Proceedings of the

13th European Conferenceon

e-GovernmentUniversity of Insubria

Varese, Italy13-14 June 2013

VOLUME ONEVOLUME ONEEdited by

Professor Elena Ferrari and Professor Walter Castelnovo

University of Insubria,University of Insubria,Varese, Italy

A conference managed by ACPIwww.academic-conferences.org

Proceedingsofthe13thEuropeanConference

oneGovernment

DepartmentofTheoreticaland

AppliedSciencesUniversityofInsubria

Como,Italy

1314June2013

EditedbyProfessorWalterCastelnovoandProfessorElenaFerrari

DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedSciences,UniversityofInsubria

Como,Italy

VolumeOne

CopyrightTheAuthors,2013.AllRightsReserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermissionfromtheindividualauthors.Papershavebeendoubleblindpeerreviewedbeforefinalsubmissiontotheconference.Initially,paperabstractswerereadandselectedbytheconferencepanelforsubmissionaspossiblepapersfortheconference.Manythankstothereviewerswhohelpedensurethequalityofthefullpapers.TheseConferenceProceedingshavebeensubmittedtoThomson ISIfor indexing.Pleasenotethattheprocessof indexingcantakeuptoayeartocomplete.Furthercopiesofthisbookandpreviousyearsproceedingscanbepurchasedfromhttp://academicbookshop.comEBookISBN:9781909507241EBookISSN:20491034BookversionISBN:9781909507227BookVersionISSN:20491026TheElectronicversionoftheProceedingsisavailabletodownloadatISSUU.com.YouwillneedtosignuptobecomeanISSUUuser(nocostinvolved)andfollowthelinktohttp://issuu/acpilPublishedbyAcademicConferencesandPublishingInternationalLimitedReadingUK441189724148www.academicpublishing.org

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ContentsPaperTitle Author(s) Page

No.Preface viCommittee viiBiographies xVolumeOne TheRoadmaptoeDemocracyinArabSpringCountriesviaSocialNetworks

HanyAbdelghaffarandLobnaSameer 1

CaseStudyoftheImplementationofBusinessProcessManagementinPublicAdministrationinGermany,SwitzerlandandAustria

NorbertAhrend,KonradWalserandHenrikLeopold

11

DevelopingaConceptualFrameworktoEvaluateeGovernmentPortalsSuccess

ObaidAlmalki,YanqingDuanandIngoFrommholz 19

EvolutionRoadmapsforSmartCities:DeterminingViablePaths

LeonidasAnthopoulosandPanosFitsilis 27

AssessingtheEffectivenessofCrossBorderCooperationinJointProvisionofPublicServices

AlinaBadulescu,DanielBadulescuandCatalinAdrianBucur

36

IdeasforanewCivicReputationSystemfortheRisingofDigitalCivics:DigitalBadgesandTheirRoleinDemocraticProcess

MarcoBaniandStefanoDePaoli

45

MeasuringtheProvisionofPublicServicesbyDigitalMeans

JuanCarlosBarahonaandAndreyElizondo 54

LessonsLearnedFromtheImplementationofContactCentersinSwedishMunicipalities

IreneBernhardandKerstinGrundn 63

BenefitMaximizationofLegacywebPageApplicationUsingClientSidewebPageModification

ChoompolBoonmeeandTawaKhampachua

71

RapidInterconnectionDevelopmentBetweenLegacySoftwareUsingClientSidewebPageModification

ChoompolBoonmee,TawaKhampachuaandRomayongSurakitbunharn

77

ImprovingDataCleansingTechniquesonAdministrativeDatabases

RobertoBoselli,MirkoCesarini,FabioMercorioandMarioMezzanzanica

85

AStakeholderBasedApproachtoPublicValue WalterCastelnovo 94AnEvaluationFrameworkforTraditionalandAdvancedOpenPublicDataeInfrastructures

AlexopoulosCharalampos,EuripidesLoukis,YannisCharalabidisandAnnekeZuiderwijk

102

AComparativeStudyofCampaignandNonCampaignFacebookStrategies:TheCaseofTaiwansLegislators

YujuiChenandPinyuChu

112

TowardsaSocioPoliticalFoundationofeGovernment

DimitrisChristodoulakisNatassaXarcha,GeorgeSourmelisandGeorgeStylios

120

AProspectiveSurveyonFutureeGovernanceResearchDirections

PinyuChuandYuehyunSun 127

OpenDataandPersonalInformation:ASmartDisclosureApproachBasedonOAuth2.0

GiuseppeCiaccio,AntonioPastorinoandMarinaRibaudo

135

DoeseGovernmentCurbCorruption?G2EServiceDeliveryofEthicsTrainingintheU.S

MichaeleneCox 144

TeleWeaver:AnInnovativeTelecommunicationPlatformforMarginalizedCommunitiesinAfrica

LorenzoDalvi,SibukeleGumbo,LindikayaNtshingaandAlfredoTerzoli

152

ii

PaperTitle Author(s) PageNo.

OpenDataandOpenGovernmentintheUK:HowCloselyareTheyRelated?

MartinDeSaulles

160

PracticingSemanticwebTechnologiesineGovernment

JeanVincentFonouDombeuandMagdaHuisman 166

ASemanticInteroperabilityLayertoSupporttheImplementationoftheServiceDirective

MurielFoulonneau,FergalMarrinan,NemunasKaralius,OlgierdDziamski,ThomasGordon,HeikoHartenstein,StefanieRieger,KatrinWeigend,DavidMitzman,SlimTurki,YounesDjaghloulandJeanFranoisMerche

176

EGovernmentTypologies,StakeholderRelationshipsandInformationSystemsSupport:TheCaseofServicestoEmployment

MariagraziaFugini,PiercarloMaggioliniandRamonSalvadorValles

187

DesignThinkingandStorytellingineGovernment:TheCaseofThinkData.ch

OlivierGlasseyandJeanHenryMorin 196

EDemocracyinRussia:PoliticalAwarenessandParticipationAmongYoungCitizens

AnastasiaGolubevaandDianaIshmatova 205

EIdentityCards:LessonsFromHongKong? LeoGoodstadt,ReginaConnollyandFrankBannister 213ASocialNetworkingAdoptionModelforCommunicationandCollaborationineGovernment

KennethGriggsandRosemaryWild 221

AnUserCentricCheckoftheAvailableeGovernmentServicesinEurope

AlessioGugliotta,FrancescoNigliaandLauraSchina 230

ShapingInformationInfrastructureEvolution:GovernmentalClaimsofArchitecturalControlPoints

StefanHenningsson,JonasHedmanandBoAndersson

240

UnderstandingServiceTransactionCosts:DevelopingaFrameworkforeGovernmentChange

PaulJackson 248

EGovernmentEvolution:ASupplyPerspectiveofeGovernmentinMalaysia

KamaliaAzmaKamaruddin,ArizaNordinandNorLailaMdNoor

256

DrivingConnectedGovernmentImplementationwithMarketingStrategiesandContextAwareServiceDesign

AsaneeKawtrakul,AnanPusittigul,SuchadaUjjin,UdomsakLertsuchatavanichandFredericAndres

265

ACaseStudyAnalysisofFactorsDeterminingSuccessorFailureforParticipantsinCollaborativeInnovationProjectsineGovernment

TerryKeefe,AndreaBikfalvi,MartinBeerandJosepLluisDeLaRosa

276

ProvidingGovernmenteServices:AnExtensionofApplicabilityCheckforPractitioners

LucLagrandeurandDeniseFortier 283

MaturityandUsabilityofeGovernmentinInformationalWorldCities

AgnesMainka,KajaFietkiewicz,AdrianaKosior,SandraPykaandWolfgangStock

292

OpenData:Barriers,RisksandOpportunities SbastienMartin,MurielFoulonneau2,SlimTurki2andMadjidIhadjadene

301

RemoteSignaturesforeGovernment:TheCaseofMunicipalCertificationinItaly

MicheleMartoniandMonicaPalmirani 310

ICTInvestmentEffectivenessintheSouthAfricanPostOffice

SeabeloMathswenyego,RembrandtKlopperandSamLubbe

319

BridgingtheContradictionsofOpenData RonaldMeijer,SunilChoenni,RoexsanaSheikhAlibaksandPeterConradie

329

BarrierstoElectronicGovernmentandDigitalInclusion

AdelaMesaandPedroMartnezMonje 337

iii

PaperTitle Author(s) PageNo.

VolumeTwo TowardsAdoptionofGovernmentEnterpriseArchitecture:TheCasesofEgyptandSyria

MohamedAliMohamed,GalalHassanGalalEdeenandHeshamAhmedHassan

345

TheEffectivenessofeGovernanceExperiencesintheKnowledgeSociety

JosMaraMorenoJimnez,CristinaPrezEsps1andMariaWimmer

354

RoleofeGovernmentintheRealizationofKnowledgeManagementatUniversities

FattahNazemandAnahitaMadankar 363

EDemocracyattheAmericanGrassroots DonaldNorrisandChristopherReddick 371DimensionsoftheUserExperienceofeGovernmentServices:TheNigeriaImmigrationServiceWebsite

OlaseniMuritalaOkunolaandJenniferRowley 380

SmallisBeautifulorBiggerisBetter?SizeofMunicipalitiesandQualityofWebsites

Sveinlnes 389

GovernmentalIncentivesfortheApplicationoftheDevelopedeServices

IgorPihir,KatarinaTomiiPupekandDarkoAndroec

398

APracticalPerspectiveontheDevelopingeGovernmentInteroperabilityFrameworks:ACaseStudy

DenisaPopescu,ArabelaSenaAprahamian,LuisitaGuanlaoandArthurRiel

406

VerifyingViralVeracity? RajashRawalandPaulNixon 414ManagementStructuresandStrategiesforSuccessfuleGovernmentDeployments

ArthurRiel,DenisaPopescuandLuisitaGuanlao 419

ExploringHowtheAppreciativeInquiryModelcanVitalizetheOnlineCitizenDebate

ElenaSnchezNielsenandCarolinaMartnVzquez 424

MeasuringtheDigitalDivideintheFieldofeGovernment

NinoslavaSaviandZoranRadojii 432

MeasuringthePublicValueofeGovernment:TrustinMeasurementProcessesorProcessesofBuildingTrust?

AlbertoSavoldelli,GianlucaMisuracaandCristianoCodagnone

442

TheAdoptionofCloudComputingforeGovernmentInitiativeinRegionalGovernmentsinDevelopingCountries

ShareefShareef 453

ChallengestoeGovernmentApplications:ADelphiStudy

ShawrenSingh 462

TowardseGovernment:EvaluationofInnovativeActivitiesinPublicAdministrationOrganizationsinLithuania

AelitaSkarauskien,SteponasJonuauskasandMonikaSkarauskait

473

InteroperabilityandStandardizationofeGovernmentUbiquitousSystemsintheEUMemberStates

AnnaSotysikPiorunkiewiczandJaninaBanasikowska

481

EvaluatingtheDevelopmentofeHealthProject:TheCaseofSlovenia

DaliborStanimirovicandMirkoVintar 491

AnAssessmentofRuraleGovernmentinRomania VirgilStoicaandAndreiIlas 500AssessmentofRedactableSignatureSchemesforTrustedandReliablePublicSectorData

KlausStranacher,VesnaKrnjicandBerndZwattendorferandThomasZefferer

508

SuggestingeServiceQualityModelforeGovernanceServiceDeliveryinSaudiArabia

GopikrishnaVasistaTatapudiandMohammedAhmedTurkiAlSudairi

517

iv

PaperTitle Author(s) PageNo.

