echoupal

=

P roduc t Number 000 Re leased Augus t 31 , 2003

Re leased December 12 , 2003

From the Department of

LEADING IN THOUGHT AND ACTION

C

CORPORATE STRATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CORPORATE STRATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ====

ASE STUDY SER IESE STUDY SER IES====

[=[=======================================

This report was written by Kuttayan This report was written by Kuttayan

Annamalai and Sachin Rao under the

supervision of Professor C.K. Prahalad. The

report is intended to be a catalyst for

discussion and is not intended to illustrate

effective or ineffective strategies.

Copyright, The University of Michigan

Business School, 2003.

=

fåíêçÇìÅíáçå=oìê~ä=fåÇá~=áë=~=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=äçÅ~íáçå=Ñçê=ÄìëáåÉëëK=qê~åëéçêíI=

éçïÉê=~åÇ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=áåÑê~ëíêìÅíìêÉ=~êÉ=áå~ÇÉèì~íÉK=_ìëáåÉëë=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=~êÉ=ìåÇÉêÇÉîÉäçéÉÇK==i~Åâ=çÑ=~ÅÅÉëë=íç=ãçÇÉêå=êÉëçìêÅÉë=Ü~ë=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=~å=ìåÇÉêJíê~áåÉÇ=ïçêâÑçêÅÉK=oìê~ä=ëçÅáÉíó=áë=ëíêìÅíìêÉÇ=~êçìåÇ=ëìÄëáëíÉåÅÉ=áåÅçãÉëK=qÜÉëÉ=~åÇ=~=äáí~åó=çÑ=çíÜÉê=Åçåëíê~áåíë=Çáëëì~ÇÉ=ãçëí=Åçãé~åáÉë=Ñêçã=í~âáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉ=çÑ=êìê~ä=ÅçããÉêÅÉK=vÉíI=ëìÅÜ=~å=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí=Å~å=êÉëìäí=áå=~=“ïáåJïáåÒ=~ÖÉåÇ~K=fí=Å~å=ÄêáÇÖÉ=êìê~ä=áëçä~íáçå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉëìäíáåÖ=Çáëé~êáíó=çÑ=áåÅçãÉë=~åÇ=çééçêíìåáíó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éççê=ïÜáäÉ=ÅêÉ~íáåÖ=~=åÉï=éêçÑáí=çééçêíìåáíó=Ñçê=Ñáêãë=ïáääáåÖ=íç=í~ÅâäÉ=íÜÉ=áåÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉëK=qÜÉ=èìÉëíáçå=áë=Üçï=ãçÇÉêå=êÉëçìêÅÉë=~åÇ=ãÉíÜçÇë=Å~å=ÄÉ=éê~ÅíáÅ~ääó=ÇÉéäçóÉÇ=ÅçããÉêÅá~ääó=íç=çîÉêÅçãÉ=êìê~ä=Åçåëíê~áåíëK=fÑ=ÇçåÉ=ïÉääI=ïÜ~í=~êÉ=íÜÉ=ëçÅá~ä=áãé~Åíë=çÑ=ëìÅÜ=~å=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí\=

THE INNOVATION. . .

The e-Choupals, information centers linked to the Internet, represent an approach to seamlessly connect subsistence farmers with large firms and global markets. The network of these, each operated by a local farmer in each community called the sanchalak, allow for a “virtual integration of the supply chain” and significant efficiencies in the traditional system. The farmers benefit by realizing better prices for their crops and a sense of dignity and confidence in being connected with the rest of the world.

=fq`Ûë=ÉJ`Üçìé~ä=áåáíá~íáîÉ=ÄÉÖ~å=Äó=ÇÉéäçóáåÖ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=íç=êÉÉåÖáåÉÉê=éêçÅìêÉãÉåí=çÑ=ëçó~=Ñêçã=êìê~ä=fåÇá~K=qÜÉ=ÉÑÑçêí=ÜçäÇë=î~äì~ÄäÉ=äÉëëçåë=áå=êìê~ä=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí=~åÇ=ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉë=íÜÉ=ã~ÖåáíìÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çééçêíìåáíó=Ñçê=éêáî~íÉ=ëÉÅíçê=ÑáêãëK==fí=~äëç=áääìëíê~íÉë=íÜÉ=ëçÅá~ä=áãé~Åí=çÑ=ÄêáåÖáåÖ=ÖäçÄ~ä=êÉëçìêÅÉë=~åÇ=Ñ~êã=~åÇ=ÄìëáåÉëë=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=íç=íÜÉ=fåÇá~å=Ñ~êãÉêK=

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© 2003 Un ive r s i t y o f M ich igan Regen t s 2 o f 33

THE PARADOX OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

^ÖêáÅìäíìêÉ=áë=ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ääóI=åìíêáíáçå~ääó=~åÇ=ëçÅá~ääó=îáí~ä=íç=fåÇá~å=ëçÅáÉíóK=fí=ÅçåíêáÄìíÉë=OPB=çÑ=íÜÉ=damI=ÑÉÉÇë=~=Äáääáçå=éÉçéäÉ=~åÇ=Éãéäçóë=SSB=çÑ=íÜÉ=ïçêâÑçêÅÉK=^=ÑìääÉê=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉÅíçê=êÉèìáêÉë=~=êÉîáÉï=çÑ=íÜÉ=é~ê~ÇçñÉë=íÜ~í=ÄÉëÉí=áíK=

Economically Vital Yet Archaically Regulated

^ÖêáÅìäíìêÉÛë=ëÜ~êÉ=çÑ=dam=Ü~ë=ëÜêìåâ=ëíÉ~Çáäó=Äìí=~í=OPB=áí=êÉã~áåë=~=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉÅçåçãóK=qÜÉ=ÑçêÉÅ~ëí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ìéÅçãáåÖ=ãçåëççå=áë=ëíáää=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=~=éêÉÇáÅíçê=çÑ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=áå=fåÇá~K==

GDP by Sector1

MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 1993 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2007

kçãáå~ä=dam=ErpAF= OTPKVP QNQKPO QQQKPR QRMKSU QUNKQO= RMMKVV SVRKTU

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pÉêîáÅÉë=EB=çÑ=damF= PUKVM QOKMR QPKRV QQKNS QQKUR= RMKRM QVKVM

=råíáä=êÉÅÉåíäóI=~ÖêáÅìäíìêÉ=ï~ë=ÜÉ~îáäó=êÉÖìä~íÉÇK=iÉÖáëä~íáçåI=êÉãå~åí=çÑ=ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=áåíÉêîÉåíáçå=áå=Ç~óë=çÑ=éêçÇìÅíáçå=ëÜçêíÑ~ääëI=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=ä~åÇ=çïåÉêëÜáéI=áåéìí=éêáÅáåÖ=~åÇ=~ää=~ëéÉÅíë=çÑ=éêçÇìÅí=ã~êâÉíáåÖK=mêçÇìÅÉ=ÅçìäÇ=çåäó=ÄÉ=ëçäÇ=áå=ÖçîÉêåãÉåíJêÉÅçÖåáòÉÇ=äçÅ~íáçåë=íç=~ìíÜçêáòÉÇ=~ÖÉåíëK=mêçÅÉëëáåÖ=Å~é~ÅáíáÉëI=éêáî~íÉ=ëíçê~ÖÉI=Ñçêï~êÇ=íê~ÇáåÖ=~åÇ=íê~åëéçêí=ïÉêÉ=êÉëíêáÅíÉÇK=qÜÉ=êÉëìäí=áë=ÅçêêìéíI=áåÉÑÑÉÅíì~ä=~åÇ=~êÅÜ~áÅ=ëóëíÉãëK=^í=çåÉ=ÉåÇI=êçìíáåÉ=ëí~êî~íáçå=Éñáëíë=~äçåÖëáÇÉ=Öê~å~êáÉë=çîÉêÑäçïáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ÑççÇJëíçÅâë=çÑ=çîÉê=SMj=ãÉíêáÅ=íçåëK=^í=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=ÉåÇI=íÜÉ=ìåéêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=ÄìëáåÉëë=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí=ã~âÉë=íÜÉ=ëÉÅíçê=ìåáåîáíáåÖ=íç=ãçëí=ãçÇÉêå=Åçãé~åáÉëK=

