echnical paper 8. water.pdf(icold), total dams and reservoirs in pakistan over the height of 15 m...

PunjabSpatialStrategy2047 232

TECHNICALPAPER8

WATER&IRRIGATION


8WATER&IRRIGATION

8.1INTRODUCTION8.1.1Background

Almost70%ofourplanetiscoveredbywaterbutonecouldnotbemisled by this fact that it will always be plentiful. Because,freshwater (the portion we can use for drinking, bathing,irrigationoffarmfieldsetc.)isremarkablyscarce.Only3%oftheworld’s total available water is fresh water, and two-thirds ofthat is tucked away either in shape of frozen glaciers orotherwiseunavailableforouruse.Resultantly,almost1.1billionpeopleworldwidelackaccesstowater,andatotalof2.7billionfind water scarce for at least one month of the year. Waterquality is another issue and almost twomillion people, mostlychildren, die each year from diarrheal diseases alone.Furthermore, the existing water consumption patterns are notsustainable. For instance, at the current consumption rate, thissituationwillonlygetworse.By2025, two-thirdsof theworld’spopulation may face water shortages. And ecosystems aroundtheworldwillsufferevenmore(WorldWide-lifeFund,2018)1.

AlltheimminentchallengesthatPakistanandPunjabarefacing,watercrisisisthemostcriticalproblemofthecountry.Accordingtotheworldresourceinstitute,thecountryisamongtheleadingfivethatfaceextremelyhighwaterscarcity.TheUnitedNationsOrganization has categorized Pakistan amongst those fewunfortunate countries where water shortage destabilizes andjeopardizes its existence in the next few decades. In Pakistan,quarter to third of Pakistan’s population lacks access to safedrinkingwater.Boththeurbanandruralareassufferfromwaterscarcity,watercontaminationandwater-bornediseases.

The aforesaid situation deliberations call for efficient andsustainablewatermanagement.Poorwatermanagementposesmajorriskstoagriculture,industry,humansettlementsandlocalcommunities.Nevertheless,thereisacriticallackofinformationavailable about local water conditions – making bettermanagementdifficult.

8.1.2Historicalcontext

The IndusRiver system isoneof the largest riverson theAsiancontinent,whichisthemainsourceofsurfacewaterinPakistan,most likelywas created some fiftymillion years ago,when theIndian Plate (Gondwanaland) first collided with EurasiaAngaraland).BetweenthetwoplateswastheTethysSea,whichwas shallow and sandy and up-folded to form the greatHimalayanMountainsintheMesozoicera.Thesemountains,

1 World Wildlife Fund (2018). Water Scarcity. Accessed fromhttps://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity

theiranunbrokensnowcoverhavebecometheprimarysourceofwatertotheIndussystem2.Primarily,thesystemcomprisesof6 main rivers including Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas andSatluj. But in The Indus Water Treaty with India, in 1760, thecontrol of the three western rivers Indus, Chenab and Jhelumwiththeaverageflowofthe80MAFweregiventothePakistanand the control of the three eastern rivers Ravi, Beas and theSutlej with the average flow of the 33MAF were given to theIndia. But, the water problem stated from the day when Indiaviolated this treaty and constructed the dams on the RiverChenab and the River Jhelum. Due to the construction of thedams on these rivers the water which was supposed to beavailable for the Pakistanwas now consumed by the India andthis lead to the minimizing the water supply in the Pakistan.Mostly, thewater is used for agricultural purposes in Pakistan.Thebreakupofthewaterusageingivenasbelow.

Figure8.1:WaterusagebyscetorinPakistan(2016)

Source:Ahmad(2016)3

Due to above mentioned facts and climatic changes, Watersupplies are vulnerable and suffer from extensive losses inPakistan. Currently, the Indus River contribute almost 149million-acre-feet(MAF)perannumofwhicharound35MAFgoesto sea. Out of rest of 114MAF, Punjab gets 55.94MAF. Fromavailable water flow of 55.94 MAF, 91.6% (51.24 MAF) isavailableforagricultureinPunjab.Afteradditionofwaterpumpage from ground, the gross availability becomes around 100MAF.But,inPunjab,netwateravailability,afterexcluding22.89MAF water conveyance losses in canal and 21.3 MAF field

2 Water Info (2018). Water Resources of Pakistan. Accessed fromhttp://waterinfo.net.pk/?q=node/193 Ahmad S. (2016). Water Sector of Pakistan: A Situational Analysis.DevelopmentAdvocatePakistan,3(4):1-9


application losses, becomes 55.88 MAF resulting in waterefficiency of 55.75% in Punjab depicting water conveying andfieldlossesof44.25%.ThissituationshowsthatinPunjabwearelosing 44.19MAF and 35MAF in Arabian Sea. Punjab needs toworkonmanagingthewaterlosses4.Inadditiontothescarcityofsurface scarcity, the Punjab is also facing scarcity and shortageissue in other sources of water i.e. rainfall, ground water etc.becauseofclimatechangeandgrowingdemandduetoincreasedpopulation.