VirtualDemocracyandModelsofPoliticalDemocracy:ReflectionsontheCaseoftheFirstConferenceonVirtualTransparencyandSocialControl

LuizaTeixeir

526

ITProjectGovernancewhyITProjectsinPublicAdministrationFailandWhatcanbeDoneAboutit

KonradWalser

535

OrganisationalPossibilitiesforaPublicAdministrationCommunityCloud

KonradWalserandOlivierBrian 543

AGroundedTheoryofGovernmentWebsitePromotion

FangWangandYingWang 551

APragmaticApproachtotheeGovernmentMaturityinPolandImplementationandUsageofSEKAP

EwaZiembaandTomaszPapaj 560

PHDPapers 571CitizenCenteredeGovernmentServicesAssessmentFramework

IbrahimAlfadliandMalcolmMunro 573

FactorsAffectingCitizensAdoptionofeGovernmentModeratedbySocioCulturalValuesinSaudiArabia

MohammedAlsaif

578

BalancingRightsandUtilityinDeterminingPowerRelationshipRatiosineHealthSystems

StephenDarlington

587

ConceptualizingPublicServiceNetworksasComplexAdaptiveSystems

AmenehDeljooandMarijnJanssen 594

CitizenCentricRequirementsforTransformationalGovernment

KamaliaAzmaKamaruddin,ArizaNordinandNorLailaMdNoor

601

ClassificationSchemesforOpenGovernmentDataProvision

WolfgangPalka,MarlenJurisch,MaximilianLeicht,PetraWolfandHelmutKrcmar

608

MediatedEmotionsandPoliticsofDissent KassandraRothenstadt 616NonacademicPapers 625INVENIO:APracticalSolutionforeGovernmentDocumentManagement

FlavioCosta,JeanYvesLeMeurandTimSmith 627

AcceleratingeGovernmentImplementationWithanewFrameworkforDecentralisedChangeSupport

JeroenMeijandJeroenPastoor 637

WorkInProgressPapers 647DesignoftheElectronicCourseoneGovernmentInteroperabilityEssentials

AllaAnohinaNaumeca,VjaceslavsSitikovs,PiotrGoetzenandMichalChmielecki

649

PublicServicesProvisioninaCrossBorderFramework:TheBihorHajduBiharEuroRegionCase

DanielBadulescu,AlinaBadulescuandCatalinAdrianBucur

654

TheuseofSystemDevelopmentMethodologiesintheDevelopmentofeGovernmentSystems

LesegoDitibane,MagdaHuismanandNehemiahMavetera

658

BIGWorkinProgress:BigDataPublicPrivateForumandPublicSector

RicardMunn

662

WhatKindofCulturalCitizenship?DissentandAntagonismWhenDiscussingPoliticsinanOnlinegayCommunity

JakobSvensson 666

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PrefaceTheseproceedingsrepresenttheworkofauthorsatthe13thEuropeanConferenceoneGovernment(ECEG2013).TheConferencethisyearishostedbytheUniversityofInsubriainComo,Italy.TheConferenceChairisProfessorWalterCastelnovoandtheProgrammeChairisProfessorElenaFerrari,botharefromtheDepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedSciencesandtheResearchCenterKnowledgeandServiceManagementforBusinessApplicationsattheUniversityofInsubria.TheopeningkeynoteaddressisgivenbyDrGianlucaMisuracafromtheEuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,InstituteforProspectiveTechnologicalStudies,Seville,SpainandGianlucaisaddressingthetopiceGovernment:Past,Present&Future: A policyresearch perspective for renewing governance in the digital age. The second day of the conference isopenedbyDrAntoinioCordellafromtheLondonSchoolofEconomics,London,UK,whowilltalkaboutPublicvaluecreation:thenewchallengeforegovernmentpolicies.ECEGbrings together, researchers,Governmentofficials andpractitioners in the areaof eGovernment from around theworld.Participantsareabletosharetheirresearchfindingsandexplorethelatestdevelopmentsandtrendsinthefieldwhichcanthenbedisseminatedtothewidercommunity.Withan initial submissionof153abstracts,after thedoubleblind,peer reviewprocess thereare81paperspublished intheseConferenceProceedings.Thesepapersrepresentresearchfrom40countriesincludingAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Brazil,Canada,China,CostaRica,Croatia,Denmark,Eygpt,Germany,Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malaysia,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Pakistan,Poland,Romania,Russia,SaudiArabia,Serbia,Slovenia,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Taiwan,Thailand,Turkey,UKandUSA.Thiswillensureaveryinterestingtwodays.SelectedpaperswillbepublishedinspecialissuesoftheElectronicJournalofeGovernment(www.ejeg.com)andtheJournalofEGovernmentStudiesandBestPractices.Wehopethatyouhaveanstimulatingconference,andenjoyyourtimeinComo.WalterCastelnovo ConferenceChairElenaFerrari ProgrammeChairJune2013

vi

ConferenceCommitteeConferenceExecutiveWalterCastelnovo,UniversityofInsubri,Como,ItalyElenaFerrari,UniversityofInsubri,Como,ItalyOscarSovaniDaniloPiaggesi,FondazioneRosselliAmericas,USAMassimoSimonettaMinitrackchairsDrJakobSvensson,KarlstadUniversity,SwedenProfDrMirkoVintar,UniversityofLjubljana,SloveniaDrGianlucaMisuraca,InstituteforProspectiveTechnologicalStudies(IPTS),Seville,SpainDrGianluigiViscusi,UniversityofMilanBicocca,ItalyMilanTodorovic,UnionNikolaTeslaUniversityinBelgrade,SerbiaTerryKeefe,SheffieldHallamUniversity,UKMehdiAsgarkhani,CPIT,NewZealandDrZaighamMahmood,UniversityofDerby,UKTheconferenceprogrammecommitteeconsistsofkeyindividualsfromcountriesaroundtheworldworkingandresearchingintheeGovernmentcommunity.Thefollowinghaveconfirmedtheirparticipation:DrBulentAcma (AnadoluUniversity,Eskisehir,Turkey);DrCarlAdams (UniversityofPortsmouth,UK);ProfCarlosAfonso(ESGHT/UniversityofAlgarve,Portugal); GeorgAichholzer (InstituteofTechnologyAssessment,AustrianAcademyofSciences,Austria);DrSoudAlmahamid(AlHusseinBinTalalUniversity,Jordan); EsteveAlmirall(InformationSystemsDepartment,ESADE,Spain);JoseManuelAlonso(WorldWideWebFoundation,Spain);ProfessorPaulAlpar(PhilippsUniversitaetMarburg,Germany);Prof.HusseinAlYaseen(AlAhliyyaAmmanUniversity,Jordan);DrNadiaAmin(UniversityofWestminster,UK);MiquelAmutio(SpanishMinistryofTerritorialPolicyandPublicAdministration,Spain);DarkoAndrocec(UniversityofZagreb,FacultyofOrganisationandInfomratics,Croatia);Dr.GilAriely(SchoolofGovernment,InterdisciplinaryCenterHerzliya,Israel);DrAykutArslan(HalicUniversity,Turkey);MediAsgarkhani(CPIT,Christchurch,NewZealand);CharlesAyo(CovenantUniversity,Ota,Nigeria);DrPaulBaker(GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,USA);DrJoanBallantine(UniversityofUlster,UK);DrFrankBannister(TrinityCollegeDublin,Ireland);DrJordiBarratEsteves(RoviraiVirgiliUniversity,Tarragona,Spain);ProfessorDrVictorBekkers (ErasmusUniversity,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands);DrJaroBerce (UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia);DrEgonBerghout(UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands);LasseBerntzen(VestfoldUniversityCollege,Norway);RodicaBldisel(WestUniversityfromTimisoara,Romania);NeilBotten(WestminsterBusinessSchool,London,UK); ElkeBoudry (IBBTMICTUGent,Belgium);DrRamonBouzasLorenzo (Universityof SantiagodeCompostela, Spain);ChristianBreitenstrom(FraunhoferFOKUS,Germany);RobertBrookes(ConwyCountyBoroughCouncil,Wales,UK);XavierBusquets(InformationSystemsDepartment,ESADE,Spain);MichaelButler(RevenueCommissioners,Ennis,Ireland);GulcinBuyukozkan(GalatasarayUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey);CarlosCaldeira(UniversityofEvora,Portugal);ToniCarbo(DrexelUniversity,USA);Dr.MariaLuisaCarrioPastor(UniversidadPolitecnicadeValencia,Spain);DrLemuriaCarter(NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity,Greensboro,USA);DrWalterCastelnovo (UniversitdellInsubria,Como, Italy);DrAkemiChatfield(University ofWollongong, Australia); Dr Lichun Chiang (National Cheung Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan); JyotiChoudrie(UniversityofHertfordshire ,UK);DrMarieThereseChristiansson(FacultyofEconomicSciences,KarlstadUniversity,Sweden);DrDuncanCleary(RevenueCommissioners,Dublin,Ireland);TomCollins(UniversityofLimerick,UK);MartaContinente(SmartCities,Citilab,Spain);DrMauraConway(DublinCityUniversity,Ireland);LeelaDamodaran(Departmentof Information Science, Loughborough University, UK); Geoffrey Darnton (Requirements Analytics, UK); Mohan Datar(MumbaiUniversity, India);DrSusanaDeJuanaEspinosa(UniversityofAlicante,Spain);DrMartinDeSaulles (UniversityofBrighton,UK); BrunodeVuyst(VrijeUniversiteitBrussel ,Belgium,Belgium); MitjaDecman(UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia);DrAlesDobnikar (MinistryofPublicAdministration,Slovenia); ProkopiosDrogkaris ( (InfoSecLab)Universityof theAegean,Greece);DrVladimirDrozhzhinov(eGovernmentCompetenceCentre,Moscow,Russia);DrYamayaEkanayaka(UniversityofColomboSchoolofComputing,SriLanka);FrancesEkwulugo(UniversityofWestminster,UK);ProfMohamedDafirElKettani(ENSIASUniversityMohammedVSouissi,Morocco); AndreyMElizondoSolano(INCAEBusinessSchool,CostaRica); MarwanElnaghi (BrunelUniversity,Uxbridge,UK);DrYousefElsheikh(AppliedScienceUniversity, Jordan);Prof.Dr.AymanElzeiny(ElmenfyahUniversity,Egypt);ProfSaraEriksn(SchoolofEngineering,BlekingeInstituteofTechnology,Sweden); Prof.Dr. Alptekin Erkollar (HalicUniversity, Turkey); Jose Esteves (Institutode EmpresaBusiness School,Madrid,Spain);ElsaEstevez(UniversidadNacionaldelSur,Argentina);DrAleaFairchild(TheConstantiaInstitutebvba,TheNetherlands);ManuelFerez(InstituteonPublicGovernanceandManagement,ESADE,Spain);ElenaFerrari(UniversityofInsubri,Italy);MarianneFraefel(BernUniversityofAppliedSciences,Switzerland);Prof.RobertoFragaleFilho(UniversidadFederalFluminenseandFundacaoGetulioVargas,Brazil);DrJulietFreeman(UniversityofCanberra,Australia); KieranGallery(National Centre For Taxation Studies, Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Ireland); Prof Eduardo Gamero(UniversidadPablodeOlavide,Spain);ProfessorJeanGabrielGanascia(Laboratoired'InformatiquedeParisVI,University