High Production Yet Impoverished Producers

kçåJçéíáã~ä=Ñ~êãáåÖ=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=~åÇ=îáÅ~êáçìë=ïÉ~íÜÉê=é~ííÉêåë=äÉÑí=éçëíJfåÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=fåÇá~=ïáíÜ=~å=ìåÇÉêJéÉêÑçêãáåÖ=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=ëÉÅíçê=~åÇ=~ÅìíÉ=ÑççÇ=ëÜçêí~ÖÉëK=qÜÉ=Öç~ä=çÑ=ëÉäÑJëìÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=áå=ÑççÇ=ÄêçìÖÜí=~ÖêáÅìäíìêÉ=áåíç=íÜÉ=ã~áåëíêÉ~ã=çÑ=éçäáíáÅ~ä=~åÇ=ëçÅá~ä=ÅçåëÅáçìëåÉëëK=qÜÉ=ÉåëìáåÖ=ÚÖêÉÉå=êÉîçäìíáçåÛ=Ü~ë=ã~ÇÉ=ÖêÉ~í=ëíêáÇÉë=áå=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=éêçÇìÅíáîáíó=áå=fåÇá~K=pí~êíáåÖ=éçëíJfåÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉ=ENVQTF=~ë=~=ÑççÇJáãéçêíÉêI=íÜÉ=ÚdêÉÉå=oÉîçäìíáçåÛ=áå=íÜÉ=NVSMë=ã~ÇÉ=fåÇá~=~=åÉí=ÉñéçêíÉê=çÑ=ãçëí=ÑççÇ=Öê~áåë=Äó=íÜÉ=ãáÇJNVTMëK=qÜÉ=fåÇá~å=Ñ~êãÉê=ÇáÇ=åçí=éêçÖêÉëë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖäóK=^ÑíÉê=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅÉI=íÜÉ=ÖçîÉêåãÉåí=é~êÅÉäÉÇ=~åÇ=êÉÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ä~êÖÉê=ä~åÇ=ÜçäÇáåÖë=íç=ÅçêêÉÅí=ÜáëíçêáÅ~ä=áåÉèìáíáÉë=~åÇ=Éåíêìëí=çïåÉêëÜáé=íç=ÉåÇ=Åìäíáî~íçêëI=íÜìë=ÉåÅçìê~ÖáåÖ=éêçÇìÅíáîáíóK=få=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=óÉ~êëI=çïåÉêëÜáé=ÅÉáäáåÖë=ïÉêÉ=äÉÖáëä~íÉÇ=~åÇ=áåÜÉêáíÉÇ=ä~åÇ=ï~ë=é~êíáíáçåÉÇ=áåíç=ëã~ääÉê=äçíëK=qÜÉ=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=êÉëìäí=áë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=fåÇá~å=Ñ~êã=áë=~=îÉêó=

=


ëã~ääJëÅ~äÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=áå=Ñê~Åíáçåë=çÑ=~ÅêÉëK=qÜÉ=çÄîáçìë=êÉëìäí=áë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=íóéáÅ~ä=fåÇá~å=Ñ~êãÉê=áë=îÉêó=éççêK=

^ë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëÉÉå=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÄÉäçï=ÅÜ~êíIO=áå=NVVPI=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=ä~ÄçêÉêë=áå=ãçëí=ëí~íÉë=ã~âÉ=Ä~êÉäó=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=âÉÉé=~=íÜêÉÉJéÉêëçå=Ñ~ãáäó=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=éçîÉêíó=äáåÉK=

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23% of GDP Yet 66% of the Employment

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=



Solution Essentials

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få=íÜáë=ÅçåíÉñíI=ïÉ=ëíìÇó=~å=ÉñéÉêáãÉåí=áå=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=êìê~ä=~êÉ~ë=çÑ=ÅÉåíê~ä=fåÇá~K=

The Oilseed Complex3

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Marketing Prior to the e-Choupal

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fí=áë=ÉëëÉåíá~ä=íç=åçíÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=~ÄçîÉ=î~êáÉë=áå=ÇÉí~áäë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ëí~íÉëI=Åêçéë=~åÇ=ÉîÉå=ÇáëíêáÅíëK=^äëçI=íÜÉ=éÉêÅÉåí~ÖÉ=çÑ=éêçÇìÅÉ=ÖçáåÖ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ååÉä=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=pí~íÉ=~åÇ=Åêçé=áå=èìÉëíáçåK=qÜÉ=çåäó=åçêã=áë=íÜ~í=VMB=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉ=ÖçÉë=íÜêçìÖÜ=íê~ÇÉêë=~åÇ=ã~åÇáë=EÖçîÉêåãÉåí=ã~åÇ~íÉÇ=ã~êâÉíéä~ÅÉëFK=

qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=íÜêÉÉ=ÅçããÉêÅá~ä=ÅÜ~ååÉäë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅíëW=ã~åÇáëI=íê~ÇÉêë=Ñçê=ÉîÉåíì~ä=êÉë~äÉ=íç=ÅêìëÜÉêë=~åÇ=éêçÇìÅÉêJêìå=ÅççéÉê~íáîÉ=ëçÅáÉíáÉë=Ñçê=ÅêìëÜáåÖ=áå=ÅççéÉê~íáîÉ=ãáääëK=qÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=íê~Çáíáçå~ääó=âÉÉé=~=ëã~ää=~ãçìåí=Ñçê=íÜÉáê=éÉêëçå~ä=Åçåëìãéíáçå=~åÇ=ÖÉí=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉ=éêçÅÉëëÉÇ=áå=~=ëã~ääJëÅ~äÉ=àçÄJëÜçé=ÅêìëÜáåÖJéä~åí=Å~ääÉÇ=~=ÚdÜ~åáÛK=

The Mandi

qÜÉ=ã~åÇá=áë=ÅÉåíê~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~êâÉíáåÖ=ÅÜ~ååÉäK=qÜÉ=^ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=mêçÇìÅíë=j~êâÉíáåÖ=^Åí=äÉÖáëä~íÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÅêÉ~íáçå=çÑ=ã~åÇáë=íç=Éå~ÄäÉ=~=ãçêÉ=Éèìáí~ÄäÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ö~áåë=Ñêçã=~ÖêáÅìäíìêÉ=~ãçåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉêI=ÅçåëìãÉê=~åÇ=íê~ÇÉêëK=qÜÉ=ã~åÇá=~Åíë=~ë=~=ÇÉäáîÉêó=éçáåí=ïÜÉêÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=ÄêáåÖ=éêçÇìÅÉ=Ñçê=ë~äÉ=íç=íê~ÇÉêëK=qÜÉ=~êÉ~=ëÉêîÉÇ=Äó=~=ã~åÇá=î~êáÉë=Äó=ëí~íÉK=få=íÜÉ=ëçó~=ÖêçïáåÖ=~êÉ~ë=çÑ=j~ÇÜó~=mê~ÇÉëÜI=íÜÉ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=~êÉ~=ëÉêîÉÇ=Äó=~=ã~åÇá=áë=~êçìåÇ=TMM=ëèK=âãK=^=ä~êÖÉ=éçêíáçå=çÑ=íê~Çáíáçå~ä=


=


Öê~áåë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=çê=Ä~êíÉêÉÇ=Ñçê=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÅêçéëK=pçó~I=ÜçïÉîÉêI=áë=åçí=å~íáîÉ=íç=íÜÉ=fåÇá~å=é~ä~íÉK=fíë=ã~àçê=çìíäÉí=áë=íÜÉ=ÅêìëÜáåÖ=éä~åíK=qÜìëI=åÉ~êäó=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=Åêçé=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ã~êâÉíÉÇK=qÜáë=ã~âÉë=íÜÉ=ã~åÇá=~=îáí~ä=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçó~=ÅÜ~áåK=

The Commission Agents

j~åÇá=íê~ÇáåÖ=áë=ÅçåÇìÅíÉÇ=Äó=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíë=Å~ääÉÇ=~Ç~íáó~ë=EÄêçâÉêë=ïÜç=Äìó=~åÇ=ëÉää=éêçÇìÅÉFK=qÜÉó=~êÉ=çÑ=íïç=íóéÉëW=â~ÅÜÜ~=~Ç~íáó~ë=~åÇ=éìââ~=~Ç~íáó~ëK=h~ÅÜÜ~=~Ç~íáó~ë=~êÉ=éìêÉ=éìêÅÜ~ëáåÖ=~ÖÉåíë=~åÇ=Äìó=çåäó=çå=ÄÉÜ~äÑ=çÑ=çíÜÉêëK=mìââ~=~Ç~íáó~ë=çå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇ=Ñáå~åÅÉ=íÜÉ=íê~ÇÉ=~ë=êÉéêÉëÉåí~íáîÉë=çÑ=Çáëí~åí=ÄìóÉêë=~åÇ=ëçãÉíáãÉë=ÉîÉå=éêçÅìêÉ=çå=íÜÉáê=çïå=~ÅÅçìåíK=^ää=íÜÉ=~Ç~íáó~ë=ÄÉäçåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=^Ö~êï~ä=~åÇ=g~áå=ÅçããìåáíóI=ïÜáÅÜ=ã~å~ÖÉë=Öê~áå=íê~ÇÉ=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=ÅçìåíêóI=~å=~ã~òáåÖ=Ñ~Åí=ÅçåëáÇÉêáåÖ=íÜÉ=î~ëí=Åìäíìê~ä=~åÇ=ëçÅá~ä=ÇáîÉêëáíó=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=å~íáçåK=fí=áë=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉë=íÜÉ=~ëëÉêíáçå=íÜ~í==êìê~ä=fåÇá~=áë=Åìäíìê~ääó=ìåÑ~íÜçã~ÄäÉK=