Inbackdropoftheaforesaiddiscussion,thepresentsectiondealswiththeexistingsituationofwater,issues&challengesofwaterand possible solution & options. Because, one of the PSSStrategic objective is the efficient use of resources, to enhanceproductivity and generate value addition in the agriculture andother sectors for economicwellbeing of people especially ruralcommunities

8.2SITUATIONANALYSISOFPUNJAB8.2.1Surfacewater

Pakistan relies heavily on the Indus River and its tributaries forwatersupplies,whichtogethercontributeover140million-acre-feet (MAF) per annum. The total annual water availability andsupply.ThewaterlossesofsurfacewaterinPakistanalsoamajorproblem, as Randhawa (2002) 5 highlighted that our overallefficiency of irrigation system is 36% depicting that 64%of thewater losses due to various inefficiencies (Canal conveyancelosses, watercourse conveyance losses and field applicationlosses).

The availability of surface water is more or less constant.Whereas,thedemandofwaterisincreasingwithpopulation.So,actual problem is to sustain thiswater for the future, because,other sources ground water and rainwater are on decline.

4WaterStatisticsaretakenformIndusRiverSystemAuthority(IRSA)andIrrigationDepartment,GovernmentofPunjab5Randhawa,H.A.(2002).WaterdevelopmentforirrigatedagricultureinPakistan: Past trends, returns and future requirements. Food andAgricultural Organization (FAO). FAO Corporate Document Repository.Availablefromwww.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC623E/ac623e0i.htm.

PSSStrategicObjective“Efficientuseofresources,toenhanceproductivityandgeneratevalueadditionintheagricultureandother

sectorsforeconomicwellbeingofpeopleespeciallyruralcommunities”


Figure8.2:LandcoverchangeinPakistan

Source:UrbanUnitRemoteSensingdata(1996,2008&2017)

Thesurfacewaterlandcoveranalysisisshownbythefigure8.2,whichdepictsthatland,coverofsurfacewaterisstablewhereasthe vegetation and built up area will grow over time. Thisincreased built up will put up a huge pressure on freshwaterusage. Similarly, the vegetation cover increase would alsoincreasethedemandofwaterastheclimatechangeisaffectingrainfallandgroundwatertableisalsodeclining.

8.2.2Rainfall

Rainfall isalsoamajorsourceofwater.Insomecountrieswhenitrainsa largeamountofthewater isavailableandwhat ifthislargeamountof thewater is consumed for theusefulpurpose.

Thiswaterstorageoftherainwaterandthenitsutilizationisverybeneficial. This excessive water can be used to improve thevegetation cover and reduce urban flooding. This can also beusedtoraisethewater levels inwaterwells thataredryingup.Furthermore, it can alsobeused to removebacteriological andother impurities fromsewageandwastewater so thatwater issuitable for reuse. It canalsobeusedto improvethequalityofexisting Ground Water through dilution. It also reduces thepowerconsumption.

The average rainfall in Punjab (at selected locationswhere it iscollectedi.e.wheretheweatherstationsaresetup)aregiveninFigure8.3


Figure8.3:RiverflowsandwateravailabilityofPakistanandPunjab(2013-14)

Source:PunjabDevelopmentStatistics2016

8.2.3Waterstorage:damsandreservoirs

According to theInternational Commission on Large Dams(ICOLD),totaldamsandreservoirsinPakistanovertheheightof15m(49ft)are150.6TarbelaDamisthelargestearthfilleddamin the world and is second largest by the structural volume.7

MiraniDamis the largest dam in theworld in termsof volumefor flood protection with a floodstock of 588,690 cubichectometer8whileSabakzai Damis 7th largest with a floodstockof23,638cubichectometer.MostofthelargedamsareoutsideofPunjab.Twolargeproposeddamsare‘KalaBagh’and‘AkhoriDam’which comes in Punjab. This area has great potential forsmalldams.SofarPunjabgovernmenthasconstructed52damsandsomedamsareunderconstruction.TheseofdamsinPunjabisgivenasunder:

6 ICOLD (2012). Number of Dams by Country Members". GeneralSynthesis. InternationalCommissiononLargeDams(ICOLD).Retrieved9July2012.7 Asianics Agro-Dev. International (2000). Tarbela Dam and relatedaspectsoftheIndusRiverBasin,Pakistan.8ICOLD(2012)."ClassificationbyVolumeforFloodProtection".GeneralSynthesis.InternationalCommissiononLargeDams(ICOLD).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall(mm/year)

Bahawalnagar Faisalabad Khanpur Lahore Mianwali


Table8.1:ListofdamsandreservoirsinPunjab

No. Nameofdam Nearestcity River Completed/operationalsince

Damheight(m)

