Presented by: Group 5

Md. Saidur Rahman, Bangladesh (Group Leader)

Brando Cabigas Razon, PhilippinesSyahyadi, IndonesiaL Changhe, ChinaHinohara Hiroyuki, JapanMeng Meng, China* Presented in the 3rd Summer Course 2011 of Hiroshima

University, Japan at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China during 4-14 Aug 2011

THE PRESENTATIONon

to

BRM, ADB8 September 2011

Background The 3rd Summer Course 2011 “DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A LOW CARBON WORLD: Preparing

Professionals for Policy and Planning Instruments for Green Innovation” jointly with Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China (4-14 Aug 2011)

The 1st Summer Course 2011 “DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A LOW CARBON WORLD: Preparing Professionals for Post-Kyoto Climate Negotiations and Sustainable Growth Policies” jointly with LBJ School, The University of Texas Austin during August 5-21, 2009 at Hiroshima University, Japan (40 participants).

The 2nd Summer Course 2010 jointly with Bogor Agricultural University at Bogor, Indonesia A Global Environmental Leaders Education Program in Hiroshima University by the Ministry of

Education, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for designing a low carbon society

47 participants from 16 different countries 10 alumni+ 37 master and PhD course students from HU, China’s 3 universities and University of

Texas at Austin, USA

The course highlights policy and planning instruments which facilitate environmental sound technological changes: green invention, innovation and deployment.

provides an opportunity several technical visits reviews of technological options for key sectors - energy supply, transportation and energy

devices

Paper will be published as ‘ Research Note’ in the Journal of International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan in March 2012 Issue

Technical VisitsChina produced 48% of the world's solar panels in 2010 – eqvt.

to13 gigawatts electricity [China Daily] 

Solar power can deliver all the energy the world requires. Even in northern latitudes such as Cambridge, UK, enough radiation hits the city in 20 minutes to produce its entire power requirements for that day.

Yingli Solar , Baoding, China

Part 1Urbanization Process & Climate Change

IssuesHistorical Development of City & Eco-City

Concept

Part 2Case Study & Lessons Learned

Conclusions & Recommendations

Presentation outlines

More than half the world’s population (over 3.3 billion) resides in urban areas - 5 billion by 2030

120 Megacities were in 2000, the number is projected to rise to more than 160 by 2015

75% of global economic production takes place in cities

about 90% of global urban growth now takes place in developing countries

urban share of GDP already surpasses 60% in developing countries

400,000 km2 of new urban built-up area will be constructed within next 20 years equivalent that of total world’s area in 2000

entire built-up urban area in developing countries is projected to triple

Urbanization has greatly contributed to environmental and socioeconomic challenges

climate change, pollution, congestion, and the rapid growth of slums

By 2050 there will be an energy shortfall of 14 terawatts across the planet

CO2 and methane levels in the atmosphere are higher than at any time in the last 650,000 years

lead to continuous increase of global temperature

The increase in global emissions has been largely driven by increased emission from large developing countries

China, India, Brazil and the other growing economies of the world.

Urban Interaction and Global Concerns

BUT HOW TO ADDRESS THE ISSUES…….?

Urbanization and Climate Change

Cities are now on the front line of the management of change and are playing a leading role in the global development agenda

Globally, cities account for about 70% of energy related GHGs emissions, which leads to climate change -global warming

City-level actions needs to be a central part in GHG emissions reduction strategies

Way Forward-------------

Emerging Eco-City ConceptOne Point Linear Perspective:“The Ideal City“ in 1470 by Piero della Francesca

Howards’s Garden City (1898) inspired by the Utopian novel ‘Looking Backward’

"Moving into eco-cities does not mean people will sacrifice modern conveniences and go back to a primitive relationship with nature. It is a lifestyle that does little harm to the environment while meeting the human race's increasing demand for a better life." - Professor Wang Rusong, DG, Ecological Society of China. 

Elements of Eco-City Planning Sense of place of individual

neighborhoods Emphasis on public spaces

and greenery Comprehensive land use

planning Compact and

geometrically integrated Integrated with public

transport zoning - setting of various

facilities, community development etc

Usage of renewable energy Application of new ICT

management Ensure public participation Innovation of local

technologies Dynamic confluence of

aesthetic, technological and sociological perspectives

Eco-City: Planning Issues & New-Urbanism

Eco-City: Planning Issues & New-Urbanism

Eco-City: Planning Issues & New-Urbanism

Feet First

Pedal Next

PT Third

Car May Be

Key Features Innovative land use planning integrated

with transportation planning Linearly urban growth along strategic

axes high density commercial and residential

development land use zoning integrated with master

plan (1966) Incremental development strategy

city procured the basic rights of way for critical transport infrastructure, and developed infrastructure and service routes only when demand justified supply

Green area enhancement & flood control enhanced the green areas and

recreational facilities within the city, including parks and bicycle paths

Solid waste management Citizen participation

Case Study 1: Curitiba, Brazil

Evolution of the Integrated Bus Network in Curitiba, 1974–95 and 2009, Source: IPPUC (2009)

The Trinary Road System in Curitiba, Source: World Bank (2010).