^å=~Ç~íáó~=áë=~ë=ÇáëíáåÅí=Ñêçã=ãçëí=êìê~ä=Ñ~êãÉê=~ë=~åó=ÉñÉÅìíáîÉK=qÜÉ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=éêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=ÅçãéÉíáíáçå=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=Åçããìå~ä=ëíê~åÖäÉÜçäÇ=çå=êìê~ä=íê~ÇáåÖ=Ü~ë=ã~ÇÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíë=ÉñíêÉãÉäó=ïÉ~äíÜóK=qÜÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåí=ïÉ=ëéçâÉ=ïáíÜ=ÄÉäçåÖÉÇ=íç=~=ãÉÇáìãJëáòÉ=ã~åÇáK=eÉ=í~äâÉÇ=Å~ëì~ääó=çÑ=~ëëÉíë=~åÇ=áåÅçãÉë=áå=ÅêçêÉë=çÑ=êìéÉÉë=Eãáääáçåë=çÑ=Ççää~êëFK=qÜáë=ÖçÉë=ÅçìåíÉê=íç=íÜÉ=åçíáçå=íÜ~í=íÜÉêÉ=áë=åç=ãçåÉó=áå=êìê~ä=fåÇá~K=qÜÉ=~Ç~íáó~ë=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=íÜÉ=ëçó~=áåÇìëíêó=~åÇ=ÖêÉï=áí=çå=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=çÑ=Ñ~ãáäá~ä=~åÇ=Åçããìåáíó=íêìëíI=åçí=éêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=åçêãëK=_ìóáåÖ=~åÇ=ëÉääáåÖ=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=çê~ä=~ÖêÉÉãÉåíëI=ãìíì~ä=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçããìåáíó=åçêãëK=qÜÉáê=åÉíïçêâ=ïáíÜáå=íÜáë=áåÇìëíêó=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=Ñáå~åÅá~ä=ãáÖÜí=ã~âÉ=íÜÉã=~=ÑçêãáÇ~ÄäÉ=éêÉëÉåÅÉK==

Mandi Operations


==

=

Inbound Logistics

Display and Inspection

Bagging and Weighing

Payment Outbound Logistics

Auction

=

Inbound Logistics

_~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=äçÅ~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=îáää~ÖÉI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ïáää=ÇÉÅáÇÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=åÉ~êÄó=ã~åÇáë=íç=ëÉää=áåK=qÜÉ=Åêçé=áë=í~âÉå=íç=ã~åÇáë=áå=íêçääÉóë=Çê~ïå=Äó=~åáã~äë=çê=íê~ÅíçêëK=sÉêó=çÑíÉåI=íç=~îçáÇ=éÉ~âJëÉ~ëçå=ÅêçïÇëI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ïáää=Öç=íÜÉ=éêÉîáçìë=åáÖÜí=íç=íÜÉ=ã~åÇáK=mÉ~âJëÉ~ëçå=ã~åÇá=îçäìãÉ=Å~å=ÄÉ=~êçìåÇ=OMMM=Ó=RMMM=jíëLÇ~óK=

=


Sources of Inefficiency

• qÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉë=íç=~å~äóòÉ=çê=Éñéäçáí=éêáÅÉ=íêÉåÇëK=qÜÉ=íáãáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~äÉ=áë=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=åçí=çéíáã~äK=

• qÜÉ=ëÉääáåÖ=ÇÉÅáëáçå=áë=åçí=~äï~óë=ÖÉçÖê~éÜáÅ~ääó=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåíK=qÜÉ=~Åíì~ä=éêáÅÉ=çÑ=Üáë=éêçÇìÅÉ=ïáää=çåäó=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçåK=qÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ã~åÇá=áë=Ä~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=çÑíÉå=Ç~íÉÇ=~åÇ=ìåêÉäá~ÄäÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=~ë=çééçëÉÇ=íç=~=èìçíÉÇ=éêáÅÉK=_ó=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ÖÉíë=Üáë=éêáÅÉI=áí=áë=íçç=ä~íÉ=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Üáë=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ã~åÇáëK=

• qÜÉ=çîÉêåáÖÜí=ëí~ó=Åçëíë=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêK=

Display and Inspect on i

tÜÉå=íÜÉ=ã~åÇá=çéÉåë=áå=íÜÉ=ãçêåáåÖI=Ñ~êãÉêë=ÄêáåÖ=íÜÉáê=íêçääÉóë=íç=Çáëéä~ó=~êÉ~ë=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ã~åÇáK=qÜÉ=áåëéÉÅíáçå=Äó=ÄìóÉêë=áë=Äó=ëáÖÜíK=qÜÉêÉ=áë=åç=Ñçêã~ä=ãÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=Öê~ÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=çåäó=áåëíêìãÉåí=ìëÉÇ=áë=íÜÉ=ãçáëíìêÉ=ãÉíÉêK=cçêã~ä=íÉëíáåÖ=Ñçê=çáä=ÅçåíÉåí=áë=åçí=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=~åÇ=ÖäçÄ~ä=ë~ÑÉíó=ÅÜÉÅâë=~êÉ=åçí=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ã~åÇáK=

Source of Inefficiency

• jçëí=Åêçéë=~êÉ=Çáëéä~óÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=çéÉåK=sÉêó=ÑÉï=ÅçîÉêÉÇ=~êÉ~ë=~êÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=äÉ~ëÉ=Äó=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêëK=^ë=~=êÉëìäíI=Çáëéä~óÉÇ=Åêçéë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ëìÄàÉÅí=íç=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíëK=

• páÖÜí=áåëéÉÅíáçå=áë=ìåëÅáÉåíáÑáÅ=~åÇ=~êÄáíê~êó=íç=ë~ó=íÜÉ=äÉ~ëíK=qÜÉ=Éî~äì~íáçå=íÉåÇë=íç=Ñ~îçê=íÜÉ=áåÑçêãÉÇ=~åÇ=ïÉ~äíÜó=ÄìóÉêI=åçí=íÜÉ=éççê=Ñ~êãÉêK=`êçéë=~êÉ=àìÇÖÉÇ=çå=ãçáëíìêÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=~åÇ=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÑçêÉáÖå=ã~ííÉê=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ëíçåÉë=çê=ÜìëâK=

• qÜÉ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=ëÅáÉåíáÑáÅ=Öê~ÇáåÖ=ÇçÉë=åçí=êÉï~êÇ=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=Ñçê=ÄÉííÉê=éêçÇìÅÉ=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=Äó=áåîÉëíãÉåí=áå=ÄÉííÉê=ëÉÉÇë=çê=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=éê~ÅíáÅÉëK=dêçìåÇ=ÅçåîÉêë~íáçåë=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=ïáÇÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=áå=èì~äáíó=~êÉ=êÉï~êÇÉÇX=ÜçïÉîÉêI=ëìÄíäÉ=~åÇ=äÉëë=ÇÉíÉÅí~ÄäÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=~êÉ=åçí=êÉÅçÖåáòÉÇK=qÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ü~îÉ=~å=áåÅÉåíáîÉ=Ñçê=áãéêçîáåÖ=èì~äáíóK=qÜÉëÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=áå=èì~äáíó=çÑ=áåéìíë=Çç=ã~âÉ=~å=áãé~Åí=íç=éêçÅÉëëçêë=çÑ=ëçó~K=

Auction

låÅÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=ÄìóÉêë=Ü~îÉ=áåëéÉÅíÉÇ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉI=~=ã~åÇá=ÉãéäçóÉÉ=ÅçåÇìÅíë=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=ïÜÉêÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíë=éä~ÅÉ=ÄáÇëK=qÜÉ=~ìÅíáçåë=ïÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=ïÉêÉ=çéÉå=çê~ä=~ìÅíáçåë=ïáíÜ=áåÅêÉãÉåí~ä=ÄáÇÇáåÖK=qÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=çÑÑÉêë=~=ëí~êâ=Åçåíê~ëí=áå=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉëK=lå=çåÉ=Ü~åÇI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ëÉÉë=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=~ë=íÜÉ=~ëëÉëëãÉåí=çÑ=ëáñ=ãçåíÜë=çÑ=áåîÉëíãÉåí=~åÇ=ä~ÄçêK=qÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=íÜÉ=é~óÇ~ó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêJ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=çåÉ=çê=íïç=éÉê=óÉ~êK==eáë=ÉóÉë=êÉîÉ~ä=íÜÉ=Éãçíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=PM=ëÉÅçåÇë=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=éêáÅÉ=Ñçê=Üáë=äçí=áë=àìÇÖÉÇK=lå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇ=áë=íÜÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåí=ïÜçëÉ=ã~êÖáå=áë=ÉåëìêÉÇ=êÉÖ~êÇäÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêáÅÉK=eÉ=Ü~ë=ã~åó=ãçêÉ=äçíë=EíêçääÉóë=çÑ=éêçÇìÅÉF=óÉí=íç=Äìó=~åÇ=Å~å=Å~ëì~ääó=ãáëÜ~åÇäÉ=~=Ü~åÇÑìä=çÑ=Öê~áå=~åÇ=ÅçããÉåí=ÇÉêçÖ~íçêáäó=~Äçìí=áíë=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=ä~ìÖÜ=ïÜáäÉ=ÜÉ=ÇçÉë=ëçK=


=



• _ó=~ää=~ÅÅçìåíëI=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=áë=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ïáíÜ=åç=çîÉêí=Åçääìëáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÄìóÉêëK=vÉíI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=ïÉ=ëéçâÉ=íç=Ü~Ç=~=ä~êÖÉäó=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=çéáåáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=Ñçê=åçåJÑáå~åÅá~ä=êÉ~ëçåëK=qÜÉó=ÑÉäí=~=ëóëíÉã~íáÅ=äçëë=çÑ=ÇáÖåáíó=áå=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçåáåÖ=éêçÅÉëëK=qÜÉ=îÉêó=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=íÜÉáê=äáÑÉïçêâ=áë=~ìÅíáçåÉÇ=çÑÑ=áë=ëÉÉå=~ë=~å=áåëìäíK=qÜÉó=~äëç=ÑÉäí=ÄÉäáííäÉÇ=Äó=Ü~îáåÖ=íç=ëí~åÇ=Äó=~åÇ=ï~íÅÜ=~ÖÉåíë=ê~áëÉ=ÄáÇë=áå=áåÅêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=OR=çê=RM=é~áëÉ=éÉê=èìáåí~ä=EïÉ=ë~ï=ÚÅÜ~å~Û=EÅÜáÅâ=éÉ~ëF=ÄÉáåÖ=~ìÅíáçåÉÇ=áå=áåÅêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=oëKNI=Äìí=íÜáë=Å~å=î~êó=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅêçéëFK=qÜÉ=Ñáå~ä=áåÇáÖåáíó=áë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=Å~ååçí=êÉÑìëÉ=íÜÉ=ë~äÉ=~í=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçåÉÇ=éêáÅÉK=