Reservoircapacity

(millionm3)

1 Basal Attock - 2004 18.66 2.08

2 Bhugtal Chakwal - 1990 22.80 1.41

3 Chashma Mianwali Indus 1971 - 870.00

4 ChhanniBar Attock - 1979 19A.45 2.41

5 DhokOutabDin Chakwal - 1991 24.62 2.14

6 Dhurnal Chakwal - 1967 20.67 1.70

7 Domeli Jhelum - 2008 36.47 10.71

8 Dungi Rawalpindi - 1971 21.70 2.17

9 Fatehpur Jhelum - 2008 26.29 2.14

10 Garat Jhelum - 1981 20.06 2.75

11 Ghazial Chakwal - 2007 22.34 2.47

12 Gurabh Chakwal - 1970 21.19 0.84

13 Jabba Attock - 2005 25.41 1.06

14 Jabbi Attock - 1991 10.76 3.33

15 Jalwal Attock - 2005 18.24 6.17

16 Jamal Rawalpindi - 2005 26.44 2.29

17 Jammargal Jhelum - 1992 16.26 3.00

18 Jawa Rawalplndi - 1994 25.05 1.94

19 Kanjoor Attock - 1975 18.62 3.50

20 Khai Chakwal - 2007 38.91 7.30

21 Khanpur Islamabad HaroRiver 1983 50.75 130.70

22 Khasala Rawalplndi - 1985 18.24 2.98

23 Khokharzer Chakwal - 1979 23.40 4.08

24 KotRaja Chakwal - 1991 24.05 3.51

25 Lehri Jhelum - 2005 33.13 7.03

26 Marala Sialkot Chenab 1968 5.00 -

27 Mial Chakwal - 2004 21.37 3.95

28 Minwal Chakwal - 2008 25.08 2.47

29 Mirwal Attock - 1990 24.01 4.64

30 Misriot Rawalpindi - - 14.21 0.69

31 NewDhokTahlian Chakwal - 2002 25.36 2.23

32 Nikka Chakwal - 1990 29A.48 1.54

33 Nirali Rawalplndi - 1970 20.82 0.84

34 Phalina Rawalplndi - 2008 22.49 4.81

35 PiraFatehal Chakwal - 1995 27.34 9A.12

36 PunjnadBarrage - - - - -37 Qadirabad Gujrat Chenab 1968 22.00 178.04

38 QiblaBandi Attock - 1971 21.28 2.24

39 RattiKassi Attock - 1970 14.27 2.40

40 Salial Jhelum - 2005 20.67 0.65


No. Nameofdam Nearestcity River Completed

/operationalsinceDamheight

(m)

Reservoircapacity

(millionm3)

41 Sawal Attock - 2005 28.88 2.96

42 ShahHabib Jhelum - 2008 23.45 2.04

43 Shahpur Attock - 1986 25.84 17.66

44 ShakarDara Attock - 1994 34.95 7.00

45 Sipiala Attock - 1964 11.42 0.70

46 Surla Chakwal - 1985 18.54 2.35

47 TainPuraI Jhelum - 1994 25.28 7.33

48 TainPuraII Jhelum - 1994 24.27 4.19

49 Talikna Attock - 2005 17.59 2.53

50 TaunsaBarrage - Indus 1958 - -51 ThattlSyedan Attock - 2005 12.96 0.74

52 Walana Chakwal - 1983 21.28 2.70

Source: FAO (2012). Pakistan –Water Report 37, 2012. AQUASTAT – Information System on Water & Agriculture

The spatialmapping ofwater infrastructure in Punjab includingsmall dams (53 existing, 6 under construction and 15 potentialsite), barrages, headworks and canals is given in Table 8.1. The

existing totalwater storage capacity of these dams is almost 1million-acrefeetonly.


Figure8.4:WaterinfrastructureinPunjab(2013-14)

Source:TheUrbanUnitonIrrigationdepartmentofPunjabStatistics.


8.2.4Groundwater

GroundwaterinPakistan,beinginIndusBasinaquifer,isrunningout on fast pace. TheWorld Bank and the Asian DevelopmentBankhavealreadycategorized it asawater-stressedcountry. Ifthis trend continues, the ground water table will come undersevere pressure. The world’s most over-stressed source isArabian Aquifer System, providing water for more than 60mpeople. According to Punjab irrigation department, the watertable in the province is going down by three feet per year. InLahore,forinstance,watercouldbeextractedat20to40feet20yearsagobutnowdrillinghastobedoneupto800feettoreachwater. In 2000-01 tube-wells installed in the country were

659,278andin2012-13theirnumberhadgoneupto1175,073.The ground extraction increased dramatically during 1963-1995then become almost stagnant. And during last 15 years thegroundwaterextractionisstablearound15MAFperannum.AsdepictedbythefollowingFigure8.4,thenumberdaysperseasonfor ground water extraction. According Punjab DevelopmentStatistics (2016), out of total tubewells in Pakistan, 98%are inPunjab. So, these figures and statistics of Pakistan wellrepresents the picture of Punjab. The temporal comparison ofthegroundwatertablemapsisgiveninfollowingfigures(Figure8.5andFigure8.6)which shows that thewater table inPunjabhasgonelowerfurtherovertime.