vii

PierreandMarieCurie,France);ProfessorSomayajuluGarimella(InternationalManagementInstitute,NewDelhi,India);Dr.MilaGasco(InstituteofPublicGovernanceandManagement(ESADE),Barcelona,Spain);DrRimantasGatautis(KaunasUniversityofTechnology,Kaunas,Lithuania);DrStephaneGauvin(universitLaval,Canada);DrJennyGilbert(UniversityofBedfordshire,UK); ProfOliverGlassey (SwissGraduate School of Public Administration, Switzerland); Marius AlbertGomez(OpenUniversityCatalonia,Barcelona);BrankoGorjan(TaxAdministration,DeptforPlanning,Analyzingandstatistics,Slovenia);DaveGriffin(LeedsMetropolitanUniversity,UK);MaryGriffiths(UniversityofAdelaide,Australia);DrKerstinGrunden(TrollhattanUniversity,Sweden);PanosHahamis(WestminsterBusinessSchool,London,UK);DrUteHansen(UteHansen,Research&Concept.,Germany);SimraHanspal(BMS,India);MartijnHartog(TheHagueUniversityofAppliedSciences/CentreforResearchandDevelopment,TheNetherlands);AssociateProfessorRugayahHashim(UniversityTechnologyMara,Selangor,Malaysia);DrPaulHenman(UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Australia);PatrikHitzelberger(CentredeRecherchePublicGabrielLippmann,Belvaux,Luxembourg);DrKeithHorton(UniversityofDerby,,UK);DrOmarHujran(PrincessSumayaUniversityforTechnology,Jordan);ArildJansen(UniversityofOslo,Norway);DrMarijnJanssen(DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands);CarlosJimenez(Estratic,Barcelona,Spain);TinaJukic(FacultyofAdministration,UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia);ProfKonstantinosKalemis(NationalCentreForLocalGovernmentAndPublicAdministration,Greece);GeorgiosKapogiannis (UniversityofSalford,Manchester,UK);M.ed IoannisKaravasilis (UniversityofMacedonia,Greece );Dr.HasmiahKasimin(UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia);DrChristosKatsis(TechnologicalEducationalInstitutionof Ionian islands,Greece);DrAnjaliKaushik (ManagementDevelopment Institute, India);Prof.Dr TurkselKayaBensghir (PublicAdministration InstituteForTurkeyAndMiddleEast,Turkey);TerenceKeefe (SheffieldHallamUniversity,UK); Dr Samihah Khalil (Universiti UtaraMalaysia,Malaysia); DrMaja Klun (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia); IbrahimKushchu(MobileGovernmentConsortium,UK);DrKonstadinosKutsikos(BusinessSchool,UniversityoftheAegean,Greece);DrMohammad Lagzian (FerdowsiUniversityofMashhad, Iran); Djamel Eddine Laouisset (AlhosnUniversity,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates);DrVanessaListon(TrinityCollegeDublin,Ireland);DrYingLiu(CambridgeUniversity,UK);Prof.JulietLodge(UniversityofLeeds,UK);KristinaLundevall(mCity,Sweden);JyotiDeviMahadeo(UniversityofTechnology,Mauritius); DevenderMaheshwari (DelftuniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands); ZaighamMahmood (UniversityofDerby,UK);Dr.GregoryManiatopoulos (NewcastleUniversity,UK); PanagiotisManolitzas (Technologicaleducational instituteofPiraeus,Greece);PaulMcCusker(LetterkennyInstituteofTechnology,Ireland);AnthonyMeehan(TheOpenUniversity,UK);lennyaMeringoh (kenya Insituteofeducation,Kenya);DrAdelaMesa (Universityof theBasqueCountry,Spain); JeremyMillard (DanishTechnological Institute,Aarhus,Denmark,); PeterMillard (UniversityofPortsmouth,UK);ProfHarekrishnaMisra (Institute of RuralManagement Anand, India); GianlucaMisuraca(Institute for Prospective Technological Studies,EuropeanCommission,Spain);Dr.YonathanMizrachi(UniversityofHaifa,Israel);PatMolan(RevenueCommissioners,Limerick,Ireland);JohnMorison(QueensUniversityBelfast,UK);BertMulder(HaagseHogeschool,DenHaag,TheNetherlands);HilaryMullen (Buckinghamshire Chilterns University, UK); ProfMauriceMulvenna (University of Ulster, UK); Dr DarrenMundy (UniversityofHull,UK);ProfMihealaMuresan (DimitrieCantemirChristianUniversity,Bucharest,Romania); OlliMustajarvi(TheFinnishParliament,Finland);EmanuelaAlisaNica(CenterforEthicsandHealthPolicyand,PetreAndreiUniversityfromIasi,Romania);PaulNixon(HaagseHogeschool,DenHaag,TheNetherlands,TheNetherlands);DrDonaldNorris(DepartmentofPublicPolicy,UniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty,USA);DrAbdelkaderNouibat(UniversityofM'Sila,Algeria);MohammadNuruzzaman(DaffodilInternationalUniversity,Bangladesh);Ass.Prof.BirgitOberer(KadirHasUniversity,Turkey); DavidO'Donnell(IntellectualCapitalResearch Instituteof Ireland, Ireland); AdegboyegaOjo (UnitedNationsUniversity,Macao,China);DrMustafaKemalOktem(HacettepeUniversity,Ankara,Turkey); EleonoraPaganelli(UniversityofCamerino, Italy); ThanosPapadopoulos(HullUniversityBusinessSchool ,UK);Dr IoannisPapaioannou(ComputerTechnologyInstituteandPress,Greece);DrShaunPather(CapePeninsulaUniversityofTechnology,SouthAfrica);Ass.ProfMihaiBogdan Petrisor (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University) Romania;MickPhythian (DeMontfortUniversity,Leicester,UK);Dr.DaniloPiaggesi (FondazioneRosselliAmericas,USA); JonPike (WestminsterBusinessSchool,London,UK); JoanMiquelPique(MauriliaKnowledge,Spain);Ph.DNataaPomazalov(UniversityofDefence,Brno,CzechRepublic);AdinaPopa("EftimieMurgu"UniversityofResita,Romania);KeyPousttchi(UniversityofAugsburg,Germany);AndrewPower(IADT,Ireland);ProfThurasamyRamayah(UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Malaysia);RajashRawal(HaagseHogeschool,DenHaag,TheNetherlands);Prof.GregoryReinhardt(Australasian InstituteofJudicialAdministration,Melbourne,Australia);DrKristinaReinsalu(eGovernanceAcademy/UniversityofTartu,Estonia);DrOlivieroRiganelli(UniversityofMilanoBicocca,Italy);WaltrautRitter(AsiaPacificIntellectualCapitalCentre,HongKong);DrJoseRodrigues (FederalUniversityofParaiba,Brazil); SabineRotthier (HogeschoolGent,Belgium);ProfessorLiliSaghafi (CanadianInternationalCollege,Egypt,);Dr Ilias Said (Universiti SainsMalaysia,Malaysia); Manel Sanroma (BarcelonaCityCouncil,Spain);Prof.Chaudhary ImranSarwar (MixedRealityUniversity,Pakistan); Angel Saz (InstituteonPublicGovernanceandManagement,ESADE,Spain);AlbertSerra(InstituteonPublicGovernanceandManagement,ESADE,Spain);DrStankaSetnikarCankar(FacultyofAdministration,UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia);DrJamalShahin(VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Belgium);DrHosseinSharif(UniversityofPortsmouth,UK);OmphemetseSibanda(UniversityofSouthAfrica,Pretoria,SouthAfrica);Dr Carlo Simon (Provadis School of InternationalManagement and Technology,Germany); Massimo Simonetta (AncitelLombardia,Milan,Italy);PatrickSinz(EthicaSASandDexxongroup,France);OscarSovani(Lombardia,Italy);DrsasikumaranSreedharan (College of Computer Science,king khalidUniversity,Ministry ofHigher eEducation,SaudiArabia,ABHA, SaudiArabia);DrBerndStahl(DeMontfortUniversity,UK);DaliborStanimirovic(UniversityofLjubljana,FacultyofAdministration,Slovenia);MargeryStapleton(UniversityofLimerick,Ireland);KameliaStefanova(SofiaUniversity,Bulgaria);PatraSteffens(FraunhoferFOKUS,Germany);SimonStephens(LetterkennyInstituteofTechnology,Ireland);DrAlanStrickley(Department

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forEducation,UK);DrJakobSvensson(KarlstadUniversity,Sweden);ProfessorJohnTaylor(GlasgowCaledonianUniversity,UK);AnilTete(GGV,India);DougThomson(RMITUniversity,Australia);ProfMilanTodorovic(UniversityUnionNikolaTesla,Serbia);TimTurner(UniversityofNewSouthWales,Australia);DrJoanJosepVallbe(UniversitatdeBarcelona,Spain);RudiVansnick(InternetSocietyofBelgium,Belgium);DrMirkoVintar(InstituteforInformatizationofAdministration,Slovenia);DrVasilikiVrana(TechnologicaleducationalinstituteofSerres,Greece);Prof.FangWang(BusinessSchoolofNankaiUniversity,Tianjin,China);StuartWarden(CapePeninsulaUniversityofTechnology,SouthAfrica);DianaWilson(TrinityCollegeDublin,Ireland); RobWilson(UniversityofNewcastle,UK);Dr.GamelWiredu(GhanaInstituteofManagementandPublicAdministration,Accra,Ghana);ProfessorLesWorrall(UniversityofCoventry,UK);ProfSunilKumarYadav(GNITMBAInstitute,India); MeteYildiz (HacettepeUniversity,Turkey);Dr.ElifYukselOktay (YalovaUniversity,Turkey);ProfKostasZafiropoulos(Departmentof InternationalandEuropeanStudies,UniversityofMacedonia,Greece); DushanaZdravkova (VarnaDistrictCourt,Varna,Bulgaria);DrFangZhou(AmericanUniversityofSharjah,UnitedArabEmirates);ProfEwaZiemba(UniversityofEconomics,Poland)

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BiographiesConferenceChair

WalterCastelnovo,Ph.D., isAssistantProfessorof InformationSystemsat theUniversityof Insubria(Italy).HisresearchinterestsconcerntechnologicalandorganizationalinnovationinPublicAdministrationandInterorganizationalInformationSystems.HeiscofounderoftheResearchCenterforKnowledgeandServiceManagementforBusinessApplications(K&SM)oftheUniversityofInsubriaandheismemberoftheScientificCommitteeoftheInterdepartmentalCenterforOrganizationalInnovationinPublicAdministrationoftheUniversityofMilan.HeisalsomemberoftheDepartmentofInstitutionalReforms, EGovernment and Institutional Federalism of the Association of the Municipalities ofLombardia (Italy).Heservedasmemberof thecommittee formany internationalconferencesonE

GovernmentandICTevaluation;andhewastheGeneralChairofThe5thEuropeanConferenceonInformationManagementandEvaluation(ECIME).HeiscofounderoftheICTforDevelopmentInternationalSchool(ICT4DEVIS)andistheDirectorofthefirsteditionoftheschoolin2012.

ProgrammeChairElenaFerrariisafullprofessorofComputerScienceattheUniversityofInsubria,Italyandscientificdirectorof theK&SMResearchCenter.She received the IEEEComputerSocietysprestigious2009TechnicalAchievementAward for outstanding and innovative contributions to secure datamanagement.In2011,shehasbeennamedACMDistinguishedScientistandshereceivedaGoogleresearchawardforherresearchonsocialnetworkprivacy.Herresearchactivitiesarerelatedtovariousaspectsofdatamanagement, includingaccesscontrol,privacyand trust insocialnetworks,securecloud computing and emergencymanagement, secure semantic web,multimedia databases. Onthese topics shehaspublishedmore than170 scientificpublications in international journals andconferenceproceedings.ShegaveseveralinvitedlecturesandtutorialsinItalianandforeignuniversitiesaswellasoninternationalconferencesandworkshops.Prof.FerrariisintheEditorialBoardoftheIEEETransactionsonKnowledgeandDataEngineering,theIEEETransactionsonDependableandSecureComputing,theTransactionsonDataPrivacy,andtheInternationalJournalofInformationTechnology(IJIT).SheisadistinguishedmemberoftheACMandseniormemberofIEEE.

KeynoteSpeakersDrGianlucaMisuracaisaSeniorScientistattheInformationSocietyUnitoftheEuropeanCommission's JointResearchCentre, Institute forProspectiveTechnologicalStudies (IPTS)based inSeville,Spain. Before joining IPTS, he was theManaging Director of the Global ExecutiveMaster in eGovernanceattheEcolePolytechniqueFdraledeLausanne(EPFL).PreviouslyheheldseveralpositionsaspolicyadvisorfordifferentInternationalOrganisationsandbilateralcooperationagenciesaswellasworkingwithvarious consultingand industrialorganisations in theareaofeGovernment,regionaldevelopment,researchand innovation.Hisbackground iseconomicswithfocusonthe interfacebetween ICTsandpublicadministration,specialised intheareaofbusinessprocessreengi

neeringandeTransformation.HeholdsalsoaDiplomaofSpecialisationinEuropeanUnionEconomicsandLaw,aspecialisationinSecurityManagement,anExecutiveMasterineGovernanceandaPhDinManagementofTechnologyfromEPFL.DrAntonioCordellaisaLecturerinInformationSystemsattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience.HismainresearchfocusisontheimpactofICTonpublicsectororganisationandgovernmentservicedelivery.Hehaspublishedextensivelyintheareaofegovernment.Hehasledandparticipated in internationalresearchprojects lookingatdifferentaspectassociated to thedeploymentofICTtoreformpublicsectororganisations.Hismostrecentcontributionsintheegovernmentfieldare:Cordella,Willcocks,L.paper"GovernmentPolicy,PublicValueandITOutsourcing:TheStrategicCaseofASPIRE",JournalofStrategicInformationSystems,Forthcoming;Cordella,A.,Bonina,C.APublicValuePerspectiveforICTEnabledPublicSectorReforms:Atheoreticalreflection,GovernmentInformationQuarterly(2012),vol.29(4),pp.512520;Cordella,A.,Iannacci,F.InformationsystemsinthePublicSector:theeGovernmentenactmentframework",JournalofStrategicInformationSystems(2010),19(1),pp.5266;Cordella,A.,Willcocks,L.Outsourcing,BureaucracyandPublicValue:Reappraisingthenotionofthecontractstate,GovernmentInformationQuarterly(2010)27(1),pp.8288.

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MiniTrackChairsDr JakobSvensson isa researcherwithaPhD inMediaandCommunicationStudies. Jakob currentresearchrevolvesaroundciviccommunication,politicalparticipationandtheconstructionofcitizenship throughonline communicativepractices.He is currently involve ina researchproject studyingrelationsofpower,practicesofdisciplineandsurveillanceamongbothoutspokenpoliticalactivistsinsouthernStockholm.JakobSvenssoniscurrentlyholdingapositionofassistantprofessorshipinMediaandCommunication Studies atKarlstadUniversity and is theDirectorof the researchnetworkHumanIT.

Prof.DrMirkoVintargainedhisdoctorateinITandmanagementstudiesattheFacultyofEconomics,Ljubljana.Forover20yearshisworkhasdealtwiththeinformatisationofpublicadministration,withamajorfocusonthedevelopmentofegovernmentinrecentyears.Heisinchargeofaseriesofdomesticandinternationalresearchanddevelopmentapplicationprojectsinthisfield.Heisamemberofinternationalscientificandspecialistbodiesinvolvedintheresearchofthisfield(EGPA,StudyGroupon InformatisationofPublicAdministration, IFIP,WG8.5,NISPAcee,WGonEgovernment).From19932002hewastheeditorinchiefofthejournalUporabnainformatika(AppliedIT).

