area with fire or emergency services, local first responders must receive training on how to deal with pesticide fires. The smoke from such a fire is highly hazardous and effluent from water spray can do great harm to the environment. If fire fighters use water to put out a fire in a pesticide storage shed, the runoff will be highly toxic.

C.7FIRST AIDIt is important to provide training on recognition of the symptoms of a pesticide poisoning so the victim will receive timely treatment. Contact information of the closest medical facility must be known and available if


someone can be possibly poisoned with a pesticide. Quick action could save the victim's life. Farmers must be trained to make sure to take the label and if possible the MSDS on the chemical to the hospital. This will enable the medical professionals to treat the victim properly and promptly.

Training must include the basic elements of pesticide first aid, as per the table below. Wherever possible, personnel at local health facilities should participate in/receive such training.

23 "Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual." Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. Web. 18 Aug. 2015. http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm.


TABLE 18. FIRST AID MEASURES FOR HANDLING PESTICIDESGeneral Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and

follow them. Do notbecome exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the pesticide container (or the label) to the physician.

Poison onskin

Act quickly.Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water. Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water. Dry victim and wrap in blanket.Chemical

burn on skin

Wash with large quantities of running water.Remove contaminated clothing.Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth.Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in first aid treatment of burns.

Poison in eye

Wash eye quickly but gently.Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water. Wash for 15 minutes or more.Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may increase the extent of injury.

Inhaledpoison

Carry victim to fresh air immediately.Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned. Loosen tight clothing.Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s skin is blue. If victim is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper protection is not available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department (if available).

Poison inmouth or swallowed

Rinse mouth with plenty of water.Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink. Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label.Procedure

for inducing vomiting

Position victim face down or kneeling forward. Do not allow victim to lie on his back,because the vomit could enter the lungs and do additional damage.Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s throat or give syrup of ipecac. Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know what the poison is.

When not toinduce vomiting

If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions.If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may get into the lungs and burn there also.If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting.


C.8PROPER PESTICIDE CONTAINER DISPOSALOnce pesticides have been used, the empty containers need to be properly disposed of. Training must address proper disposal. This table gives a summary of the best practices for doing so.

TABLE 19. PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERSCONTAINER TYPE DISPOSAL STATEMENTS

Metal Containers (non-aerosol) Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

Paper and Plastic Bags Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then bury empty bag.

Glass Containers Triple rinse. Then bury.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

C.9MONITORING AND DATA RECORD KEEPINGColombia small-scale farmers seeking certification of their products, often for export, must keep records of information on crops grown, production, pest attack, pesticides used, whether the pesticides worked well or not, pest resistance development, and pre-harvest intervals to reduce pesticide residues. Small- scale farmers not in certification programs do not often keep records on crops. Certified large-scale commercial and estate farms, on the other hand, generally keep detailed records. Projects must conduct training programs on monitoring and data record-keeping techniques for pest control and pesticide needs and/or effectiveness and require all farmers to monitor and keep records.

An example of a monitoring and record keeping chart is included below. Suggestions for development of simple charts for monitoring and record keeping can be found at http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops- and-gardening/crop-record-keeping-charts.aspx.

TABLE 20. EXAMPLE OF MONITORING AND RECORD KEEPING CHART

Crop PlotLocation

PlotSize

PlantedDate

PestsObserved

InfestationSeverity

ManagementTechnique

Date/TimeOf Application

Notes(Rate Of Application, Weather, Etc.)

HarvestedDate

Results


ANNEX D: ICA SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ON APPROVED BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES


ANNEX E: ICA RECORD OF PESTICIDE SALES (1ST QUARTER 2016)