• qÜÉ=~ÖÉåíë=ÅäÉ~êäó=ÄÉäçåÖÉÇ=íç=~=ÅäçëÉJâåáí=Åçããìåáíó=íÜ~í=áë=ëçÅá~ääó=~åÇ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ääó=ÇáëíáåÅí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêëÛK=^äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉó=ã~ó=åçí=ÅçääìÇÉ=áå=éêáÅáåÖI=íÜÉó=Çç=ÅçääìÇÉ=áå=Éëí~ÄäáëÜáåÖ=íÜÉ=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=íê~ÇÉK=qÜÉëÉ=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=ìåáÑçêãäó=Éñéäçáí=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêÛë=ëáíì~íáçåK=kçí=ëìêéêáëáåÖäóI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=ïÉ=ëéçâÉ=íç=ÇáÇ=åçí=îáÉï=íÜÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíë=ÅÜ~êáí~Ääó=~åÇ=ÑÉäí=íÜ~í=~ää=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíë=ïÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉK=

Bagging and Weighing

låÅÉ=íÜÉ=éêáÅÉ=éÉê=èìáåí~ä=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçåI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ãçîÉë=íÜÉ=íêçääÉó=íç=íÜÉ=ïÉáÖÜáåÖ=~êÉ~=êìå=Äó=íÜÉ=ÄìóáåÖ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíK=få=ãçëí=Å~ëÉëI=íÜÉ=ïÉáÖÜáåÖ=~êÉ~=áë=áå=íÜÉ=ã~åÇá=ÅçãéäÉñK=få=ëçãÉ=Å~ëÉëI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=áÑ=íÜÉ=ã~åÇá=áë=ëã~ääI=íÜÉ=ïÉáÖÜáåÖ=~êÉ~=ã~ó=ÄÉ=~í=íÜÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíÛë=ÜçãÉ=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=ã~åÇáK=eÉêÉI=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉ=áë=íê~åëÑÉêêÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íêçääÉó=áåíç=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ë~ÅâëK=qÜÉ=ë~Åâë=~êÉ=íÜÉå=ïÉáÖÜÉÇI=çåÉ=~í=~=íáãÉI=çå=~=ã~åì~ä=ëÅ~äÉK=


• qÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ÄÉ~êë=íÜÉ=Åçëí=çÑ=Ä~ÖÖáåÖ=EoëKPL=Ä~Ö=~í=j~åÇáÇÉÉé=ã~åÇáFK=• j~åÇá=ä~ÄçêÉêë=Çç=íÜÉ=Ä~ÖÖáåÖ=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜáåÖK=^=íê~Çáíáçå~ä=ÅçãéÉåë~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ä~ÄçêÉêë=áë=

íÜÉ=ë~äÉ=çÑ=ëéáääÉÇ=éêçÇìÅÉK=qÜÉó=ïáää=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=ëçãÉ=éçêíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉ=áë=ëéáääÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ïÉáÖÜáåÖ=~êÉ~K=qÜÉó=Ö~íÜÉê=~åÇ=ëÉää=íÜáë=Öê~áå=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ç~óK=bëíáã~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ãçìåí=î~êóI=Äìí=Ñ~êãÉêë=~í=mÉÉé~äê~î~=ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇ=íÜ~í=áí=ï~ë=NJP=âÖëL=èìáåí~äK=qÜÉ=~ëëÉëëãÉåí=~í=hÜ~ëêçÇ=ï~ë=~=ãáåáãìã=çÑ=O=âÖëLèìáåí~äKE=ÁBF=

• qÜÉ=ïÉáÖÜáåÖI=ã~å~ÖÉÇ=Äó=ïçêâÉêë=Å~ääÉÇ=íìä~î~íáë=EïÉáÖÜÉêëF=áë=~åçíÜÉê=ëçìêÅÉ=çÑ=ÇáëÅçåíÉåíK=c~êãÉêë=ÑÉÉä=íìä~î~íáë=ÅçåëáëíÉåíäó=ìåÇÉêJïÉáÖÜ=íÜÉáê=éêçÇìÅÉ=Äó=~ééäóáåÖ=éê~ÅíáÅÉÇ=~åÇ=íáãÉäó=åìÇÖÉë=íç=íÜÉ=ëÅ~äÉK=eáëíçêáÅ~ä=áåíáãáÇ~íáçå=~åÇ=äçåÖ=èìÉìÉë=ï~áíáåÖ=ÄÉÜáåÇ=íÜÉã=Çáëëì~ÇÉë=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=Ñêçã=éêçíÉëíáåÖ=E~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=~=Ñ~êãÉê=Ñêçã=hÜ~ëêçÇI=~åó=Åçãéä~áåíë=ïÉêÉ=ãÉí=Äó=~=êÉíçêí=íÜ~í=íÜáë=ï~ë=åçí=ÖçäÇ=ÄÉáåÖ=ïÉáÖÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ëÅ~äÉFK=låÉ=Åçããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåí=ïÉ=ëéçâÉ=íç=êÉ~Çáäó=~ÅâåçïäÉÇÖÉÇ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã~íáÅ=ìåÇÉêJïÉáÖÜáåÖ=íÜ~í=ÉîÉêó=~ÖÉåí=ÇáÇK=eÉ=ÜçïÉîÉê=ÑÉäí=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=Åçããìåáíó=~ë=~=ïÜçäÉ=ï~ë=ÄÉáåÖ=ÇáëÅêÉÇáíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉñÅÉëëáîÉ=ÖêÉÉÇ=çÑ=~=ÑÉïK=eÉ=ÜáãëÉäÑ=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÅçåíÉåí=ïáíÜ=~=ÑÉï=ÜìåÇêÉÇ=Öê~ãë=~=èìáåí~äK=


=


Payment

^ÑíÉê=ïÉáÖÜáåÖI=íÜÉ=Ñìää=î~äìÉ=çÑ=Öê~áå=áë=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇK=qÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ÖçÉë=íç=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíÛë=çÑÑáÅÉ=íç=ÅçääÉÅí=~=Å~ëÜ=é~óãÉåíK=qÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=é~óë=~=ã~åÇá=ÑÉÉ=ENB=çÑ=éìêÅÜ~ëÉ=î~äìÉ=áå=j~ÇÜó~=mê~ÇÉëÜF=íç=íÜÉ=ã~åÇáK=

Sources of Inefficiencies

• qÜÉ=Éñéäçáí~íáîÉ=íçåÉ=çÑ=áåíÉê~Åíáçå=~äëç=êìåë=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=é~óãÉåí=éêçÅÉëëK=qÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=áë=åÉîÉê=é~áÇ=áå=Ñìää=~í=çåÅÉK=qÜÉ=é~óãÉåíë=~êÉ=ëíêÉíÅÜÉÇ=çîÉê=íáãÉK=qÜáë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ìåÇÉêëíççÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçåíÉñí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=çÑíÉå=íê~îÉäë=ã~åó=Üçìêë=íç=ÖÉí=íç=~=ã~åÇáK=oÉéÉ~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=íêáé=Åçëíë=Üáã=íáãÉ=~åÇ=ãçåÉóK=_ó=íÜáë=íáãÉI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=áë=~äëç=~í=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíÛë=ãÉêÅó=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉ=Öê~áå=Ü~ë=~äêÉ~Çó=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉäáîÉêÉÇK=

• ^é~êí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ãìäíáéäÉ=íêáéë=íç=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíÛë=çÑÑáÅÉI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=ÖÉíë=åç=áåíÉêÉëí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉä~óÉÇ=é~óãÉåí=~åÇ=ÄÉ~êë=íÜÉ=Åçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=~åÇ=íê~îÉäK=`êìëÜÉêë=é~ó=~ÖÉåíë=ìëìêáçìë=ê~íÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éêáîáäÉÖÉ=çÑ=ÇÉä~óÉÇ=é~óãÉåí=~ë=ïÉääK=

Outbound Logistics

qÜÉ=Ä~ÖÖÉÇ=éêçÇìÅÉ=áë=íÜÉå=äç~ÇÉÇ=çå=íç=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=ÄìóÉêÛë=íêìÅâë=~åÇ=íê~åëéçêíÉÇK=

Source of Inefficiency

• ^äçåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=äÉÖ~ä=äçëë=çÑ=î~äìÉ=íç=í~ñÉëI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~å=ìåçÑÑáÅá~ä=íê~ÇÉ=Éëíáã~íÉ=çÑ=NKRB=íç=OB=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅí=î~äìÉ=ÄÉáåÖ=äçëí=áå=í~ñ=Éî~ëáçåK=kçí=~ää=íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=äçëí=íç=í~ñ=Éî~ëáçå=áë=áääÉÖ~äK=pçãÉ=çÑ=áí=áë=áåÅìêêÉÇ=ïÜÉå=éêçÅÉëëçêë=ãçîÉ=éä~åíë=íç=éççêäó=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=òçåÉë=Ñçê=ÖçîÉêåãÉåíJëéçåëçêÉÇ=í~ñ=áåÅÉåíáîÉëK=

• jìäíáéäÉ=éçáåíë=íç=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=ÅÜ~áå=êÉèìáêÉ=íÜÉ=ëÉÉÇë=íç=ÄÉ=Ä~ÖÖÉÇI=~=ëçìêÅÉ=çÑ=áåÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=áå=íÜÉ=ìåäç~ÇáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=~í=íÜÉ=éêçÅÉëëáåÖ=éä~åíK=_ìäâ=EìåÄ~ÖÖÉÇF=ëÉÉÇë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìåäç~ÇÉÇ=Ñçìê=íç=ÑáîÉë=íáãÉë=Ñ~ëíÉê=íÜ~å=Ä~ÖÖÉÇ=ëÉÉÇëK=

Other Sources of Market Inefficiency and their Impact;

• Limited storage levels mean traders do not have the luxury of storing and managing different qualities and grades of produce. Different grades are mixed.