DrGianluigiViscusiiscurrentlypostdocresearchfellowattheDepartmentofInformatics,SystemsandCommunication (DISCo)oftheUniversityofMilanBicocca.Research interestsconcernmethodologiesforpolicydriven information systemsplanning,eGovernment, convergenceand informationgrowthimpactson informationsystemsdesign,digital informationassetevaluation(InformationValue),businessmodellingand IS strategyalignment,data reverseengineering.Hehaspublishedmore than50referredpapers inbooks,conferenceproceedings,and journalsasData&KnowledgeEngineeringandGovernmentInformationQuarterlyIn2010hehascoauthoredwithCarloBatiniandMassimoMecella

thebookInformationSystemsforeGovernment:aqualityofserviceperspective(Springer,Heidelberg).MehdiAsgarkhaniisaprincipallecturerinstrategicmanagementofICTsalongsideholdingthepositionofAcademicLeader(ICTqualifications)atCPIT,NewZealand.MehdisbackgroundcoversbothICTsandStrategicManagement.Priortoacceptinghiscurrentacademicrole,heheldvariousstrategicadvisory,projectmanagerialandtechnologyandbusinessstrategyallianceroles. Inkeepingclosecontactwiththe industry developments and ICT governance bodies, he is the National Councillor representingCanterburyatInstituteofITProfessionals(IITP)NewZealand.

MilanTodorovic is aProfessorofEntrepreneurship and Innovation,CorporateEntrepreneurshipandOrganisationalChangesatUnionNikolaTeslaUniversityinBelgrade,Serbia.HeholdsaMBAfromMelbourneBusinessSchoolandhasextensive internationalexperienceacrossdiverse industriesandgovernmententerprisesencompassinglecturing,managementconsulting,businessdevelopment,directorshipsandsuccessfulmanagementofglobal,missioncriticalbusinesssystems for leading internationalcompanies.Duringhis careerhehas combinedhis significantprofessionalexperienceand leadership

skillswithexcellentknowledgeofbusinessstrategytoconductconsultingassignmentsanddeliverstrategicprojectsworldwide.Currently,heisinvolvedinseveralresearchprojectsincludinghowpublicpoliciesimpactoninnovationandentrepreneurship.TerryKeefe a Senior Lecturer at SheffieldHallamUniversity,UK.Hehas 6 years inHigher EducationteachingProjectManagement, ITProfessionalEthics,BusinessAnalysisandStrategy.Hisextensiveexperienceinpublicsectorchangecomesfrom6yearsmanagingresearchanddevelopmentinaninnovativepublicelearningserviceand20yearsintheUKCivilService,muchofitprovidingISconsultancyinITenabled organisational change projects. Research experience includes egovernment, elearning, governmentstrategy,socialinclusionandaccessibility.

Dr ZaighamMahmood is a Principal Researcher and Reader inApplied Computing in the School ofComputingandMathematics,UniversityofDerby,UK.HehasanMScinMathematics,anMScinComputerScienceandaPhD inModelingofPhaseEquilibria.He isalsoaCharteredEngineerandaCharteredInformationTechnologyProfessional.Zaighamhas inexcessof50publications inproceedingsofinternationalconferencesandjournalsaswellaschaptersinbooks.HeisalsoEditorinChiefofJournalofEGovernmentStudiesandBestPractices.His research interestsare in theareasofsoftwareengineering,projectmanagement,enterprisecomputingandegovernment.

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BiographiesofPresentingAuthorsDr,HanyAbdelghaffar isa lecturerof InformationSystemsattheGermanUniversity inCairo(GUC),Egypt.HeholdsMSc.andPhD fromMiddlesexUniversity, London,UK.Hehas severalpublications in theegovernment field.Dr.AbdelghaffartaughtseveralcoursesininformationsystemsandebusinessinandheisaSAPcertifiedconsultant.IreniAkoijam,ScientistDworkinginNationalInformaticsCentre,Govt.ofIndiaunderMinistryofCommunicationandInformationTechnology.WorkingforeGovernanceprojectsinMaharashtraresponsibleforinitiationofdigitizationofrationcardholdersdataforFoodandCivilSuppliesDepartment,alsovariousothereGovernanceprojectssuchasintroducingpaperlessofficesandetenderingproject.MSinComputerEngineering,TashkentStateTechnicalUniversity,Tashkent.IbrahimAlfadliisPhDstudentandresearcherintheSchoolofEngineeringandComputingSciencesatDurhamUniversity.HismainresearchfocusisintheareasofeGovernmentevaluationandassessment.HeisalsobeeninvolvedwithareasinQualityAssuranceinregardsoftheinformationtechnologyandselfservicesinthefieldofbanking.Obaid Almalki is a PhD candidate at BMRI/IRAC at theUniversity of Bedfordshire, Luton,United Kingdom. In 2007, heawardedhisMasterofEngineeringinSoftwareEngineeringfromtheUniversityofQueenslandinAustralia.HereceivedhisBachelordegreeincomputerandinformationsystemsfromKingSaudUniversityinSaudiArabiain1995.MohammedAlsaif.PHDresearcheratInstLocalGovernmentStudies,SchoolofGovernmentandSociety,UniversityofBirmingham,UK.MasterdegreeinInformationSystemManagementatUniversityofSheffield,UK.BCsInformationTechnologyandComputingatSaudiArabia. Iam interesting in technology implementationandadoptionofegovernment,ebusinessandERPsystems.Dr.MohammedAlSudairi iscurrentlyanAssociateProfessor inCollegeofBusinessAdministrationforMISDepartmentatKingSaudUniversityatRiyadh,SaudiArabia.Heisalsoholdinganumberofreputable,keyadministrativeandprofessionalpositionsinSaudiArabia.Dr.LeonidasAnthopoulosisanAssistantProfessorattheProjectManagementDepartmentoftheTEIofLarissa,Greece.HehasITresearch,planningandManagementexperiencewithinorganizations,suchastheHellenicMinistryofForeignAffairs,InformationSocietyS.A.,SmartCityofTrikalaetc.Hisresearch interestsmainconcerneGovernment,SmartCities,EnterpriseArchitecture,etc.Dr.MuhammadIrfanullahArfeenisworkingasAssistantProfessor,DepartmentofManagementSciences,andDeputyDirector,BoardofAdvancedStudiesandResearch (BASR)at theVirtualUniversityofPakistan, IslamabadCampus.Hehaspresentedmanyresearchpapers indifferentconferences.Recently,heattendedshortcoursetitledSeminaroneGovernanceforDevelopingCountriessponsoredbyGovernmentofChina.AlinaBadulescu isProfessorofEconomicsandPhDcoordinatorat theFacultyofEconomicsandDoctoralSchool inSocialSciencesoftheUniversityofOradea,Romania.ShegraduatedBucharestUniversityofEconomicsandsincehasauthoredandcoauthorednumerousjournalarticlesandbooks.Herinterestsincludeeconomics,butpromotingyoungresearchersactivityaswell.DanielBadulescugraduatedBucharestUniversityofEconomicStudiesandhasaPhDinEconomics.HeisAssociateProfessorinBusinessEconomicsandBusinessFinancingattheDepartmentofEconomics,UniversityofOradea,Romania.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludeeconomics,businesseconomicsandbusinessfinance.JaninaBanasikowska,PhDisemployedattheUniversityofEconomicsinKatowiceaslecturersonFacultyofInformaticsandCommunication,atDepartmentofInformatics.Sheistakingpartintheresearchintocomputerscience,systemsanalysisandcomputersystemdesign,managementinformationsystems,ebusinessandpublicinformatics.FrankBannisterisanAssociateProfessorininformationsystemsintheSchoolofComputerScienceandStatisticsinTrinityCollegeDublin.His research interests includeegovernment,edemocracyand ITevaluation.He iseditorof theElectronicJournalofeGovernmentandCoDirectorof theEuropeanGroup forPublicAdministrationpermanent studygrouponegovernment.MithunBaruaistheofficerinGovernmentofWestBengal,IndiaandPhDstudentatThaparUniversity,Patiala,Punjab,India.TheresearchareaisEGovernment,TechnologyManagementandPublicPolicy.TheauthorhadcompletedtwomonthsresearchvisitatTallinnUniversityofTechnology,EstoniaonEstonianGovernmentscholarship.Theauthorhasfivepublicationsinhiscredit.

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IrneBernhardLecturer inmediaandcommunicationstudies,UniversityWest,Trollhttan,SwedenandPhDCandidate inUrbanandRegional Studies,Royal InstituteofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden,SchoolofArchitectureandBuiltEnvironment,UrbanPlanningandEnvironment.ResearchedeGovernmentwithagroupsupportedbyVINNOVA,theprojectwastosupportandevaluatedevelopmentofmunicipalcontactcentresinSweden.Experiencedinappliedorganisationcommunicationegcoordinatorforinternationalscientificsymposia.SanjaBogdanoviDiniBScandMScdegreesincomputerscienceattheUniversityofNi,Serbia.SheiscurrentlyaPhDstudentattheFacultyofElectronicEngineeringandresearchassocciateattheFacultyofelectronicengineeringinNis.HerPhDresearch involvesSensorWeb,GISandEsystemswithspecialattentiongiventoOpenDataandLinkedOpenDataapplicationsChoompolBoonmeeLectureratThammasatUniversity.PhDininformationandcontrolsystemengineering(1998)fromNagaokaUuniversityofTechnology, Japan.Research interests includeeGovernment,electronicdata interchangeand interoperability, ICTbenefitmanagementandcomputersimulation.Beenworkingas ICTconsultantformanyThaiministerialdepartments.Heisalsoapresidentofelectronicdatainterchangepromotionassociation.RobertoBoselliiscurrentlyworkingasprofessorassistantinComputerScienceatUniversityofMilanBicocca.Heworkedinseveral international researchprojects in the fieldof InformationSystems.His researchactivities focusonSemanticWeb,Web2.0andegovernmentservices.In2006hetookhisPh.DinInformationSocietyattheUniversityofMilanBicocca.AlexopoulosCharalamposisaPhDCandidateattheUniversityoftheAegeanworkingonhighlevelpolicymaking,researchandpilotapplicationinFP7.AcomputersciencegraduatefromtheUniversityofPeloponnesewithMScinmanagementinformationsystemsfromUniversityofAegeanhehaspublishedinscientificconferencesonISevaluationandopendata.YuJuiChenisaGraduatestudentintheDepartmentofPublicAdministrationatNationalChengchiUniversity.Chenisinterested inegovernment/egovernance, ICTdevelopment,andhehastwoyearsofexperiencefor legislativeassistant inTaiwan.PinYuChuProfessor inDepartmentofPublicAdministration atNationalChengchiUniversity.Research interests includetechnologydevelopmentandmanagement,electronicgovernance,andenvironmentandconflictmanagement.ServesonAdvisoryBoard,ResearchDevelopmentandEvaluationCommission,thePersonnelPolicyCouncil,CentralPersonnelAdministrationofTaiwan,theCommitteeofGovernmentTechnologyProgramReview,theReviewExpertBoardofHigherEducationEvaluation&AccreditationCouncilofTaiwan,etc.DimitrisChristodoulakis.Professor,ComputerEngineeringandInformaticsDepartmentUniversityofPatras.BorninSamosGreece1952.DemonstratedandachievednationalandEuropeanresearchanddevelopmentProjects.StrongscientificbackgroundintheareasofNaturallanguageprocessingandInformationSystems.Extensiveexperienceinprojectmanagement.PublicationofnumerousscientificarticlesinJournalsandConferenceproceedings.GiuseppeCiaccioworksatDIBRIS,Universita'diGenova,whereheholdsapermanentpositionasaresearcher.Hisinterestsare inthefieldofdistributedsystems.He iscurrently involved inaprojectconcerningweb,architecturesandtechnologiesforOpenData.FlavioCosta,MasterofScienceinComputerEngineeringfromPolitecnicodiMilano(Italy),ITprojectleaderatHenkelItaliaandSTMicroelectronicsSA (France),CIOatNEC Italia; since1998atCERNEuropeanOrganization forNuclearResearch(Switzerland)andmemberoftheInvenioTeamsince2011,outreachandrelationshipswithusers.MichaeleneCoxisAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofPoliticsandGovernmentatIllinoisStateUniversity.Sheteachescourses in international law, international relationsandEuropeanPolitics,andhasauthoredanumberofpublicationsonpoliticalparticipation,socialcapital,culturalidentityandcorruption.HerinterestineGovernmentalsoreflectstheinterdisciplinarynatureofherresearch.StephenDarlingtonisaPhDcandidateintheSchoolofPoliticsandInternationalRelationsattheAustralianNationalUniversity inCanberra.Hisareaof research is stakeholder rights inehealth systemsand thepotentialofehealth to transformmedicalservicedelivery.DrMartinDeSaulles isaPrincipalLecturerattheUniversityofBrightonwhereheteachesandcarriesoutresearch intheareasofinformationmanagementanddigitalinnovation.AmenehDeljoostartedmyPhDinDelftUniversityoftechnologyin2012,inTechnology,PolicyandManagement(TPM)facultyandmysupervisorisProf.dr.ir.MarijnJanssen.MyresearchfocusedonimprovesandevaluatepublicandprivatenetworkbyusingComplexadaptivesystems.