Figure8.5:GroundwaterextractioninPakistan1947-48to2007-08

Source:AhmadS.(2016)9

9AhmadS.(2016).WaterSectorofPakistan:ASituationalAnalysis.DevelopmentAdvocatePakistan,3(4):1-9


Figure8.6:GroundwatertableinPunjab(2003)

Source:IrrigationDepartmentofPunjab,2003


Figure8.7:GroundwatertableinPunjab(2014)

Source:IrrigationdepartmentofPunjab,2014


8.2.5Urbandrinkingwater

Safedrinkingwater is abasicnecessity andbasic rightofeverycitizen. The distribution of the population by main source ofdrinking water is shown in Table 8.2. The population using

improved sources of drinking water is that using any of thefollowingtypesofsupply:pipedwater(intodwelling,compound,yard or plot, to neighbor, public tap/standpipe), tube-well/borehole, protected well, protected spring, rainwatercollection and bottled water.

Table8.2:AccesstoimprovedwatersourcesinPunjabbytypeandarea(2014)

AccesstoimprovedwatersourcesinPunjab2014(in%)

Area

PipedWater OtherThanPiped

GrandTotal

intoDwellin

g

inYard

ToNeigh

bor

PublicTap

TotalP

iped

tube

well/

bore0h

ole

Han

dpum

p

Motorized

(Dun

ky/

Turbine)

Protectedwell

Protected

Sprin

g

Rainwater

Collection

BottledWater

Punjab 11.6 1.7 0.9 5.1 19.3 0.8 30.6 41.7 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.6 s94.4

Rural 4.6 1.7 0.8 2.6 9.7 0.7 41.5 43.4 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 97

Urban 25.8 1.9 1.1 10.3 39.1 1.6 2.1 27.7 0.2 0 0 2.6 89

MajorCities 38.5 1 1.1 12 52.6 0.9 8.6 38.2 0.5 0.1 0 1.6 86.8

OtherUrban 12 3 1.1 8.5 24.6 0.2 15.6 49.6 0.7 0.2 0 0.5 91.5

Source:MICS,2014

Table8.3:AccesstoimprovedwatersourcesinPunjabbytypedistrict(2014)

AccesstoimprovedwatersourcesbyDistrict2014(in%)Rank District Access(%) Rank District Access(%) Rank District Access(%)1 Bhakkar 100 13 Lodhran 98.1 25 TTSingh 95.82 Narowal 100 14 Rajanpur 98.1 26 Rawalpindi 94.33 Gujrat 99.5 15 Bahawalnagar 97.6 27 Gujranwala 94.24 Layyah 99.4 16 Okara 97.6 28 Attock 94.15 Jhang 99.2 17 Jhelum 97.5 29 Chakwal 93.66 Khanewal 99 18 Multan 97.5 30 RahimyarKhan 92.77 Chiniot 98.6 19 Hafizabad 97.4 31 Khushab 92.68 Lahore 98.5 20 Sheikhupura 97.2 32 Sargodha 91.99 Vehari 98.5 21 Pakpattan 97 33 NankanaSahib 91.410 MandiBahauddin 98.2 22 Bahawalpur 96.3 34 DGKhan 90.211 Muzaffargarh 98.2 23 Sahiwal 96.3 35 Sialkot 87.812 Kasur 98.1 24 Mianwali 96.1 36 Faisalabad 69.7

Source:UrbanUnitanalysisonMICSStatistics(2014)

TheTable8.3Showsthedisparityamongthedistrictsintermsofaccess to improved drinking water source. Amazingly, theFaisalabad is at the bottom. The above Table 8.4 shows thebreakupofimprovedwatersources,whichdepictsthatonly19.3%population in Punjabhas access topipedwater.Whereas, inUrban Areas, this rate become 25% and in major cities only38.5%populationhasaccesstopipedwater.Theaccesstopipedwaterisconsideredasthesomeofthekeyresponsibilityoflocalgovernment (municipality).Wherever, thepipedwateraccess isavailable, thequalityofwaterandservicedelivery isverypoor.Thereisnovolumetricpricingsystemandnoincentiveforwaterconservation. Only a nominal fee/ water charges are levied.There are number of of illegal connections and most of legalconnection customers are not paying even the nominal watercharges.Thereisaneedof Improvement incollectionefficiency

through integrated billing and revenue collection system. Andthis increased revenue can be used to improve the waterinfrastructure.