• Unreliable or unavailable national pricing information – Prices are set dynamically in mandis. Publication and statistical analysis is only done for prices at a few major centers. For most part, there is no information available of local pricing levels and trends. This means pricing is localized and lack of information reduces arbitrage opportunity and leads to market inefficiency.

• Arbitrage restrictions arising from forward trading restrictions – The 11-day forward trading restriction implies that for an arbitrage opportunity to be consummated, the product must actually be sold, shipped and delivered within this window. Thus, arbitrage is limited to a small geographic proximity of the original mandi.


=



ITC – IBD AND THE SOYA BUSINESS

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tÜÉå=fq`=ÉåíÉêÉÇ=íÜáë=áåÇìëíêóI=éêçÇìÅÉ=ï~ë=ÄçìÖÜí=~åÇ=ÅêìëÜÉÇ=Äó=ëã~ää=ÅêìëÜÉêë=ïÜç=ïÉêÉ=~äëç=íê~ÇÉêëK=fq`=ÄÉÖ~å=ïáíÜ=ÄìóáåÖ=~åÇ=ÉñéçêíáåÖ=al`K=få=~=óÉ~êI=áí=êÉ~äáòÉÇ=áí=åÉÉÇÉÇ=ÖêÉ~íÉê=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~áå=íç=ÄÉííÉê=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ=éêçÇìÅí=Çóå~ãáÅëK=fq`=íÜÉå=ÄÉÖ~å=êÉåíáåÖ=éêçÅÉëëáåÖ=éä~åí=íáãÉ=~åÇ=ÄìóáåÖ=ëçó~=Ñêçã=ã~åÇáëK=fq`Ûë=éêçÅìêÉãÉåí=Ü~ë=Öêçïå=ê~éáÇäó=ëáåÅÉI=~åÇ=áíë=áåáíá~íáîÉ=Ü~ë=ëÉÉå=íÜÉ=áåíêçÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=éêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=éê~ÅíáÅÉëI=íê~åëé~êÉåÅó=~åÇ=Ñçêã~ä=Åçåíê~Åíì~ä=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=~ÖÉåíë=~åÇ=ÄìóÉêëK=fq`Ûë=êÉéìí~íáçå=E~ë=ÅçêêçÄçê~íÉÇ=Äó=~å=~ÖÉåí=áå=pçåâ~ÅÜF=áë=íÜ~í=çÑ=ÄÉáåÖ=íêìëíïçêíÜóI=íêìÉ=íç=áíë=ïçêÇI=éêçãéí=ïáíÜ=é~óãÉåíë=~åÇ=áåíÉêÉëíÉÇ=çåäó=áå=ÜáÖÜJèì~äáíó=éêçÇìÅÉK=

^=ìåáèìÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=í~ÅíáÅ~äI=ëíê~íÉÖáÅ=~åÇ=ëçÅá~ä=áãéÉê~íáîÉë=ÇêçîÉ=fq`=íç=ÅçåÅÉáîÉ=íÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~äë=~åÇ=êÉÉåÖáåÉÉê=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=î~äìÉ=ÅÜ~áå=Äó=ÇÉéäçóáåÖ=íÜÉãK=

The Tactical Imperative

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çÑ=ëìééäóJÅÜ~áå=áëëìÉëK=fq`Ûë=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=çÑ=áíë=ÅêçéëI=ëìééäáÉê=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=ëìééäó=êáëâë=ï~ë=äáãáíÉÇK=fq`Ûë=~Äáäáíó=íç=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=èì~åíáíó=çÑ=áíë=ëìééäó=Äó=ÄêáåÖáåÖ=ãçÇÉêå=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=ï~ë=~äëç=äáãáíÉÇK=

=• a~áäó=mêáÅÉ=fåÑä~íáçå=Ó=qÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=éìêÅÜ~ëÉÇ=Öê~áå=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=çå=fq`Ûë=ÄÉÜ~äÑK=pçãÉ=éêçÇìÅÉ=

çÑ=ÖççÇ=èì~äáíó=ïçìäÇ=Åçãã~åÇ=~=éêÉãáìãK=pçãÉ=çÑ=éççê=èì~äáíó=ïçìäÇ=ëÉää=~í=~=ÇáëÅçìåíK=qÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=éìêÅÜ~ëÉÇ=~=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=èì~äáíáÉë=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=~í=~=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=éêáÅÉëK=eÉ=ãáñÉÇ=íÜÉã=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=~åÇ=ÅÜ~êÖÉÇ=fq`=~=ëáåÖäÉ=éêáÅÉ=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉê=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅíêìãK=

=

=



• pÉ~ëçå~ä=mêáÅÉ=fåÑä~íáçå=Ó=^=Åçêçää~êó=ÉÑÑÉÅí=ï~ë=íÜ~í=ÜáÖÜJèì~äáíó=éêçÇìÅÉ=ï~ë=ìëÉÇ=íç=ã~âÉ=~å=ÉåíáêÉ=äçí=çÑ=äçïÉêJèì~äáíó=éêçÇìÅÉ=~ÅÅÉéí~ÄäÉK=^ÖÉåíë=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=é~áÇ=~å=áåÑä~íÉÇ=éêÉãáìã=Ñçê=ÜáÖÜJèì~äáíó=éêçÇìÅÉK=qÜáë=ÇêçîÉ=ìé=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=ã~åÇá=éêáÅÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ç~óK=sÉêó=ÑÉï=Ñ~êãÉêë=~Åíì~ääó=Öçí=íÜáë=éêáÅÉ=Äìí=íÜáë=éêáÅÉ=~ÅíÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=ÄÉåÅÜã~êâ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=åÉñí=Ç~óÛë=éêáÅáåÖI=íÜÉêÉÄó=áåÑä~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=ã~åÇá=éêáÅÉ=çîÉê=~=äÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=íáãÉK=qÜáë=ÅêÉ~íÉÇ=~=Çáëíçêíáçå=íÜ~í=áåÑä~íÉÇ=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=ëÉ~ëçå~ä=éêçÅìêÉãÉåí=éêáÅÉë=Ñçê=fq`K=

=• `~éíìêÉ=çÑ=fåíê~JÇ~ó=mêáÅÉ=pÜáÑíë=Ó=j~åÇá=éêáÅÉë=~êÉ=ÑäìáÇ=~åÇ=î~êó=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=Ç~óK=fq`=éêçîáÇÉÇ=

íÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=~=éêáÅÉ=ê~åÖÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=íç=Äìó=ïáíÜáåK=fÑ=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíÛë=~îÉê~ÖÉ=Äìó=éêáÅÉ=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=ï~ë=äçïÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=fq`=éêáÅÉI=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=ëçäÇ=íÜÉ=Öê~áå=íç=fq`=~í=íÜÉ=fq`=éêáÅÉ=~åÇ=éçÅâÉíÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉK=fÑ=íÜÉ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=Äìó=éêáÅÉ=ï~ë=ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=fq`=éêáÅÉI=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=ïçìäÇ=ëíáää=Äìó=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅÉI=Äìí=íÉää=fq`=íÜ~í=ëáåÅÉ=áíë=éêáÅÉ=ï~ë=åçí=ÜáÖÜ=ÉåçìÖÜI=åç=Öê~áå=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÄçìÖÜíK=eÉ=ïáää=ëíçêÉ=íÜÉ=Öê~áå=~åÇ=ëÉää=áí=íç=fq`=íÜÉ=åÉñí=Ç~ó=ïÜÉå=fq`=ê~áëÉÇ=áíë=éêáÅÉ=íç=ã~âÉ=ìé=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éêÉîáçìë=Ç~óÛë=éêçÅìêÉãÉåí=ëÜçêíÑ~ääK=`çããáëëáçå=~ÖÉåíë=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=Å~éíìêÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=ÄÉåÉÑáí=çÑ=áåíê~JÇ~ó=éêáÅÉ=ëÜáÑíëK=