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LesegoTshegofatsoDitibaneIamaMastersstudentatNorthWestUniversity(NWU),currentlydoingaresearchonsystemsdevelopmentmethodologiesand thedevelopmentofeGovernmentsystems. Ihaveagoodcommunicationand interpersonalskill,afastleanerandateamplayer.AndreyElizondo,Eng. Isaconsultant/researcherfor INCAEBusinessSchool.He is interested inunderstandingthe implicationsof the Internet forsocietyandchallengesassociatedwith itsgovernance.Master in InternationalBusiness from theMonterreyInstituteofTechnology,MasterinEuropeanBusinessfromESCPEUROPE,andComputerSciencesEngineerfromtheCostaRicaInstituteofTechnology.KajaFietkiewicz(23)fromPoland,hasbeenlivinginGermanysince2008inordertostudyattheHeinrichHeineUniversityDsseldorf.Since2011shehasbeenstudyingInformationScienceandLanguageTechnologyonMastersDegreeandLawforstateexamination.HermainfieldofinterestistheInformationalCities,especiallytheJapanesecitiesandinformationlaw.Dr.PanosFitsilis isaProfessoratTEILarissa,Greece,HeadofSchoolofBusinessandEconomics.HehasextensiveprojectmanagementexperiencewiththedevelopmentanddeploymentoflargeITsystems.Heworked,asbusinessunitmanageratlargesoftwaredevelopmentcompanies.Hisresearchinterestsinclude:ProjectManagement,SoftwareEngineering,BusinessProcessReengineering,etc.Dr.J.V.FonouDombeureceivedaPhDinComputerSciencein2012andMSc.inComputerSciencein2008.HisiscurrentlyaSeniorLecturerattheDepartmentofSoftwareStudiesatTheVaalUniversityofTechnology.Dr.FonouDombeusresearchinterestsareinSemanticWeb,Ontology,andSemanticKnowledgerepresentationanddevelopmentineGovernment.MurielFoulonneauspecializesonsemantic interoperabilityofdigitalresources,semanticdataquality,andpersonalization.ShehasworkedinparticularintheeGoverrmentdomaininthescopeoftheEuropeanprojectSPOCS.SheisinvolvedintheSEMICworkinggroupstocreatecorevocabulariestosupporttheinteroperabilityofeGovernmentapplications.MariagraziaFuginiisProfessorofComputerEngineeringatPolitecnicodiMilano.SheholdsaPh.D.inComputerEngineering.Her interestsare in informationsystemsecurityanddevelopmentmethodsandtools,environmentalriskmanagement,Escience,powergrids,andGreenIT.SheparticipatedinseveralEUProjects.ShehasbeenaVisitingProfessoratUniversityofMaryland,TechnicalUniversityofVienna,TechnicalUniversityofStuttgart,andUPCBarcelona.OlivierGlasseyassistantprofessoratSwissGraduateSchoolofPublicAdministration(IDHEAP)isinchargeofresearchandteachingunit "DigitalGovernance".Within theSwissPublicAdministrationNetwork (SPAN), teachespublicmanagement,quantitativeresearchmethods,andmanagementof informationsystems.Currentresearchtopicsarepublicregisters'harmonizationanddatagovernanceofpopulationregisters, identityandprivacymanagement,openaccessandtransparency,andmoregenerallyeGovernementandeParticipation.PiotrGoetzen,PhD,CCNP isthedirectorofOperatingSystemsandComputerNetworksDepartmentatUniversityofManagement(Lodz,Poland).HeisalsoCiscoCertifiedAcademicInstructor.ITsystems,theirsecurityandinteroperabilityarehismainscientificinterests.HeisalsotheClarkUniversityteacheratEuropeancampusandtheownerofNetworkofITExperts(NOITE)company.Dr.AnastasiaGolubevaPhD,SeniorLecturer(PublicAdministrationDepartment),GraduateSchoolofManagement,St.PetersburgStateUniversity.Engaged in research forover10yearsonegovernmentdevelopment inRussia,participatedasexpertandconsultant innumberof internationalprojects.Teachesvariouscoursesonmodernapproachestopublicmanagementandgovernmentsocietyinteraction(includingcourseonegovernment).Researchfocusesoninnovationsinpublicadministration,egovernmentandpubliceservices.KennethGriggsisaProfessorofInformationSystemsattheOrfaleaCollegeofBusinessatCalPolyinSanLuisObispo,California.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsfocusonelectroniccommerce,emergingtechnologies,collaborationsystems,informationsystemsauditandcontrol,andtheuseofsocialmedianetworkstooptimizeknowledgemanagementwithinorganizations.KerstinGrundnisseniorlecturerininformaticsattheWestUniversityofSweden.Shehasalsoabackgroundasasociologist.ShewasparticipatingintheresearchprojectInnovetafundedbyVinnovaforthestudyofcustomercentresimplementationwithinmunicipalitiesinSweden20092011.HermainfieldofresearchiseGovernmentandeLearning.LuisitaGuanlao isaLead InformationOfficer,RapidApplicationDevelopment, Innovationand ICTDirectorate,WorldBankGroup.Experience in ITsectorsupportingsoftwarearchitecture/development,projectplanning,management/ITmanagement,businessdevelopment/solutionsupport.Focusincludesenterprisearchitecture,informationmanagement,datamanagement,business intelligence, identityandaccessmanagement.Technicalassistance togovernment institutionsensuring

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alignmentof IT investmentswithgovernmentstrategicpriorities.MSc inTechnologyManagementandBSc inBusinessAdministration.JonasHedmanisanAssociateProfessorattheDepartmentofITManagement,CopenhagenBusinessSchool,Denmark.Hisresearchcoverstopicssuchasgreeningprocesses,businessmodelevolution,payment,paymentecosystem,andbusinessbenefitsofIT.HeiscurrentlyworkingwithCopenhagenFinanceITRegiontocreateacashlesssociety.StefanHenningssonAssociateProfessor,CopenhagenBusinessSchool,DepartmentofITManagement.Researchesmanagerialaspectsof IT incontexts includingcorporatemergersandacquisitions,global IT infrastructuresand internationaltradeprocesses.Previouslypublished70+peerrefereedpaperspublishedinjournalssuchasInformationSystemsJournal,JournalofStrategicInformationSystems,CommunicationsoftheAssociationforInformationSystemsandManagementInformationSystemsQuarterlyExecutive.PaulJacksonisSeniorLecturerinInformationManagementatOxfordBrooksUniversity.HepreviouslyworkedfortheChartered InstituteofPublicFinanceandAccountancy,deliveringeGovernment trainingandconsultancy forarangeofpublicbodies.HehasbeenalectureratBrunelUniversityandhasaPhDfromCambridgeUniversity.KamaliaAzmaKamaruddinfinishedherMastersofScience in InformationTechnologyatUniversitiTeknologiMARA,ShahAlam,Malaysia,in2006.Later,shejoinedtheuniversityasalecturerinInformationSystemsDepartment.SheiscurrentlyaPhDstudentatFacultyofComputerandMathematicalSciences,UiTM.Her research focus ison transformationalgovernment.AsaneeKawtrakul is currently theAssociateProfessorofDepartmentofComputerEngineering,KasetsartUniversity andDeputy ExecutiveDirectorofNational Electronics andComputer TechnologyCenter (NECTEC), Thailand. Her specific researchinterestsareKnowledgeEngineeringandLanguageEngineering.NowshehasalsoresponsibleformanyprojectinitiativesrelatedtoserviceinnovationinHealthCare,eGovernmentandAgriculturearea.MehmetSinanKlc isR&DandSoftwareDevelopmentManager, inUniversal InformationTechnologies .Graduated fromIstanbulUniversityBusinessAdministrationDepartment.Stratedhiscarrier inUniversal InformationTeknologiesasProjectLeader in2001.HeobtainedhisPMPcertificate in2011.He is isspecializedonERPsolutionsandsoftwareapplicationsforlocalgovernments.RembrandtKlopper interdisciplinary scholarpublishing resultsof research focusingon aspectsof researchmethodology,informatics,communicationscienceandcognitivescience.Incognitivesciencehaswrittenseveralpapersoncentralroleofmetaphor inhuman thinking.SupervisesmastersanddoctoralstudentsatseveralSouthAfricanuniversitiesand isspecialissueseditorofSouthAfricaninterdisciplinaryscholarlyjournal,Alternation.LucLagrandeurisProfessorofMarketingatLaurentianUniversityteachingcoursesinmarketingandconsulting.Luchas10yearsofpracticalmarketingexperience foroneofCanadas largest information technologyoutsourcingcompany. His research interestsareonthe impactofgovernmenteservicesontheorganizationandtherelationship/interactionwithcitizens.SamLubbeisanassociateprofessoratUNISAintheSchoolofComputing.HehasaPhDfromWitsandheteachesSISP,SCMandotherIScourses.Hehaspublishedmanyarticles,attendedanddeliveredmanyconferencepapersaswellasthreebooks.Heisalsosupervisingmanypostgraduatestudents.CarolinaMartnVzquezobtainedherBScdegreeinPsychologyfromtheUniversityofLaLagunain2006.Shehassixyearsofexperienceworkingonprojectsforsocialparticipationandappreciativeinquiry.SheiscollaboratingontheEuropeanProjectPuzzledbyPolicyfocusedononlinecitizensdebate.Herinterestsincludeappreciativeinquiry,socialparticipationandeparticipation.MicheleMartoniisaContractProfessorinITLawatUniversityofBologna.ShehasaPh.D.inITLawandLegalInformaticsatUniversityofBologna.ProfessorintheMasterofLawandNewTechnology(UniversityofBologna),oftheErasmusMundusPh.d.ProgramLaw,ScienceandTechnologyatItLawMaster(UniversityofBologna)andattheMasteroneHealth(UniversityofBologna).MemberoftheItalianAssociationofLegalInformatics,ofItalianTelemedicineSocietyandoftheCloudSecurityAllianceItalyChapterRonaldMeijergraduated inscienceofpublicadministration.Heworked inuniversities,doingpolicyresearch(Amsterdam,Leiden).HeisengagedinresearchattheResearchandDocumentationCentre(WODC)oftheMinistryofSecurityandJusticeoftheNetherlands.Hisinterestisfocusedoninformationmanagement,dataarchiving,opendata,andprivacyinthedomainofJustice.

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JeroenMeijisamanageratKPMGAdvisoryN.V.intheNetherlandssince2008.Withexperienceindesignandconsultancy,the linkbetween technology andbusiness alwayshashis special attention. Topics includedatamining,ontologies,opensourceandopenstandards.HehasbeeninvolvedinmanyAgilesoftwaredevelopmentprojects,oftenusinginnovativeconcepts.AdelaMesa isaPh.D. teacherat theDepartmentofPoliticalScienceandAdministration in theUniversityof theBasqueCountry.ShehasdirectedseveraleGovernmentresearchsince2002.ShecurrentlyheadsaresearchfundedbytheSpanishMinistryofScienceandTechnologytitled:BarrierstoelectronicgovernmentandintergovernmentalrelationsintheSpanishregionaladministrationssystem(20102012).MohamedAliMohamed isaPhDresearcheratFacultyofComputersand Information,CairoUniversity.HehasSyriannationality,HeholdsBSc in InformaticsEngineering andMSc in Information systems, andhis research interests include:Egovernment,EnterpriseArchitecture,SoftwareEngineering,ProjectManagement,SOAandCloudComputing.JosMaraMorenoJimnezreceivedthedegrees inmathematicsandeconomics,andthePh.D.degree inappliedmathematicsfromtheUniversityofZaragoza(Spain),whereheisaFullProfessorofOperationsResearch.HeisalsotheChairoftheZaragozaMulticriteriaDecisionMakingGroup.Hehaspublishedmorethan180papersinscientificbooksandjournals.RicardMunn isProjectManager inthePublicSectorUnit inAtosResearchand Innovationsince2011.Previously,hehadworkedinAtosasProjectManagerandConsultantinPublicSectorprojectsforfouryears.RicardhasadegreeasTelecommunicationsTechnicalEngineerandpursuedaMasterinInformationTechnologyManagement.ProfessorMalcolmMunro isemeritusprofessorofSoftwareEngineering in theSchoolofEngineeringandComputingSciencesatDurhamUniversity.HismainresearchfocusisintheareasofSoftwareVisualisation,SoftwareMaintenanceandEvolution.HehasalsobeeninvolvedwithresearchinWebServices,protocolsforfairexchangeofelectronicgoods,andReputationSystems.FattahNazem isanAssociateProfessor.Hehasbeenvicepresidentoftheresearchdepartmentforthe lastfiveyears.HisresearchinterestsareinthefieldofHigherEducationManagement.Hehaswritten2booksand94articles.HeisChiefExecutiveoftheQuarterlyJournalofEducationalScience.FrancescoNigliaworkedmorethan10yearsasconsultantforTechnologyTransferandholdsfocusexpertiseintheICTforgovernmentsolutionsdomain.Keyassignment:manageroftheNETEUCENnetworkwithinwhichhe isresponsibleforthedevelopmentandvalidationofeGovernmentindicatorsformeasuringtheapplicationofUserCentricitymethodologyinservicestocitizens.