Drinkingwaterquality

Water quality is directly linked with human survival includingincidenceofwaterbornediseases.AsperdraftNationalWaterQuality Monitoring Report 2015-2016, prepared by PCRWR,indicated thataround35%water sources inPunjabaresafe fordrinking purposes- free from microbiological and chemicalcontamination (iron, fluoride, nitrates) and physicalcharacteristics (turbidity, hardness, total dissolved solids)compared to 31% in the rest of the country. Drinking waterqualitytestscarriedoutintwelvedistrictsofPunjabshowedthat


microbesandheavymetals(arsenic)weremajorcontaminationsin almost40%water sources in thesedistricts .AsperdrinkingwaterqualityreportsbyEPA,UNICEF,PCRWR,PHEDdepartmentinlastfewyearsarsenic(As),fluoride(F)andnitrate(NO3)levelsare found tobemore than thepermissible limits asmentioned

by WHO and national drinking water quality standards . TheGovernment has been addressing water quality issues throughinstallation of water filtration plants. Spatial representation ofwater quality vulnerable areas and contaminants in ground-waterinPunjabispresentedinfigure8.8&8.9:

Figure8.8:WaterqualityvulnerableareasinPunjab


Figure8.9:DistributionofdifferentcontaminantsingroundwatersourcesacrossPunjab

Fluoride

Nitrate

Source:UNICEF-PHED-2014

Totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)

Arsenic


Safelymanagedwater

Under Sustainable Development Goals, safely managed waterservices are defined as: Population using an improved drinkingwatersource,whichis:i)Locatedonpremises;ii)Availablewhenneeded; iii) and free of faecal and priority chemicalcontamination.AsperJointMonitoringProgram(JMP),ofthreeindicatorsofthesafelymanagedwater,thelowestindicatorswillbe baseline of the defined area. As per MICS 2018, 91.4%

population has drinking water available in sufficient quantitywhen needed, 74.2% have water accessible on premises and63.8% havewithout E-Coli contamination in drinkingwater. Anoverall,43.7%ofhouseholdmemberswithanimproveddrinkingwater source located on premises, free of E.Coli and availablewhenneededaccesstoimprovedwater.

Table8.4:Safelymanageddrinkingwater

Punjab Improvedsources Percentageofhouseholdmemberswithanimproveddrinkingwater

sourcelocatedonpremises,freeofE.coliandavailablewhenneeded

WithoutE.coliindrinkingwatersource

Withdrinkingwateravailableinsufficient

quantities

Drinkingwateraccessibleonpremises

Overall 63.8 91.4 74.2 43.7Rural 65.6 92.3 78.5 48.1Urban 60.8 89.8 66.8 36.0

The PCRWR 2015 and PHED quality data indicated that around35%populationhasaccess to safedrinkingwater,which is freefromcontamination.Basedon this, thecurrentbaseline/ statusofsafelymanagedwaterinPunjabis35%.

8.3CHALLENGESRELATEDTOWATER8.3.1Climatechange

Pakistan is among the top ten most affected countries on theGlobal Climate Risk Index (CRI, 2016)10, and currently faces anumber of climate-related challenges, including risingtemperatures, unpredictable changes in precipitation patterns,increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events,recurringdroughtsandfloods,groundwaterpollution,risingsealevels, potential for heightened conflicts over water rightsbetweenriparianregions, increasedhealthrisksduetochangesin disease vectors, environmental degradation, especially ofwater-related ecosystems, declining agricultural productivity,and governance issues associated with these stresses 11 .

10Kreft,S.,Eckstein,D.,Dorsch,L.,&Fischer,L.(2015).Globalclimateriskindex 2016:who suffers most from extreme weather events? weather-related loss events in 2014 and 1995 to 2014. Germanwatch Nord-SüdInitiativeeV.11 U.S.-Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies in Water (2017).International Conference U.S.-Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies inWateronClimateChangeandWaterSecurityinPakistan(Brochure).


Figure8.10:Climatechange(averageannualtemperatureandrainfall)inPunjab(2007-17)

Source:Socioeconomicdataandapplicationcenter(SEDAC),2015andWWW.ESRI.NOAA.GOV/PSD/

The above maps shows average annual rainfall (precipitation)and temperature of Punjab. 12 Abbas (2013) reviewed thehistorical temperature recordof thePunjaband found that thefrequencyofextremelycolddaysandnightsdecreasedand thefrequencyofextremelyhotdaysandnightsincreasedduringtheanalysis period. Increased temperature in urban areas causes achangeintheenergybalanceoftheurbanareas,oftenleadingtohigher temperatures than surrounding rural areas under thephenomenonofurbanheatislandeffect.13

12DetailedinEnvironmentsectionofthisdocument13 Abbas, F. (2013). Analysis of a historical (1981–2010) temperaturerecordof thePunjabprovinceofPakistan.Earth Interactions,17(15),1-23.