=qÜÉ=~ÖÉåí=åÉîÉê=äçëíK=lÑÑáÅá~ääó=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíÛë=Åçããáëëáçå=ï~ë=NB=çÑ=fq`Ûë=éêáÅÉK=få=êÉ~äáíóI=fq`=Éëíáã~íÉÇ=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíÛë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ã~êÖáå=áë=~êçìåÇ=OKRB=íç=P=BK=qÜÉ=çíÜÉê=áåëáÖÜí=áë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=~ìÅíáçå=éêçÅÉëë=áë=íê~åëé~êÉåí=áå=å~ãÉ=çåäóK=qÜÉ=ã~êâÉí=áë=ÅêÉ~íÉÇI=ã~åáéìä~íÉÇ=~åÇ=ã~å~ÖÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíëK=qÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~ä=áë=~å=áÇÉ~ä=îÉÜáÅäÉ=íç=ÅçããìåáÅ~íÉ=ÇáêÉÅíäó=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÄó=Äóé~ëë=íÜÉ=áåÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉë=~êáëáåÖ=çìí=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÖÉåíëÛ=áåíÉêãÉÇá~íáçåK=

The Strategic Imperative

tÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=áåÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=áå=íÜÉ=ëìééäó=ÅÜ~ååÉä=ï~ë=Å~ìëáåÖ=fq`=íç=äççâ=áåï~êÇI=~=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=ä~åÇëÅ~éÉ=ï~ë=ÑçêÅáåÖ=áí=íç=äççâ=çìíï~êÇK=qÜÉ=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=ÅçããçÇáíó=íê~ÇáåÖ=ÄìëáåÉëë=ï~ë=ëã~ää=Åçãé~êÉÇ=íç=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=éä~óÉêëK=_ó=NVVS=íÜÉ=çéÉåáåÖ=ìé=çÑ=íÜÉ=fåÇá~å=ã~êâÉí=Ü~Ç=ÄêçìÖÜí=áå=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ÅçãéÉíáíáçåK=qÜÉëÉ=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇI=ä~êÖÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=Ü~Ç=ÄÉííÉê=ã~êÖáåJíçJêáëâ=ê~íáçë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=ïáÇÉê=çéíáçåë=Ñçê=êáëâ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=~åÇ=~êÄáíê~ÖÉK=qç=êÉéäáÅ~íÉ=íÜÉáê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ãçÇÉä=ïçìäÇ=êÉèìáêÉ=~=ã~ëëáîÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=çÑ=Üçêáòçåí~ä=~åÇ=îÉêíáÅ~ä=éêÉëÉåÅÉK=qÜÉ=áåîÉëíãÉåíë=Ñçê=íÜáë=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÄÉííÉê=ëéÉåí=áå=çíÜÉê=ëÉÅíçêë=çÑ=fåÇá~Ûë=äáÄÉê~äáòáåÖ=ÉÅçåçãóK=^ÑíÉê=ÉñéäçêáåÖ=ë~äÉI=ãÉêÖÉê=~åÇ=ÅäçëìêÉ=áå=NVVUI=fq`=ÇÉÅáÇÉÇ=íç=êÉí~áå=íÜÉ=ÄìëáåÉëëK=qÜÉ=ÅÜ~áêã~å=çÑ=fq`=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉÇ=f_a=íç=ìëÉ=fq=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉ=Ö~ãÉ=~åÇ=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ÅçãéÉíáíáîÉ=ÄìëáåÉëë=íÜ~í=ÇáÇ=åçí=åÉÉÇ=~=ã~ëëáîÉ=~ëëÉí=Ä~ëÉK=fq`=åÉÉÇÉÇ=íç=~ÇÇêÉëë=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=ÉåàçóÉÇ=áíë=ÅçãéÉíáíçêëX==

=• eçêáòçåí~ä=ëéêÉ~Ç=Ó=mêÉëÉåÅÉ=áå=ÇçòÉåë=çÑ=ÅçìåíêáÉë=~ääçïë=ÅìëíçãÉê=éêçñáãáíó=~åÇ=~=ÇáîÉêëáÑáÉÇ=

ëìééäó=Ä~ëÉK==• sÉêíáÅ~ä=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=Ó=fåíÉÖê~íáçå=~ääçïë=Åçãé~åáÉë=íç=Éñíê~Åí=î~äìÉJÅÜ~áå=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉëK==

=



• läÇ=~åÇ=c~ãáäó=lïåÉÇ=Ó=^å=áåíáã~íÉäó=ã~å~ÖÉÇ=Åçãé~åó=Ü~ë=ÇÉÉé=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=~åÇ=íê~ÇáåÖ=ãÉíÜçÇë=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=çîÉê=íÜÉ=óÉ~êë=íÜ~í=Éå~ÄäÉ=éêçÑáí~Äáäáíó=áå=ÅçããçÇáíó=ïáíÜ=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=íÜáå=ã~êÖáåëK=

=• oáëâ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=Ó=léÉê~íáåÖ=áå=ÅçìåíêáÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=Ñáå~åÅá~ä=~åÇ=äçÖáëíáÅ~ä=áåëíáíìíáçåë=íç=ã~å~ÖÉ=

êáëâ=Eíç=~ääçï=ÑìíìêÉë=íê~ÇáåÖI=ÉíÅKF=äçïÉêë=íÜÉ=Åçëí=çÑ=ÄÉ~êáåÖ=êáëâK==fq`=ÇÉîáëÉÇ=~=ëíê~íÉÖó=íç=ëóëíÉã~íáÅ~ääó=ÇÉéäçó=fq=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉ=Ö~ãÉ=áå=É~ÅÜ=~êÉ~K=qÜÉ=Üçêáòçåí~ä=áåíÉÖê~íáçå=ÇÉÑáÅáÉåÅó=ï~ë=~ÇÇêÉëëÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=`ojJÄ~ëÉÇ=ëçäìíáçåë=íÜ~í=ïÉêÉ=ìëÉÇ=íç=áÇÉåíáÑó=~åÇ=éêçîáÇÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=åçåJëí~åÇ~êÇ=åÉÉÇë=çÑ=ÅìëíçãÉêë=áå=~å=áåÇìëíêó=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáÅ=ëÉêîáÅÉë=Ü~Ç=ÄÉÉå=ëí~åÇ~êÇáòÉÇK=`ìëíçãáòÉÇ=fq=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=~åÇ=êÉ~äáÖåãÉåí=çÑ=ÄìëáåÉëë=Öç~äë=~åÇ=éêçÅÉëëÉë=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉéäçóÉÇ=íç=ã~å~ÖÉ=êáëâ=~åÇ=ÄìáäÇ=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåÛë=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=Ä~ëÉK=

qÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~ä=åÉíïçêâ=ï~ë=ÅçåÅÉáîÉÇ=íç=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=Dîáêíì~ä=îÉêíáÅ~ä=áåíÉÖê~íáçåD=Äó=ÉñíÉåÇáåÖ=fq`Ûë=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí=~ää=íÜÉ=ï~ó=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=áå=íÜÉ=ÑáÉäÇK=

The Social Imperative

qÜÉ=ëçÅá~ä=~ÖÉåÇ~=áë=~å=áåíÉÖê~ä=é~êí=çÑ=fq`Ûë=éÜáäçëçéÜóK=fq`=áë=ïáÇÉäó=êÉÅçÖåáòÉÇ=~ë=ÇÉÇáÅ~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=Å~ìëÉ=çÑ=å~íáçå=ÄìáäÇáåÖK=`Ü~áêã~å=vK=`K=aÉîÉëÜï~ê=åçíÉÇI=“fq`=ÄÉäáÉîÉë=áíë=~ëéáê~íáçå=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=ÉåÇìêáåÖ=î~äìÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=å~íáçå=éêçîáÇÉë=íÜÉ=ÑçêÅÉ=íç=ëìëí~áå=ÖêçïáåÖ=ëÜ~êÉÜçäÇÉê=î~äìÉKÒ=

qÜáë=îáÄê~åí=îáÉï=çÑ=ëçÅá~ä=ÅçåëÅáÉåÅÉ=~ääçïÉÇ=fq`=íç=êÉÅçÖåáòÉ=íÜÉ=ìåáèìÉ=çééçêíìåáíó=çÑ=ÄäÉåÇáåÖ=ëÜ~êÉÜçäÇÉê=î~äìÉ=ÅêÉ~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ëçÅá~ä=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíK=qÜÉ=ëçÅá~ä=áãé~Åí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~äë=~ë=ÉåîáëáçåÉÇ=Äó=fq`=ê~åÖÉë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëÜçêíJíÉêã=éêçîáëáçå=çÑ=fåíÉêåÉí=~ÅÅÉëë=íç=íÜÉ=äçåÖJíÉêã=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=çÑ=êìê~ä=fåÇá~=~ë=~=ÅçãéÉíáíáîÉ=ëìééäáÉê=E~åÇ=ÄìóÉêF=çÑ=~=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=ÖççÇë=~åÇ=ëÉêîáÅÉë=íç=íÜÉ=ÖäçÄ~ä=ÉÅçåçãóK=qÜÉ=ëìëí~áå~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí=ÅçãÉë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÅçããáíãÉåí=íÜ~í=åÉáíÜÉê=íÜÉ=Åçêéçê~íÉ=åçê=ëçÅá~ä=~ÖÉåÇ~ë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉÇ=áå=Ñ~îçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=çíÜÉêK=