PaulG.NixonPrincipalLecturerinPoliticsatESCM,TheHagueUniversity,TheNetherlands.PaulcoeditedUnderstandingEGovernment inEurope(withVKoutrakouandRRawal2010)EGovernment inEurope(VKoutrakou2007),PoliticalPartiesandtheInternet(SWardandRGibson2003.)andCyberprotest(WvanderDonk,BLoaderandDRucht,2004)

DonaldF.Norris isaspecialist inpublicmanagement,urbanpolitics,andtheapplication,usesand impactsof informationtechnology(includingegovernment)inpublicorganizations.HeholdsaB.S.inhistoryfromtheUniversityofMemphisandbothanM.A.andaPh.D.ingovernmentfromtheUniversityofVirginia.OlaseniMuritalaOkunola isaPhDstudent;hisresearchfocusesonthe ICTuserexperience,usersatisfaction,userexperienceofmandatorytechnologyacceptanceandICTPolicy,andeinclusion.HeholdsaMasterofSciencedegree inBusinessInformationSystemsandaMasterofBusinessAdministration.HeispreparingaPh.DonUserExperienceofeGovernmentServices.SveinlnesIworkasafulltimeresearcherattheWesternNorwayResearchInstitute,intheICTdepartement.MyfieldofresearchiseGovernmentandwithinthatfieldIhaveworkedmostlywithqualityandbenchmarkingissuesaswellasinteroperabilityandtheuseofsemantictechnologies.WolfgangPalkaisaresearchassociateandPhDstudentattheChairforInformationSystemsattheTechnischeUniversitaetMuenchen.Hisresearchinterestsincludeopengovernmentdata,egovernment,andmobilecommerce.HewasawardedforthebestresearchoftheyearintheJournalofInformationTechnology(2009)foracontributiononmobileviralmarketing.MonicaPalmirani isanassociateprofessorofComputerScienceandLawatBolognaUniversity,SchoolofLaw, Italy.Sheteacherofseveralcoursessince2001onLegal Informatics,eGovernment,Legaldraftingtechniques,andLegalXML.She isdirectorofItalianSocietyofLegalInformatics,oftheLASTJDPh.DprogrammeandconsultantofthegovernmentagencyforItalianDigitalAgenda.

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JeroenPastoorProjectmanagerMonitoringeGovernmentNetherlands.JeroenworksatICTU,animpartialandprofessionalorganisationbyandforgovernmentorganisations.JeroenworkingexperiencewithDutchgovernmentorganisationsimproving their eGovernment solutions and strategies. Jeroen was involved in cordination of ICTrelated projects at national/regional levelon implementationandusageofeGovernment solutions. Jeroen is currently interested inmeasurementofbenefitsrealization,bigdataandweb3.0solutions.CristinaPrezEspsisaBusinessAdministrationgraduateintheFacultyofEconomics,andBusiness(Zaragoza,Spain).Shehasparticipatedinseveralinternationalcongresses,suchasAsepelt2012,WSKS2012e.t.c,aswellasinpublicandprivateprojects.Currently,CristinaispursuingDoctoralThesisinEffectivenessofeCognocracyfromfinancialandeconomicperspective.IgorPihirisaresearchandteachingassistantandaPhDstudentattheUniversityofZagreb,FacultyofOrganizationandInformatics inVarazdin.Hisresearch interestsare inbusinessprocessmodellingand improvement trough ITandebusinessespeciallywithfocusonmeasurementofebusinesseffectsinSMEsprocesses.DenisaPopescuSeniorEnterpriseArchitect,OfficeofChiefEnterpriseArchitect,WorldBank.Ledandworkedoninitiativesinenterprise information integration, both structured/unstructured information, Master Data Management, referencedata/taxonomiesmanagement,andautomaticmetadatacaptureusingsemantictechnologies.PhD inBusinessAdministration,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity.Researchesareasofknowledgetransfer/learning,technology innovation, internationalregulatorystandards,andglobalgovernance.ZoranRadojii isanassociateprofessoratFacultyofOrganizationalSciences inBelgrade,DepartmentofOperationalResearchandStatistics.HeholdsaB.A.inOrganizationalSciences,aM.Sc.inStatisticsandaPh.D.inStatistics,allfromUniversity of Belgrade. His research interests are computational statistics, applied statistics, biostatistics, information systems,Internetandebusiness.RajashRawalPrincipalLecturerinPoliticsatESCM,TheHagueUniversity,TheNetherlands.HispublicationsincludePolitics&the Internet inComparativeContext(withP.G.Nixon&D.Mercea)andUnderstandingEGovernment inEurope(withVKoutrakouandPG.Nixon2010)Hespecializesintheimpactofmediaonpoliticalagentsinthemodernera.ArthurRiel istheChiefEnterpriseArchitectattheWorldBankwherehe isresponsiblefortheoverallarchitecturalframeworkfortheBankandthemanagementofmanytechnologyinitiatives.Arthurhasworkedwithdozensofcompaniesovera30+yearperiodandisapublishedauthor/entrepreneurwithoriginalresearchdatingbackto1988.KassandraRothernstadthasaBAHonoursinCommunicationstudiesandanMAinthesamefieldfromtheUniversityofCalgary,Canada.SheiscurrentlyaresearcheratiMINDSSMITwhilealsopursuingherinterdisciplinaryPhDdegree(FacultyofCommunicationsciencesandFacultyofPhilosophyandMoralsSciences).ElenaSnchezNielsenobtainedherPh.D.degreein2003inComputerSciencefromtheUniversityofLaLaguna.Since2003,shehasbeenassociateprofessorintheUniversityofLaLaguna.Shehasover10yearsofexperienceworkinginprojectsrelatedtoeGovernmentandeParticipation.Herinterestsincludeintelligentsystems,eGovernment,audiovisualcontentsandsocialmedia.NinoslavaSavi isa lectureratHigherSchoolofProfessionalBusinessStudies inNoviSad,Departmentof Informatics.SheholdsaB.A. inMathematicsfromNoviSadUniversityandaM.Sc. in InformationSystemsfromUniversityofBelgrade.Herresearch interests are information society, ebusiness, information systems and methodologies for measuring edevelopment.LauraSchinaisConsultantattheCentroCulturaInnovativad'ImpresaUniversityofSalentoprovidingfunctionalsupportforthe development of studies focused on the implementation of the user centric approach In Public Administrations. SheworkedasConsultantat InnovaS.p.a.andwas involved inactivitiesrelatedtothethematicnetworks intheeGovernmentdomain.ShareefShareefisaSoftwareengineeringlecturer,UniversityofSalahaddin.BScPhysics,MouselUniversity,Iraq(1990).MScDigitalCommunicationsNetworks(2005),LondonMetropolitanUniversity..ShareefworkedinICTCentre,MinistryofHigherEducationandScientificResearchinKurdistanRegion,Iraq(2007).ShareefwasaPhDstudent(2009)SchoolofArchitecture,ComputingandEngineering,UniversityofEastLondon.ShareefresearchesEgovernment/cloudcomputinginitiativesindevelopingcountries.Publishedandreviewedconferences.VjaceslavsSitikovsobtainedDr.sc.ing.inTechnicalCyberneticsfromRigaTechnicalUniversityinLatviain1982.Hismainresearch field iscomputerassisted learningsystems.Hehasthirtyyearsexperienceofteaching inthe fieldofcomputerscience.Hehasparticipatedinandhasledavarietyofprojectsrelatedtoimprovementofstudyprocess.

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AelitaSkarauskienisaDoctorofSocialSciencesfromISM,UniversityofManagementandEconomicsinVilnius,Lithuania.Appliesbothknowledgeofmanagementandmodernleadershipcorrelateddisciplinesinherwork,suchasBusinessdynamics,Systems thinking,Chaosandcomplexity theories.Was thecoach inSelfmanaging teamsbuildingproject inEuropeanParliamenttogetherwithDEMOSGroupBelgiumAnnaSotysikPiorunkiewicz,PhDisemployedattheUniversityofEconomicsinKatowiceaslecturersonFacultyofInformaticsandCommunication,atDepartmentofInformatics.Sheistakingpartintheresearchintocomputerscience,systemsanalysisandcomputersystemdesign,managementinformationsystems,ebusinessandpublicinformatics.GeorgeSourmelisholdsaMSc inecommerceandaBSc inInformationTechnologiesandTelecommunications.From2008heworksasan ITadvisoratNationalBusinessRegistryofUnionofHellenicChambers.Hehas teachingexperience inecommerceandrequirementsengineering.Hisresearchinterestsareintheareasofegovernment,requirementsengineeringandsystemdevelopmentcycle.DaliborStanimirovicisaresearcherinthefieldofInformaticsinpublicadministration.Hisresearchworkhasbeenpublishedinseveralnationaland international journals.Hisgeneralresearch interests includeICT inpublicadministration,EnterpriseArchitecture,egovernment,evaluationmodelsandindicatorsofICTprojects,edemocracyandsocialdimensionsofICTpolicy.VirgilStoica,Ph.D.:HeadofPoliticalScienceDepartmentAlexandru IoanCuzaUniversityof Iasi,Romania,FacultyofPhilosophy, Social andPolitical Sciences;Courses taught:PublicPolicy,PublicAdministration, andPolitical ScienceResearchMethods;Scientificresearchfields:egovernment,publicpolicies,localgovernment,andpoliticalelites.KlausStranacherHe isworkingattheEGovernment InnovationCenter inGraz.HismaintopicsareEGovernmentand ITsecurity.DuringhisactivitiesheparticipatesinseveralEuropeanresearchprojects.HewasinvolvedthepilotprojectSTORKandhewasleadingworkpackage2inthelargescalepilotSPOCS.AdditionalheisworkingonhisPhDthesisoninteroperabilityofelectronicdocuments.SunYuehYunGraduatestudentinDepartmentofPublicAdministrationatNationalChengchiUniversity.Sunisinterestedinegovernment/egovernance,ICTdevelopment.Asaresearchassistant,hasengagedinfewresearchprojectssuchasAPerformanceEvaluationModelandEmpiricalStudyofEGovernanceandANewBusinessModelandInternationalCollaborationDirectionforTaiwaneGovernanceResearchCenter.JakobSvensson isAssistantProfessor inMediaandCommunicationstudiesatKarlstadUniversitywherehedirectstheMAprograminGlobalMediaandtheBAprograminMediaandCommunicationStudies.HeisalsodirectoroftheresearchnetworkHumanITatKarlstadUniversity.Hisresearchfocusesonpoliticalcommunicationfromaparticipatoryandcivicperspective.Dr.GopikrishnaVasistaTatapudiiscurrentlyaResearcheratKingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia.HehasformerexperiencesinthefieldofITasaprogrammeranalystinUSAandasaseniorLecturer/Asst.ProfessorinacademicfieldintheareaofSystemsandIT,EBusinessandEGovernance.LuizaTeixeirahasaBAinAdministrationandM.AfromBahiasFederalUniversityinLocalPowerandOrganizations,aspecialistdegree inDistanceEducationfromMadridsNationalDistanceEducationUniversity(UNED), isAssistantProfessorattheStateUniversityofSantaCruz(Bahia)andDoctoratestudentatGetulioVargasFoundationsPublicAdministrationandGovernmentProgram.ProfAlfredoTerzoli is theHeadof theTelkomCentreofExcellenceatRhodesUniversityand theResearchDirectorof itsequivalentatFortHare (SouthAfrica).Hisareasofacademic interest includeeservices, ICTfordevelopmentandwirelessconnectivityformarginalisedareas.HeistheleaderoftheSiyakulaLivingLabandofReedHouseSystems.SlimTurkiisaseniorresearcheratPRCHenriTudor.HeholdsaPhDinISengineering.Hehasbeeninvolvedinmanynationalandinternationalprojectsaddressingmultiplebusinesssectorslikeegovernment,financialandsocialservices.Hedevelopedasolidexperienceinmultiactorssystemsmodelling(goal,value,information),serviceanalysis,design,redesignandcompliance.NataaVeljkovi received theBScandMScdegrees incomputer scienceat theUniversityofNi,Serbia.She iscurrentlyworkingasaTeachingAssistantatFacultyofElectronicEngineeringwiththeDepartmentofComputerScience.HerPhDresearchisconcernedwithSensorWebsystems,EsystemsaswellasGIS.KonradWalserisafulltimeprofessorforinformationmanagementatUniversityofAppliedSciencesBerne,Switzerland.Heteachesinthefollowingdomains:EGovernment,ITGovernance,ITServicemanagement.KonradWalserholdsaPhDinBusi