8.3.2Depletingwatertableanddeterioratingwaterquality

The population of the Pakistan is increasing day by day by therateof 3.2%. This increase is puttingpressureongroundwateraquifer Further studies revealed that the depletion of theunderground water may result into the severe water crisiscausing a drought like condition even in the big cities. Forinstance, in Lahore has seen reduction in water tables at 0.5metersannuallyforpast30yearsand0.91meterannuallyduring2011-13 (Table 8.4).


Table8.5:AverageannualrateofgroundwaterdeclineinLahore

PeriodRateofDecline

Feet/Year Feet/Year

1960-1967 0.98 0.30

1967-1973 1.80 0.55

1973-1980 1.97 0.60

1980-2000 2.13 0.65

2007-2011 2.60 0.79

2011-2013 3.00 0.91

Source:SBPAnnualReport,Chapter7,2017

Theundergroundwater quality is alsobeing contaminated at avery rapid rate with the heavy metals like Copper, Nickel andCobaltetc.whicharethecauseofmanydiseaseswhichcanlead

tothedeath.Thedataonwaterqualityisshownbythefollowingfigures.Thefigures8.11showthedeterioratingwaterquality inPunjab.


Figure8.11:WaterqualityinPunjab(2014)

Source:UrbanUnitAnalysisbasedonDataofIrrigationDepartmentofPunjab,2014


8.3.3Reductioninthecapacityofexistingreservoirs(dams)

But overallwater storage capacity of Pakistan is depleting overtime.AsperWorldBankanalysis,“ourstoragecapacityhasgonedownto150acrefeet.Indiahasimproveditspercapitastorageup to 200 acre feet, which will improve further once under-constructiondamsstartgivingresults14.

The per capita storage capacity in the United States stands at6,150 cubic meters, in Australia at 5,000 cubic meters and inPakistan it is just 132 cubicmeters that shows how vulnerablePakistanisareintermsofaccesstowater15.

This situation urges the government to take steps for waterconservation and its effective use, adding that it would reducecapitalandoperationalcosts.

8.3.4Extremelylowwatertariffsanduncontrolledgroundwaterextraction

InPakistan,thereareverynominalwaterchargesforhouseholdconnectionandnocontrolonvolumeused.Similarly,canalwatercharges,alsocalledAbiana,arevery low,asthecanal irrigationcoststandsnegligiblewhencomparedto itsclosealternate,saytubewellirrigation.Forinstance,riceandcottononaveragearecharged at Rs. 85 per acre; even though rice consumes 60percent more water than cotton. Furthermore, Abiana rateshave no link with the amount of water being consumed. Theprevailingpricingstructure,whichhasnolinkwithconsumption,discourageswaterconservation.

Thus,inagriculture,farmersdonothaveanincentivetoinvestinsimpleandcheaptechnology(e.g.,laserlevelingoflandandbed-furrowing), the use of more advanced technologies (e.g., dripirrigationandsprinkler).

8.3.5Growingwaterdemand

The Punjab’s current population stands at approximately 110million(asper2017Census)andgrowingattherateof2.1%.Thegrowing population is also increasing demand of not only thedrinkingwaterbutalsoforindustryandagriculture.AccordingtoAhmad(2016)16,anincreaseof14.2percentinwateravailabilityis needed tomeet the requirement of the population in 2025.Thisfiguremayfurthergoupithasbeenestimatedasthe1.5%population growth, where, as per Population Census 2017 the

14“Waterstoragecapacityofbigdamsgoesdown”.TheExpressTribune,ArticleMarch21,201715Bokhari, A. (2015). Undergroundwater reserves under threat.Dawn,ArticleJuly6,2015.16 Ahmad S. (2016). Water Sector of Pakistan: A Situational Analysis.DevelopmentAdvocatePakistan,3(4):1-9A.

populationaverageannualgrowthrateofpopulationforPunjabis2.1%.

8.4SOLUTIONSANDPOLICYOPTIONS8.4.1Newsmalldamsandreservoir

Currently,almost30-35MAFwatergoestoArabianSea(run-offbelowKotri),whereas,therequirementisof8.6MAFannually.17This extra loss of water 20-25 MAF can be used to store byincreasing the existing storage capacity through building newsdams and reservoirs. In addition, there is water conveyancelossesinCanalsofPunjabisaround45%,aportionofitcanalsobe saved by adoptingwater conservation strategies. Therefore,savingsfromthiscanalsobestoredinsmalldamsandreservoirs.

8.4.2Rainwaterharvesting

For the countries like the Pakistan, which are already gettingwater scarce the rainwater harvesting is very important step.Duringthemonsoonseasonwhenthere isanadequateamountof the water available through the rainwater, almost all thewater iswastedaswehavenopropersystemfortherainwaterharvesting.Insteadoflettingitsimplytoflowandenterintothemunicipal waste. This collection or storage can be done in thenaturalreservoirsortheartificialreservoirs.TherearenumberofRainwater harvesting techniques, for instance, barrel, drysystem, wet system, green roof, earthworks, andmulch basinsthosecanbeadopted.