e-Choupal: Vision and Planning

fãéäÉãÉåíáåÖ=~åÇ=ã~å~ÖáåÖ=ÉJ`Üçìé~äë=áë=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÇÉé~êíìêÉ=Ñêçã=ÅçããçÇáíáÉë=íê~ÇáåÖ=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=áå=fåÇá~K=qê~ÇáåÖ=áë=åçí=Å~éáí~ä=áåíÉåëáîÉ=ëáåÅÉ=éêçÅÉëëáåÖ=áë=çìíëçìêÅÉÇ=~åÇ=ÅçããçÇáíáÉë=~êÉ=íê~ÇÉÇ=Ñçê=ã~êÖáåë=íÜ~í=ÅçãÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=~êÄáíê~ÖÉ=çÑ=âåçïäÉÇÖÉI=íáãÉ=çê=äçÅ~íáçåK=lå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇI=íÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~ä=ãçÇÉä=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=Å~éáí~ä=çìíä~óëK=dÉííáåÖ=ÅçåÅìêêÉåÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=fq`=_ç~êÇ=Ñçê=ëìÅÜ=~=îÉåíìêÉ=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=íÜÉ=ÇáäáÖÉåí=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=áíë=éêçÖêÉëë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Åä~êáíó=çÑ=îáëáçåI=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=çÑ=êÉîÉåìÉ=ëíêÉ~ãë=~åÇ=çéÉê~íáçåëK=qÜêçìÖÜ=áíë=íçÄ~ÅÅç=ÄìëáåÉëëI=fq`=Ü~ë=ÇÉ~äí=Ñçê=ÇÉÅ~ÇÉë=ïáíÜ=fåÇá~å=~ÖêáÅìäíìêÉI=Ñêçã=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=íç=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåK=fq`Ûë=íê~åëä~íáçå=çÑ=áíë=ëíê~íÉÖáÅI=í~ÅíáÅ~ä=~åÇ=ëçÅá~ä=áãéÉê~íáîÉë=áåíç=~=ÄìëáåÉëë=ãçÇÉä=ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉë=~=ÇÉÉé=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=~Öê~êá~å=ëóëíÉãë=~åÇ=ãçÇÉêå=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ãÉíÜçÇëK=pçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÖìáÇáåÖ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=éêáåÅáéäÉë=ïÉêÉW=

=



Reengineer As Opposed to Reconstruct

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Address the Whole Not Just a Part

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qÜÉ=äáåâÉÇ=íê~åë~Åíáçåë=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêÛë=çîÉê~ää=Åçëí=áå=íÜÉ=ëÜçêí=íÉêãI=Äìí=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ÅóÅäÉ=çÑ=ÉñéäçáíáîÉ=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅó=áå=íÜÉ=äçåÖ=íÉêãK=oìê~ä=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=ÉÑÑçêíë=íÜìë=Ñ~ê=Ü~îÉ=ÑçÅìëÉÇ=çåäó=çå=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=éáÉÅÉë=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ÉåíáêÉ=åÉÉÇëK=`ççéÉê~íáîÉë=Ü~îÉ=íêáÉÇ=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=~ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=áåéìíëI=êìê~ä=Ä~åâë=Ü~îÉ=íêáÉÇ=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=ÅêÉÇáí=~åÇ=ã~åÇáë=Ü~îÉ=íêáÉÇ=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=ÄÉííÉê=ã~êâÉíáåÖ=ÅÜ~ååÉäK=qÜÉëÉ=ÉÑÑçêíë=Å~ååçí=ÅçãéÉíÉ=~Ö~áåëí=íÜÉ=íê~ÇÉêÛë=ÄìåÇäÉÇ=çÑÑÉêK=cìåÅíáçåáåÖ=~ë=~=îá~ÄäÉ=éêçÅìêÉãÉåí=~äíÉêå~íáîÉ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=êÉèìáêÉë=çåÉ=íç=ÉîÉåíì~ääó=~ÇÇêÉëë=íÜÉ=Ö~ãìí=çÑ=åÉÉÇëI=åçí=àìëí=ã~êâÉíáåÖK=

An IT-Driven Solution

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éêáÅáåÖ=~åÇ=ë~äÉ=Ü~ééÉå=ëóåÅÜêçåçìëäóI=íÜìë=ÄáåÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=íç=~å=~ÖÉåíK=qÜÉ=m`=ï~ë=ëÉÉå=~ë=~=ãÉÇáìã=çÑ=ÇÉäáîÉêáåÖ=fq`=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=ê~íÉë=éêáçê=íç=íÜÉ=íêáé=íç=íÜÉ=ã~åÇá=íÜìë=~ääçïáåÖ=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=~å=ÉãéçïÉêÉÇ=ÅÜçáÅÉK=

• c~Åáäáí~íÉ=Åçää~Äçê~íáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ã~åó=é~êíáÉë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=ÑìäÑáää=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅíêìã=çÑ=Ñ~êãÉê=åÉÉÇëK=

qÜáë=Öç~ä=Ñçääçïë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=åÉÉÇ=íç=~ÇÇêÉëë=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉI=åçí=àìëí=íÜÉ=é~êíK==

=



fí=áë=~=íêáÄìíÉ=íç=fq`Ûë=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=çÑ=êìê~ä=î~äìÉ=ëóëíÉãë=íÜ~í=áí=ÇáÇ=åçí=ÜÉëáí~íÉ=áå=áåëí~ääáåÖ=ÉñéÉåëáîÉ=fq=áåÑê~ëíêìÅíìêÉ=áå=éä~ÅÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=ãçëí=éÉçéäÉ=ïçìäÇ=ÜÉëáí~íÉ=íçK=fí=áë=~=íêáÄìíÉ=íç=êìê~ä=î~äìÉ=ëóëíÉãë=íÜ~í=åçí=~=ëáåÖäÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉÑíI=ãáë~ééêçéêá~íáçå=çê=ãáëìëÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉéçêíÉÇ=~ãçåÖ=íÜÉ=~äãçëí=OMMM=ÉJ`Üçìé~äëK=

Clarity of Payback Streams

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Modularity of Investments in Size and Scope

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e-Choupal Operations: Participants and Processes

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The e-Choupal

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The Sanchalak

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• qÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~â=áë=íê~áåÉÇ=áå=ÅçãéìíÉê=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=Å~å=~Åí=~ë=~=Ñ~ãáäá~ê=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=~ééêç~ÅÜ~ÄäÉ=Üìã~å=áåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=çÑíÉå=áääáíÉê~íÉ=Ñ~êãÉê=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=îáää~ÖÉêëK=

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Maintaining Village Trust

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Picking and Training Sanchalaks

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• mêçÖêÉëëáîÉ=~åÇ=ïáääáåÖ=íç=íêó=ëçãÉíÜáåÖ=åÉïK=

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=qÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~â=ìåÇÉêÖçÉë=~=íê~áåáåÖ=éêçÖê~ã=~í=íÜÉ=åÉ~êÉëí=fq`=éä~åíK=eÉ=áë=íê~áåÉÇ=çå=Ä~ëáÅ=ÅçãéìíÉê=ìë~ÖÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåë=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~ä=tÉÄ=ëáíÉK=eÉ=áë=íê~áåÉÇ=çå=Ä~ëáÅ=ÄìëáåÉëë=ëâáääë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=íç=ÑìåÅíáçå=~ë=~=ë~åÅÜ~ä~âK=eÉ=áë=~äëç=íê~áåÉÇ=çå=èì~äáíó=áåëéÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=éêáÅáåÖK=cçê=íÜÉ=ë~äÉ=çÑ=éêçÇìÅíë=íÜêçìÖÜ=ÉJ`Üçìé~äI=íÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~â=êÉÅÉáîÉë=éêçÇìÅí=íê~áåáåÖ=ÇáêÉÅíäó=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê=ïáíÜ=fq`=áåîçäîáåÖ=áíëÉäÑ=çåäó=áå=éêçÇìÅí=ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=Ñ~Åáäáí~íáçåK=få=êÉ~äáíóI=íÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~â=ÖÉíë=ãçëí=çÑ=Üáë=íê~áåáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=àçÄK=qÜáë=ã~âÉë=ëÉäÉÅíáåÖ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~âë=ïáíÜ=~=å~íìê~ä=ÇêáîÉ=~ää=íÜÉ=ãçêÉ=áãéçêí~åíK=

Performance and Motivation

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• qÜÉó=ë~ï=áí=~ë=~=éêçÑáí~ÄäÉ=ÄìëáåÉëëK=

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Sustaining Commercial Volume

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The Samyojak

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qÜÉ=ë~ãóçà~âÛë=Åçää~Äçê~íáçå=ÄÉÖ~å=êáÖÜí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ë~åÅÜ~ä~âëK=_ÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉáê=äçåÖ=~ëëçÅá~íáçå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÄìëáåÉëëI=ë~ãóçà~âë=âåÉï=îáää~ÖÉ=Çóå~ãáÅëK=qÜÉó=âåÉï=ïÜç=ÖêÉï=ëçó~I=ïÜ~í=âáåÇ=çÑ=Ñ~ãáäáÉë=íÜÉó=Ü~ÇI=ïÜ~í=íÜÉáê=Ñáå~åÅá~ä=ëáíì~íáçå=ï~ë=~åÇ=ïÜç=ï~ë=ëÉÉå=~ë=D~ÅÅÉéí~ÄäÉD=áå=íÜÉ=îáää~ÖÉëK=qÜÉêÉ=áë=åç=çíÜÉê=ëçìêÅÉ=ïáíÜ=ëìÅÜ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=çå=êìê~ä=fåÇá~K=^ë=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=çåÖçáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåëI=fq`=áë=ëíêçåÖäó=ÅçããáííÉÇ=íç=áåîçäîáåÖ=ë~ãóçà~âë=áå=ÉîÉêó=ÉäÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉáê=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=~ääçïáåÖ=íÜÉã=êÉîÉåìÉ=ëíêÉ~ãë=íÜêçìÖÜ=éêçîáÇáåÖ=ëÉêîáÅÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=Å~ëÜI=Ä~ÖÖáåÖ=~åÇ=ä~Äçê=áå=êÉãçíÉ=fq`=éêçÅìêÉãÉåí=ÜìÄëI=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=çÑ=ã~åÇá=é~éÉêïçêâ=Ñçê=fq`=éêçÅìêÉãÉåíI=~ë=

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Why Did the Samyojaks Help?