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ness InformaticsoftheUniversityofBern.Hiscurrent interestsare ITprojectgovernance,EGovernmentfrontofficesandorganizationaloptimiziationthroughICTintheEGovernmentdomain.Dr.FangWangisaprofessorofInformationScienceinBusinessSchoolofNankaiUniversity,China.ShegotherDoctorsdegreefromtheDepartmentofInformationManagement,PekingUniversityin2004.ShewasaFulbrightvisitingscholar(20092010) at the National Center for Digital Government in UMASS Amherst,Massachusetts, USA. Her research field is egovernment.Dr.MariaA.Wimmerisafullprofessorandchairofresearchgroup,UniversityofKoblenzLandau,Germany.Researchfocus:egovernmentandeparticipation (holisticdesign,enterprisearchitecture, conceptualmodelling,ontologyandknowledgemanagement,procurement, standardisation and interoperability, stakeholder involvement, evaluation andmeasurement,policydevelopment).PIandcoordinatorofECfundedresearch,cochairofIFIPEGOVEwaZiembaisanAssociateProfessorofEconomicsattheUniversityofEconomicsinKatowice,Poland.ShereceivedherPostPh.D.inmanagementwiththespecializationinmanagementinformationsystems.Herprincipalresearchareasarefocusedon information society,ebusinessandegovernment,especially information systemsand technology inknowledgebasedeonomy.

TheRoadmaptoeDemocracyinArabSpringCountriesviaSocialNetworks

HanyAbdelghaffarandLobnaSameerGermanUniversityinCairo,Cairo,EgyptHany.Ismail@guc.edu.egLobna.Sameer@guc.edu.egAbstract:Electronicdemocracyhasbeeninuseinmanycountriesaroundtheworldwithmixedsuccess.Withthepoweroftheweb 2.0 technologies, there aremore opportunities to enhance the democratic process through the use of socialnetworking tools. Social networks showed potential for facilitating democracy and democratic change during theArabspringrevolutions,suggestingthattheycouldbeutilizedasanedemocracytool.Thisresearchproposedanewmodelofhow thedecisionmakingprocess for localgovernments inArabspringcountriescouldbe improvedviasocialnetworks.Quantitativeapproachwasusedtoinvestigatehowtheuseofasocialnetworkamongstpeoplelivinginthesamesuburbcouldimprovedecisionmakingonthelocallevel.Findingsshowedthatawarenessbuilding,deliberationandconsultationfactorscouldbeusedtoaffectthedecisionmakingfortheirlocalgovernments.Keywords:edemocracy,socialnetworks,decisionmaking,Arabspring

1. IntroductionElectronicdemocracy(edemocracy)isawaytoengagecitizensandpoliticianswiththeirgovernmentthroughInformation and Communication Technology (ICTs) (Riley and Law, 2003). Itsmain objective is to changecitizensfrombeingpassivetobecomeactiveandtoengageinthedemocraticprocessesintheirgovernments(LeeandBerry,2011).RecentlycitizensintheArabspringareas,specificallyinEgypt,demonstratedhowthedifferent ICTs couldbeused as toolsofdemocracy andpolitical change.Protestorsused socialnetworkingsites,mobile phones and textmessaging to bring about change in their countries (Arthur, 2011; Shenker,2011).Web2.0isoneofthetechnologiesthatcouldpotentiallyhaveanimpactonachievingedemocracy(Chadwick,2008; Hull et al, 2010). The differentweb 2.0 technologies such as social networks,wikis, and blogs areavailableforgovernmentstointeractwithcitizensforverycheapcosts(Hulletal,2010).Nevertheless;somegovernmentslackthemotivationtoadoptnewweb2.0technologies.Ontheotherhand,citizensaremovingfromusingthetraditionalbureaucraticmeansofinformationsharingtousenewweb2.0technologiessuchassocial networks. Thismovement towards the use of social networks is hard for governments to control(Murugesan,2007).Socialnetworkshelppeopletogrouptheiropinionsandimprovethepublicpolicydecisionmakingwhichwillleadtoimprovingthedemocraticprocessandtoreshapingpublicservices(Chadwick,2003;Flaketal,2005).This paper is presenting amodel of how governments can use social networks to improve their decisionmakingandconsidercitizensopinionsindecisionmakingonthelocallevel.Accordingly,thepaperisaimingtoanswerthefollowingresearchquestion:Howsocialnetworkssupportthelocalgovernmentdecisionmakingtoenhanceedemocracy?Thepaperstructurestartsbypresentingthetheoreticalbackgroundforunderstandingedemocracyfollowedbyproposingthesuggestededemocracymodel.This isfollowedbythemethodologyusedinresearchandendedbythediscussionsection.

2. TheoreticalbackgroundEdemocracyisabouthowcitizensaddtothedecisionmakingprocessoftheirgovernmentsthroughtheuseofthe ICTs. Itcouldbe treatedasa toolorameanofprovidingasystem thatempowerscitizens tosay theiropinionsregardinggovernment issues(MahrerandKrimmer,2005).Severalbenefitscouldbeachievedfromedemocracy. It enhances participation and inclusion of citizens in the political life (Riley and Law, 2003;ThomasandStreib,2005).Citizenscanhave their input into thedecisionsmadeby theirgovernmentwhichshiftsthecommunicationsmethodsfromonewayofcommunicationstobecomeatwoway(Stahl,2005).Therearedifferentclassificationsofedemocracy(PaivarintaandSaebo,2006).Partisanedemocracyisoneofthe edemocracy classifications that focuses on the implicit and embedded citizen participation andcontributioninthedecisionmakingprocess.Anothertypeisthedirectedemocracywhichfocusesonhowthe

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networkbasedgroups takesoveror replaces traditional institutions thatcould lose theirpoweragainst thenetworkbasedgroups.Liberaledemocracyoccurswhencitizensparticipateinthedecisionmakingprocesseswithagendas thathavebeen setby thegovernment itself.Finally,deliberativeedemocracy considers thatboth citizensand government are connected in thedecisionmakingprocesses.Accordingly,politicians andcitizenssharetheirideasinadialogueandthuscanformasharedpoliticalopinion.Deliberativeedemocracyrepresentsaperfectmodel foredemocracyasthecooperationbetweencitizensandpoliticiansrepresentsandexplainsthedisplayofpowerforbothsides.Williamson(2007)explainsthe lifecycleofedemocracyandhow itemergesanddevelops inasociety.Inhismodel,Williamsonidentifiedagroupofdifferentuserswithdifferentroleswhowillmaptheedemocracylifecycle.There are fourprimary roles that couldbeplayedbyactorsor citizens in theedemocracy lifecycle:reformer,rebel,citizen,andchangeagent.Thesefourrolesareveryimportantinordertosustainandensuresocialmovements toedemocracy.Anefficient socialmovement tohavea functionalelectronicdemocracysystemwill require responsible citizen. The rebels have the power and thewillingness to protest againstfoundedpolicieswhilechangeagentsareputinplaceinordertoeducateandorganizethepublictobecomefullyawareof thechanges. Inorder tocomplete thesystem,weare inneedof reformerswhowillhave tointegrateideas(Williamson,2007).Theedemocracylifecyclemodelisnotlimitedtoidentifyingtheactorsrolesonly,butitintroducedfivestagesofchangetobeabletoadoptasuccessfuledemocracysystem(figure1).

Stage 1: precontemplation, inwhich thepersonwill not be aware to how extent this changewill beneeded.

Stage2:thecontemplationstage,inwhichtherewillbesomeawarenessofthechange,isnecessaryandshouldoccur.

Stage3:thepreparationatwhichthepeoplebecomereceptivetothechangethatwilloccur. Stage4:theactionstageoccurswhenthepeopleareengagedinthechangeprocessesasthechangewill

betakingplace.

Stage5:finally,themaintenancestageatwhichthechangehasbeencompleteandlookingfornewwaystomaintainitisinprogress.

Figure1:Edemocracylifecycle(Williamson,2007)

Applying edemocracy differs greatly from developed to developing countries. In developing countries, forexample,thedigitaldivideisanissuethatcouldnegativelyaffectthesuccessofedemocracy(Coldow,2004;Riley,2003).TheInternetreachinmanydevelopingcountriesrangesfrom1%to5%ofacountryspopulation(Riley, 2003). Consequently,when citizens dont have the same computer literacy skills or Internet access

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considered (Hull,etall,2011;Whyteetall,2006),edemocracybecomesunrepresentative,andpotentiallyundemocratic(Riley,2003).

3. ResearchproposedmodelandhypothesesdevelopmentReviewingtheliteratureshowsthatthereisalmostnoresearchconductedontheuseofsocialonimprovingedemocracyonthelocalgovernmentlevelanditsimpactonimprovingdecisionmaking.Toovercomethisgap,this research answers the following question:How social networks support the local government decisionmakingtoenhanceedemocracy?Accordingly,aconceptualmodel is introduced(figure2)which isbasedontheedemocracylifecyclemodeldevelopedbyWilliamson(2007).Listofconstructsanddefinitionsarelistedintable(1).

Figure2:Proposedconceptualmodel

3.1 InformationprovisionThefirstareaofedemocracyisinformationprovision.Informationprovisionistheuseofinternetapplicationsby thegovernment ina topdownapproach toprovide citizenswith important information (PaivarintaandSbo, 2006). A citizen that is well informed is able to holistically see and understand the problemsgovernmentcouldfaceandisbetterabletodevelopsolutionsforthegovernmentandeffectivelyparticipatein its decisionmaking process (Irvin and Stansbury, 2004). The effect of information provisionwould beevidentduringtheprecontemplationandcontemplationstages,wherecitizensrealizetheproblems intheirsociety and start searching for solutions. Social network, asweb 2.0 tool, is considered to be a powerfulinternettoolthatallowsuserstoaccessgovernmentinformation(Murugesan,2007).Itisflexiblewhichallowsthegovernment tocustomize the lookand layoutof theirpagewith textandrichmediacontents thathelpcitizenstounderstandthepushedinformationtothem(CormodeandKirshnamurthy,2008).Using socialnetworkshelp citizens to follow the informationupdatesprovidedby thegovernmentwithouthavingtologintoseveralgovernmentalwebsites.Notonlythis,butthegovernmenthastheabilitytotagthecontentofthepagesallowsforthecategorizationofpages,photosandvideos,makingiteasyforuserstofindinformationrelevanttothekeywordstheyaresearchingfor (Murugesan,2007).Thecontentcreatoronthesocialnetworkcanpublishthecontenttosubscribersondifferentweb2.0websites,andthenthisinformationispushedtocitizensorpulledbythemindifferentways.Therefore,socialnetworkswouldbeagoodtoolforinformationprovisiontocitizensasgovernmentscouldeasilyupdatetheirpagesonlinewiththe information

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theysee importantandcitizenscouldgetautomaticallynotifiedwiththeupdatesmaking itmore likelythattheywouldreadtheupdatedinformation.Basedonthis,wepositthefollowinghypothesis:

H1: Information provision via social networks significantly influences the local governmentdecisionmaking.