8.4.3Watertablereplenishment

Atpresent, thewater tablesaregoingdowneveryyear rapidly.Forexample,inLahore,thewatertableingoingbelowby3feetevery year. Water storage and recharge are two majorcomponents of groundwater aquifer. There is need ofgeographically targeted policy to identify potential rechargezones(PRZs)inPunjabforwaterreplenishment.

8.4.4Sustainableextractionpolicy

Presently, there is no regulatory framework for ground waterpumping. Groundwater pumping is an important source thatcontributes almost 40 percent to total supplies at farm gate isalso facing sustainability concerns. Ground water extractionshouldbepromotedwherefieldsarewaterloggedorsalinized.Itshould be discouraged in certain areas where the over-exploitation has led to depletion of this valuable resource.Because, in a few areas, the excessive use has resulted in theintrusionofsaline(brackish)groundwaterintothefreshaquifers,

17FernandoJGonzalez,ThinusBasson,BartSchultz(2005),“FinalReportby International Panel of Experts, For Review of Studies on WaterEscapages Below Kotri Barrage”. As cited in SBP Annual report 2017’sChapter7


therebymaking it then unusable. There should be a regulatorymechanismfor

8.4.5Volumetricwaterpricing(metering)

Water metering system should be adopted and water pricesshould reflect the value that users generally place on theirconsumption.Inthisway,aproperpricingstrategycanbeusedas a tool not only to recover the cost of operation andmaintenanceofthesystem,butalsotocontainwaterlossesandpromoteconservation.

8.4.6Irrigationwaterconservation(dripirrigationetc., cropping-mixchange)

Irrigationwatermanagementneedtobeimproved.Currently,onfarm(fieldapplication)waterlossesarealmost25%whichcanbemanaged through the adoption of on farmwater conservationstrategies such as laser land leveling, evapotranspiration basedcontrollers, bed and furrow irrigation, micro-irrigation (dripirrigation, sprinkler irrigation) should be adopted. Rationalizedwaterpricingcanbeusedtomakefarmeradoptthesestrategies.

8.4.7Improvingwaterinfrastructure(toreducelossesandimproveefficiencies)

The gradual deterioration of water infrastructure resulting inextensiveconveyance losses. Accordingtoestimates,overone-fifth of canal water is lost before reaching the farm gate; anadditional one-fourth of the water is wasted during itsapplicationinthefield18. Improvingthewaterinfrastructurecanhelp saving water. Huge investment to upgrade the existingwater infrastructure and recovering its maintenance cost fromuserscanbeoneof thepossibleoptions. Itmaybenotedthatfarmers already pay exorbitant amounts on diesel pump fortube-wells, as this ensures them reliable supplies of water andresultsinhigherproductivity.

Formulationofindependentregulatorybody

Inorder toensureeffectivegovernance inwaterandsanitationsector and to improve the service delivery, an independent“Regulatory body” needs to be created at the provincial level.The watchdog body of regulation will require sustained policyand financial support. It will provide for a long-term sectorperspectivewithregulatoryfunctionstocover:

(i) Compliancewithenvironmentalregulationsandmonitoringofwaterquality;

(ii) Groundwaterabstraction;(iii) Tariffsetting;(iv) Providers’performance;and(v) Protectionofcustomerinterests.

18 SBP (2017). “Water Sustainability in Pakistan – Key Issues andChallenges”.Chapter7in‘SBPAnnualReport2017’.Karachi:StateBankofPakistan

EstablishmentofInformationManagementSystem

There is need to establish reliable Monitoring and EvaluationSystemandprovincial levelInformationManagementRoomi.e.,for service delivery and operations (routine data collection andinformation on existing facilities and services, their status),planning and finances (quality and improvements required,financial performance and constraints/challenges), complaints,waterquality,periodicpublicationofperformancereports.

IntegratedDevelopmentandAssetManagementPlan(IDAMP)

UnderthePunjabCitiesGovernanceImprovementProgram,theUrban Unit has brought some innovative reforms for assetmanagementofwaterandsanitationagenciesi.e.,Energyaudit,AssetManagement Information System (AIMS) for geo taggingand computerizationof all asset inventories and IDAMP -WASAhas been compiled to prescribe detailed Standard OperatingProcedures (SOPs) for municipal and city asset managers toprepare Integrated Development and Asset Management Plan(IDAMP). Inparticular, itsapplicationwillassist instrengtheningIDMAP processes and outcomes, the implementation ofgenerally accepted asset management for improved servicedelivery and matters related to immovable assets, improveinfrastructure investmentplanningefforts andmanagement forimproved governance and asset management in cities. PunjabGrowth Strategy envision the institutionalization of theseinterventions as part of business processes andwill be expandtheseprocessesinintermediateandsmallmunicipalities.