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• qÜÉó=ÑÉÉä=íÜ~í=áÑ=éìëÜÉÇ=íç=~=ÅçêåÉêI=fq`=ÅçìäÇ=Öç=áí=~äçåÉK=qÜÉ=éêçÅÉëë=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëäçïÉêI=Äìí=áí=ïçìäÇ=ÉîÉåíì~ääó=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáêÉÇ=êÉëìäíëK==

• qÜÉó=ëÉÉ=íÜÉ=çééçêíìåáíó=íç=ÇÉîÉäçé=ÖççÇïáää=~åÇ=åÉíïçêâë=áå=íÜÉ=îáää~ÖÉëK=

• cáå~ääóI=íÜÉ=ë~ãóçà~â=ë~áÇ=íÜ~í=ÜÉ=ë~ï=ÖäçÄ~äáò~íáçå=~ë=~å=áêêÉëáëíáÄäÉ=íêÉåÇK=^äíÜçìÖÜ=ÜÉ=ë~ï=äçëë=çÑ=êÉîÉåìÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ëÜçêí=íÉêãI=Üáë=äçåÖJíÉêã=áåíÉêÉëí=ä~ó=áå=ÅççéÉê~íáåÖ=ïáíÜ=~å=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=Åçãé~åóK=

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM: e-CHOUPAL PROCESSES

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Inbound Logistics

Pricing Hub Logistics

Weighing Payment

Inspection, Grading

Price Setting and Dissemination

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Inspection and Grading

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Weighing and Payment

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Logistics and Storage

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Farmer Gains

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ITC Gains

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e-Choupal Procurement Savings in Numerical Terms

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Transportation Bagging and Weighing Labor Costs

Handling and Transit Losses Commission

Commission 0 100 0 50

Handling and Transit Losses 50 10 0 0

Labor Costs 50 70 0 85

Bagging and Weighing 70 75 0 0

Transportation 100 250 0 100

Farmer (Mandi) ITC (Mandi) Farmer (e-

Choupal)ITC (e-

Choupal)

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THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF e-CHOUPALS

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Better Agriculture

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Bridging the Information Gap

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GETTING THE BENEFITS OF THE NETWORK: CHEAPER AND SMARTER AGRICULTURAL INPUTS

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Farmer As a Source of Innovation

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Better Lifestyles

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Orchestrating the Network

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SOURCES OF EFFICIENCY

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Status of Operation

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Brighter Futures

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Knowledge of the World

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Access to Credit

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Insurance and Risk Management Services

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Detractors, Risks and Limitations

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Detractors

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Risks and Limitations

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Subversion of Samyojaks Toward Competitive Entry

fq`Ûë=êÉä~íáçåëÜáé=ïáíÜ=ë~ãóçà~âë=ëÉÉãë=íç=ÄÉ=ìåÉ~ëóK=fí=äççâ=äáâÉ=fq`=ÅçìäÇ=É~ëáäó=ã~å~ÖÉ=áåíÉêå~ääó=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉë=éêçîáÇÉ=Äó=íÜÉ=ë~ãóçà~âëK=qÜÉ=çåÉ=ë~ãóçà~â=ïÉ=ëéçâÉ=ïáíÜ=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=íÜ~í=é~ëí=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éêçãáëÉ=çÑ=ÑìíìêÉ=ÄìëáåÉëë=âÉÉéë=Üáã=äçó~ä=íç=fq`=ÇÉëéáíÉ=ÇÉÉé=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=

=



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Farmers and Customer Service

fq`=Ü~ë=~ï~âÉåÉÇ=Ñ~êãÉêë=íç=~ëéáê~íáçåëK=fÑ=íÜÉó=Çç=åçí=âÉÉé=ìé=ïáíÜ=íÜÉëÉ=~ëéáê~íáçåëI=íÜÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=ïáää=äççâ=ÉäëÉïÜÉêÉ=íç=ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉãK=^ë=~å=Éñ~ãéäÉI=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçåîÉêë~íáçå=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~â=~ëâÉÇ=ìë=~Äçìí=fåÇá~å=çåáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=ÖäçÄ~ä=ã~êâÉíI=ÜÉ=~äëç=âåÉï=ïÜ~í=íÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=ï~ëK=eÉ=Ü~äÑJÅçãéä~áåÉÇ=íÜ~í=ÜÉ=Ü~Ç=íçäÇ=fq`=ëÉîÉê~ä=íáãÉë=íç=ÄÉÖáå=ë~äÉë=çÑ=ÄÉííÉê=çåáçå=ëÉÉÇëI=Äìí=ÜÉ=Ü~Ç=åçí=ÜÉ~êÇ=Ä~Åâ=Ñêçã=íÜÉãK==

Social Impact Limited by Stratification

qÜÉ=ÅçãéìíÉê=áå=íÜÉ=îáää~ÖÉ=áë=åç=ÇçìÄí=êÉîçäìíáçå~êóI=Äìí=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~äëç=åç=ÇçìÄí=íÜÉ=îáää~ÖÉë=ïÉ=ë~ï=ïÉêÉ=ëíê~íáÑáÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=éçáåí=ïÜÉêÉ=åçí=ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=Å~å=ï~äâ=ìé=íç=íÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~â=~åÇ=~ëâ=íç=ÄÉ=ëÜçïå=íÜÉ=ÅçãéìíÉêK=qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ÅäÉ~êäó=áåÅçãÉ=äÉîÉäë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÉåíáêÉ=~Çìäí=ÑÉã~äÉ=éçéìä~íáçå=íÜ~í=Çç=åçí=Ü~îÉ=~ÅÅÉëë=íç=íÜÉ=ÅçãéìíÉê=EïÉ=Ü~îÉ=çåäó=ìëÉÇ=ã~ëÅìäáåÉ=éêçåçìåë=áå=íÜáë=é~éÉê=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜ~í=áë=íÜÉ=êÉ~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçÅáÉíó=ïÉ=îáëáíÉÇFK=qÜÉ=áåå~íÉ=éçïÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçãéìíÉê=íç=ÇêáîÉ=ëçÅá~ä=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=íê~åëÅÉåÇ=íÜáë=Ä~êêáÉê=ìå~áÇÉÇK=qÜáë=áë=Äó=åç=ãÉ~åë=~=êÉÑäÉÅíáçå=ìéçå=fq`X=áí=áë=~=êÉÑäÉÅíáçå=ìéçå=íÜÉ=å~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ìåÇÉêäóáåÖ=ëçÅáÉíó=áå=êìê~ä=j~ÇÜó~=mê~ÇÉëÜK=

qÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=ãáÖÜí=äáÉ=áå=çÄëÉêîáåÖ=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=ÇêáîÉå=ëçÅá~ä=ÅÜ~åÖÉK=sáää~ÖÉ=Ñ~êãÉêë=ÄÉäçåÖ=íç=ã~åó=ëçÅá~ä=~åÇ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=ëíê~í~K=vÉíI=íÜÉ=ë~åÅÜ~ä~âë=~êÉ=ëÉêîáÅáåÖ=~ää=çÑ=íÜÉã=Éèì~ääóK=få=íÜáë=Å~ëÉI=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=Ñçê=ÅçããÉêÅÉ=Ü~ë=ÄêçâÉå=~=Ä~êêáÉê=íÜ~í=ëçÅáÉíó=Ü~ë=ÄìáäíK=páãáä~êäóI=ÉåÖ~ÖÉãÉåí=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=áëçä~íÉÇ=ÇÉãçÖê~éÜáÅëI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=ïçãÉåI=ã~ó=ÄÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=~ÅíáîÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÉJ`Üçìé~ä=çÑ=éêçÇìÅíë=í~áäçêÉÇ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó=íç=íÜÉãK==

Endnotes

========================================================N=`çéóêáÖÜí«=OMMPI=qÜÉ=bÅçåçãáÅ=fåíÉääáÖÉåÅÉ=råáíK=O=“mçîÉêíó=aóå~ãáÅë=áå=oìê~ä=fåÇá~Ò=Ó=fjc=tçêâáåÖ=m~éÉêI=oÉîáëÉÇ=kçîÉãÄÉê=SI=OMMOK=P=^=ã~àçê=ëçìêÅÉ=Ñçê=íÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=áë=tçêäÇ=_~åâ=oÉéçêí=@NRSTTJfkW=fåÇá~=qÜÉ=láäëÉÉÇ=`çãéäÉñW=`~éíìêáåÖ=j~êâÉí=lééçêíìåáíáÉëI=gìäó=NVVTK=

echoupal

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