3.2 DeliberationsandconsultationsThesecondand third factors in theproposedmodelaredeliberationsandconsultations.Deliberation is theuseofICTforpoliticaldiscussionsbetweencitizensthemselveswhichhelpsintomakingcitizensmoreinvolvedinthecommunityand itsproblemsaswellas informingthepublicopinion(Dahlberg,2001).Consultation issimilartodeliberation;howeverthegovernmentorotherorganizationstakesanofficialroleinthediscussionovertheinternet.Deliberationisexercisedbyalltheactorsinthesocietyandisnotlimitedtoacertaingroupofpeople. It ishighlypresentthroughallthestagesofchangespresentedbyWilliamson(2007)and ithasamajorruleinmovingthesocietythroughthechangestages.Thefeaturesofsocialnetworkswouldallowfordeliberations.Socialnetworksprovidesocial interactionandcollaborativeabilities(Murugesan,2007).Usersarenotonlyabletoreadthecontentsonthesocialnetwork,theyare alsoable towrite their comments (breindl and Franq,2008;Murugesan,2007). Such interactivityenablecitizenstocollectivelycreateanddiscusscontentwitheachother(Chadwick,2008;Hulletall,2001).Byitsnature,asocialnetworkgivescitizensequalrightsforfreedomofspeechwherenoonecanforceunwillingcitizenstoparticipateortwisttheirstatedopinions(Hull,etall,2011).Deliberationsandconsultationswouldbe conducted on separate forums and discussions boards created on the social networkwhichwould beconductedon the individualpagesof the socialnetworkmembers.Thesedeliberationsanddiscussionsareexpected tocomeupnaturallyaftercitizenshavebeenprovidedwith information that theywould feel theneed to discuss it together, consequently we can say that deliberations are not contradicting with thegovernmentsprovisionofinformation,butratherthatinformationprovisionmightleadthecitizensintonewdeliberationsCitizenswhoareusingsocialnetworkscouldgetintouchwithanyothercitizen,includingpublicfiguressuchaspoliticians(Misloveetal,2007;PenaLopez,2010).Evenmore,thesepublicfigurescouldgetintouchwithcitizensandconsultthem inmattersof importance. It isthoughtthat, ifcitizensarewillingtoparticipate indeliberations over a social network, they aremore likely to take part in consultations sponsored by thegovernment.Hence,wehypothesizethat:

H2: Deliberation via social networks significantly influences the local government decisionmaking.

H3: Consultations via social networks significantly influences the local government decisionmaking.

3.3 CommunitiesbuildingCommunitybuildingisconcernedbythecollaborativeworkofcitizenstoformaunifiedcommunitythathasacommonsetof interestsandsupportsasharedgoal(PaivarintaandSbo,2006).Thegovernment isusuallybetterabletotakedecisionswhen itcaneasilyassesstheopinionofdifferentgroupstheygovern(IrvinandStansbury, 2004). Social networks allows for the creation of communities for people who already havecommon interests and goals (Birdsall,2007;Murugesan,2007).Communitybuilding isessentialbefore theaction stage of social change towards edemocracy. It is important that the community should be wellorganizedandcollaboratedbeforestartingactionmovementsonground.Socialnetworks especially is oneof themost suited tools for communitybuilding as these tools allow forcollaborationbetweenusershorizontallyorasequalswhicheliminatesanyhierarchiesthatmight inhibitthecommunity creation process. Communications between the communitymembers are done using differentform suchas text,audio,and video (Birdsall,2007).These featuresof socialnetworksmakes this researchassumes that theuseof a socialnetwork in edemocracywould lead to formingof communityor interestgroupsthathavecommoninterestsandopinion.Hence,wehypothesizethat:

H4:Communitybuildingviasocialnetworkssignificantlyinfluencesthelocalgovernmentdecisionmaking.

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3.4 CampaigningandawarenessbuildingICT could be used by government organizations for campaigns to achieve certain goals such as organizingelection campaign and increasing awareness of a certain issue (Paivarinta and Sbo, 2006). Since socialnetworksallowfortwowaycommunicationsbetweenthecampaignorganizersandthepublic,andviceversa,it can be an effective campaigning tool in elections (Williams andGulati, 2007). Activists believe that thefeaturesofsocialnetworkswouldmakecampaigningcheaperandmoreeffective(WilliamsandGulati,2007).Obamaspresidentialcampaignin2008isaclearexampleofhowheusedtheinternetandspecificallysocialnetworks in campaigning. Social networks such as MySpace, Facebook, and Youtube were utilized inconnectingwiththepublic,seekingvolunteersandbetterorganizingtheactivitiesofthecampaign(KesErkulandErkul,2009).Socialnetworkscampaignsandawarenessbuildingactivitieshaveespeciallyshownatransformationalroleofthe society.TheArab spring revolutions in2011emphasize the importanceof campaigningandawarenessbuildingviasocialnetworks(Lotan,etall,2011).Socialnetworks illustratedtheirreachamongstcitizensandhowtheyhelpedinchangingthepoliticalsysteminseveralcountries.Forexample,FacebookandTwitterhadastronginfluenceongroupingprotestersduringtheEgyptianrevolutionin2011(Lotan,etall,2011;Timeline,2011)thatforcedtheEgyptiangovernmenttocutdowntheInternetconnectiontominimizetheinfluenceofthe social networks on citizens (Timeline, 2011). Based on this, we can conclude that campaigning andawarenessbuildingareessentialduring thecontemplationandactionstagesofchange.For instance, in theEgyptian revolution, any successful change required good campaigning in the contemplation stage whichshouldcontinueattheactionstagetomakesurethattheactualactionongroundismatchingitsgoals.Sincesocialnetworkshavealreadyshownagreat impact inorganizingcampaignsandchange, thisresearchproposes thattheuseofsocialnetworkswouldhavemassive impact incampaigningandawareness for thecommunity.Itisassumedthatcitizenswouldbewillingtousesocialnetworksinorganizingsocialcampaignsrelatedtolocalpoliticalmatters.Hence,wehypothesizethat:

H5: Campaigning via social networks significantly influences the local government decisionmaking.

H6:Buildawareness via socialnetworks significantly influences the localgovernmentdecisionmaking.

Table1below:presentseachofthevariablesmeasurethroughthedevelopedhypothesisandtheirdefinition.

Table1:Constructssummary

Variable Definition ReferencesInformationProvision provisionoflaws,regulations,issuesof

interestetconlinetakesabottomdownapproachfrom

governmenttocitizens

ColemanandNorris,2005RileyandLaw,2003Williamson,2007

AwarenessBuilding Politicalawarenessingeneral.Awarenessoflocalissues. Williamson,2007

Deliberation Discussionofpoliticalmattersamongstcitizens

Chadwick,2003RileyandLaw,2003Williamson,2007

Consultation governmentsdiscussionsofmatterofconcernwiththecitizens

initiatedbythegovernmentaimsathelpingthegovernmentwithtakingadecisionregardingtheissueat

discussion

Kersten,2004Caldow,2004

Williamson,2007

Campaigning citizensabilitytoorganizethemselvescitizensabilitytomobilizethemselves

intheserviceofacertaincause

ColemanandNorris,2005PivrintaandSb,2006

Williamson,2007Communitybuilding Theabilityofcitizenstobuild

communitiesamongstthemselvesThesecommunitiesshareacommonset

ofvalues,causesorideologies

PaivarintaandSbo,2006Birdsall,2007

Murugesan,2007

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HanyAbdelghaffarandLobnaSameer

4. MethodologyTheproposedmodelwas tested toanswer theresearchquestionofhowsocialnetworkscouldsupport thelocalgovernmentdecisionmaking toenhanceedemocracy.Asurveymethodwasemployed tocollectdatafromcitizens.EgypthasbeenselectedforinvestigationwhichisconsideredasagoodexampleofaArabSpringcountrywheresocialnetworksuchasFacebookandTwitterhadgreatimpactonthesuccessoftheEgyptian25thJanuaryrevolution in2011(Timeline,2011).Moreover,citizensaftertherevolutionhavebecomemoreactiveinthepoliticallifeandsharetheiropinionsonline.PrototypeInordertomakeiteasierforcitizenstounderstandhowsocialnetworkswork,aprototypeofsocialnetworkhasbeencreatedtoallowcitizenstovisualizethesocialnetwork.Thewebsitethathasbeendevelopedforthedemonstration of the suggested social network was created using wordpress open source ContentManagementSystem(CMS)andnecessarypluginswereaddedtoimprovethefunctionalityofthenetwork.SampleandInstrumentsdesignSince the research investigating the impact of social network on enhancing the edemocracy, therefore,participantsshouldbeabletousecomputersandtheinternet.Accordingly,thesurveywasdistributedonlinetoEgyptianinternetuserstoensurethattherespondentshavedigitalliteracy.Only24%ofEgyptspopulation(19.2million)duringthetimeofthestudyhadstable internetaccess,mostlythroughinternetcafs,internetclubs,ormobilephones(Arthur,2011).Thesampleconsistedofcitizensaboveeighteen years old as this is theminimum age for voting in Egypt.A total of 150participants successfullycompleted the questionnaireswhichwere used in the analysis. Questionnaireswere divided into severalsections.EachofthesesectionsmeasuredadifferentvariableoftheproposedmodelthroughLikertscales.

Table2:Demographicdescriptionofthesample

Characteristics PercentageLessthan18 5.3%

1830 70.7%3145 17.3%

Age

Above45 6.7%Male 44%

GenderFemale 56%

Highschool 40.7%Bachelor 44.7%Master 10%

Education

PhD 4.7%Daily 92.7%

Weekly 5.3%InternetusageRarely 2%

Yes 96.7%Socialnetworkeffectivenessincommunication No 3.3%

Yes 94%PoliticalusageofInternet

No 6%

Participatedinboththereferendumandelections

72%

Participatedinonlyoneofthem

11.3%Politicalparticipationonground

Didnotparticipateatall 16.7%

DemographicdataRespondents demographics profile included information about age, gender, income level and educationallevelspresentedintable(1).71%oftheparticipantswerefromage1830.44%ofrespondentswerefemaleswhile56%weremales.Regardingtheinternetusage,access,andfamiliaritywiththeInternetandsocial,92.7%

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HanyAbdelghaffarandLobnaSameer

of respondent used the internet daily. 96.7% of the respondent answered that they see the internet aneffectivetoolofcommunicationwiththegovernmentandwithothercitizens.Whenitcomestothepoliticalawarenessandpoliticalparticipationofthesurveyedparticipants,itwasfoundthat94%oftherespondentsagreedthattheyusedtheinternettofollowpoliticalnewsandcontributingwiththeir opinions. Furthermore, 96% of respondents agreed on the impact of the social network as a tool ofcommunicationbetweencitizens.72%of the respondentshaveparticipated inboth the referendumon theconstitutionalamendmentsin2011andtheparliamentaryelectionsin2012.

5. AnalysisandresultsValidityandReliabilityThecompositereliabilityofeachconstructwasassessedusingCronbachsalpha.Areliabilitycoefficientof0.70ismarkedasa lowestacceptable limitforCronbachsAlfa(Robinsonetal,1991). ThecalculatedCronbachsAlphaforthisresearchisequalto0.862.Convergent validityhasbeenused to check validitywhich shows that there isa significant correlationandrelation among alldimension and sub factors. The correlationwashigh as shown in table (3),which is anevidenceofaconvergentvalidity.Alltheindependentfactorsaresignificantatlevel0.05.Discriminantvalidityisassessedtomeasuretheextenttowhichconstructsaredifferent.Toevaluatediscriminantvalidity,theAVEisused.AllconstructshaveanAVEofatleast0.5(Fornell&Larcker,1981)andallthesquarerootsofeachAVEvaluearehigherthantheoffdiagonalcorrelationelements.Thetable3presentsthecorrelationsbetweenthedifferentfactorandeachotheranddecisionmaking.Asaresultofthecorrelation,allfactorsareatapositivedirectionmeaningthatthedecisionmakingisaffectedbyeachfactor.

Table3:Correlationanalysis

DecisionMaking

Campa

igning

Inform

ation

Provision

Deliberation

Consultation

Awaren

essBu

ilding

Commun

ityBu

ilding

DecisionMaking 1

Campaigning 0.580 1

InformationProvision 0.396 0.422 1

Deliberation 0.245 0.343 0.526 1

Consultation 0.612 0.524 0.461 0.318 1

AwarenessBuilding 0.657 0.649 0.547 0.463 0.706 1

CommunityBuilding 0.569 0.589 0.440 0.302 0.482 0.601 1

Sincemulticollinearitymightexistinregressionanalysisandnegativelyaffectsthepredictiveability,computingthevarianceinflationfactor(VIF)ofeachvariablemighthelptodetectmulticollinearity(Myers,1986).IftheVIFofanexplanatoryvariableexceeds10,thevariableisconsideredtobehighlycollinearanditcanbetreatedasacandidateforexclusionfromtheregressionmodel(Kleinbaum,etal.,1988).FindingsshowthatVIFrangefrom1.98to2.56suggestingthatmulticollinearityisnotanissuewiththisdataset.Themultiple regression analysishasused to test thehypotheses. TheR calculated through the regressionanalysis table (2) isequal to0.733,RSquare0.537aspresented in table (4).The regression testnotes thatthere isapositivestrongrelationshipbetweenthe independentandthedependentvariables.Anychange inthe independentvariablewouldaffectthedependentvariable inthesamedirectionand inacertaindegree.

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HanyAbdelghaffarandLobnaSameer

TheRvalueisabove0.5meaningthatthereisahighprobabilitythatanychangesintheindependentvariablewouldaffectthedependentvariableby73%change.

Table4:Regressionanalysis

Model R RSquare AdjustedRSquare

Std.ErroroftheEstimate

1 0.733 0.537 0.518 2.08089

6. Discussion,recom