ImproveInstitutionalAccountability

Improve institutional autonomy and accountability throughMonitoring and Evaluation. Execution agencies be accountablefor sound policy, planning and financing responsibilities, andtheiroutcomes(i.e.,percentageofpopulationserved)unlikethecurrentpracticewhereonlyinput(ADPspending)isperformancecriteria.Performancecriteriaforserviceprovidersbedevelopedtopromoteperformancebasedservicedeliveryapproach.

Sustainablefinancialcapacity

For better institutional performance and sustained servicedeliveryinwaterandsanitationsectorthereisneedtodevelopamechanism to improve sustainable financial capacity of theinstitutes to reduce dependence on Government funding forroutine operations. Capital investments be made byProvincial/Federal government and facilitate Public PrivatePartnership (PPP) for O&M. Devisemechanism for need basedequitable distribution of water and sanitation resources atprovincial, divisional, district, local levels. Develop efficientmechanism for revenue generation from service delivery toreduce dependence on government funding for Operation andMaintenance.Review tariff levels and Implementadequateandrealistic water fee for the users, Introduce Water MeteringSystem (Bulk & Consumer), Non-Revenue Water (NRW)


management, carry out energy Audits, Develop and implementDemandManagement System rather than SupplyManagementSystem

CapacitybuildingandMandatoryTrainings

It is very important to review the service cadres engaged insectorservicedelivery(atall levels)withaviewtodevelopingacoherent service cadre for the sector and introducemandatorytrainings for promotions. This would require assessment ofexisting capacities and HR needs for: (i) strategic planning andmanagement; (ii) engineering and technical; (iii) financialmanagement; (iv) urban management; (v) social/communitydevelopment/customerfocus.

The Al-Jazari Academy has been established by Government ofPunjab&JICAafterconsultationwithStakeholdersinrealizationofNeedsofWASA’sPHEDetc.throughJICAgrantinAidTechnicalSupport to Punjab Government in 2010. The overall goal is tobuild the capacity of the professionals in the water and

sanitation sector with the objective to improve the delivery ofservice to the people.Until, now this academyhas trained 300plus WASA employees. This institution is capable of providingtechnical&managerialtrainingstoStaffatalllevels.Usetraininginstitutes like Al-Jazari Academy, Lala Musa Training Academyand L-WASA Training Academy to develop& enhance technicalcapacities for: Planning, implementation, monitoring &evaluation of drinking water supply programs, Sanitationprograms, Effective & efficient O&M of water supply andsanitation systems, Water quality monitoring, Communitymobilization, Hygiene promotion, Training need assessment,Financial management, Audit & accounting, Contract & Assetmanagement,Revenuecollection.

8.5WAYFORWARDFollowing are the various targets for sustainable watermanagementinPunjab.

Table8.5:Indicativetargetsandstrategicinterventions

FocusArea 2017(Baseline) 2027 2037 2047 GeographicallyTargetedStrategicInterventions

Field applicationlosses

21MAF*

(IrrigationDepartment,

Punjab)

18MAF 15MAF 5MAF

• Buildinstitutionalcapacityforwateraccountingframeworksthatleadtopoliciesthatenhancewaterefficiency

• Capacitybuildingofpublicofficialsandawarenesscampaignsforwaterusersi.e.,farmersandgeneralpublic

• Farmerstobeincentivizedtosowcropsthatrequirelesswaterandproducehigheryieldsperacre

• Waterconservationtechniquestobeintroducedthroughawarenesscampaignsforinterventionsatfarmlevel

• Modernirrigationtechniques,suchasdrip,sprayandfinenozzle,tobeintroducedtofarmerswithcost-effectivedeliverymechanismtoensuretakeup

• Priorityareastobeidentified(likesecondary,tributaryorminorcanals)whereinterventionscanbetargetedtolimitleakagewithoutaffectinggroundwaterrecharge

Canal Conveyancelosses

23MAF(Irrigation

Department,Punjab)

20MAF 15MAF 10MAF

Groundwatermanagement,replenishmentandsustainableextractionpolicy

• ZoningofPunjabasperwatertablelowering&qualityandrestrictinggroundwaterextractioninareaswhereiswatertableisalreadybelowthesustainablelimits

• Rainwaterharvestingandreplenishmentofwatertables(geographicallytargetedapproach)• Regulatoryandmonitoringmechanismforboreholes,tube-wellsinurbanareasandagriculturalzones.

Rehabilitationandup-gradationofwaterinfrastructure

• Ensureearlyrehabilitation,remodelingandup-gradationoftheexistingirrigationinfrastructureineachdistrictto

• Ensuretherehabilitationandup-gradationoftheexistingurbandrinkingwaterinfrastructureineachMCtomakeitresilienttoclimatechangerelatedextremeevents

echnical paper 8. water.pdf(icold), total dams and reservoirs in pakistan over the height of 15 m...

Documents