Case Study 1: Curitiba, Brazil

An emerging eco-city in China A JV initiatives between the Government

of Singapore and the Tianjin municipal government

Features of the SSTEC Master Plan Integrated mixed-use zones in an “eco-

cell” layout, a modular 400m by 400m grid

Relatively high-density city enabling TOD

3-tiers integrated public transport ‘leading-edge’ green technology to

public transit Energy consumption is at least 20%

lower than the national average Solar energy be 30.7% of total

renewable energy Efficient water use and solid waste

management

City Profile Area: 34.2 km2 Population: 11.76 million (3rd largest) Location: 40 km from Tianjin City and 150 km

from Beijing

Case Study 2: Sino-Singapore Tianjin, China

A solar photovoltaic power station in Golmud, Qinghai province.

Tianjin was originally an industrial base for chemical manufacturing in northern China and has long been suffering from chemical pollution.

Deserted saltpans, saline-alkaline non-arable land and polluted bodies of water made up a third of the area.

But now this land is full of greenery and offers a comfortable environment to work and live

Case Study 2: Sino-Singapore Tianjin, China

Hope for Future….

KEY Indicators KPI 5: Carbon emissions per unit of GDP: ≤150 tons

per one million US$ GDP KPI 7: Proportion of Green Buildings: 100% KPI 11: Per capita domestic waste generation: ≤ 0.8

kg per day (by 2013) KPI 12: Proportion of Green Trips: 90% KPI 13: Solid waste recycling rate: 60% KPI 19: Renewable energy usage: 20% KPI 20: Water supply from non-conventional

sources: at least 50%

Problems and pitfalls Ill-designed in rural areas

Questinable economic sustainability displaced farmers were not likely to be able to afford housing at the eco-city site, even with

20% of dwelling units designated as affordable housing Management problems confusion between design firm and state-owned developer Unplanned funding Political will and lack of citizen participation

Located on an estuary tidal flat at the east end of Chongming Island at the mouth of the Yangtze River, about an hour’s ferry ride from

Shanghai

Have the potential to tap renewable energy sources such as solar and wind

The start-up area of 6.5 km2, housing 80,000 people.

Targeted for completion in 2020, to have covered 30 km2 with a population of 500,000

by 2050.

1st eco-city in China (2003) proclaimed world’s first purpose-built carbon neutral city (ADB, 2010)

1st phase was scheduled to complete in 2010 before Shanghai World Expo

However, it largely failed to materialize

Case Study 3: Dongtan, China

Japan’s Eco-Model City Innitiatives

Japan’s Eco-Model City Innitiatives

Stockholm, SwedenHammarby Model (1995)

Key Features City council aimed to be two times more sustainable than Swedish best practices (as of 1995)

on a range of indicators: most notably, energy efficiency per square meter also water conservation, waste reduction and reuse, emissions reductions, reduced

hazardous materials in construction, use of renewable energy sources, and integrated transportation solutions

A project team was formed to integrate these efforts into a single direction led by a project manager and an environmental officer with key representatives from different city departments

This model streamlines various systems of infrastructure and urban service delivery, and provides the foundation and blueprint for achieving many of the sustainability targets

Initial Outcomes (World Bank 2010) 30% reduction in non-renewable energy use 41% reduction in water use 29% reduction in global warming potential 41% reduction in photochemical ozone creation production 36% reduction in acidification potential 33% reduction in radioactive waste

Stockholm, Sweden

Many solutions are affordable even if budgets are limited many creative, practical, & cost-effective solutions simultaneously achieve greater benefits

Success is achievable through existing proven technologies and new innovations depends less on new technologies and more on appropriate technologies

Think globally, act locally approach city authorities should first look at the innovation taking place within own city boundaries

Many solutions benefit the poor indirectly and directly fiscal gains in city expenditures & utility payments can free up money for social investment

Leadership and continuity Strong leadership with technical backgrounds and political will

Citizen ownership and eco-consciousness people’s active participation in city programs

Local characteristics local situation, including its budget, capacity, social conditions in devising urban strategies

Opportunities to Capitalize many opportunities created by rapid change and successful innovation

Lessons Learned for Developing Countries

Achieving the Harmonies of Eco-City in Developing Countries

Achieving the Harmonies of Eco-City in Developing Countries

Eco-city framework may be a reference for developing sustainable cities in developing countries towards developing low carbon society

Eco-cities have the potential to address many of the problems world facing today Global warming, congestion, rapid urbanization, energy and water

Current design and planning practices among cities may be a challenge rooted in patterns established in the 19th century

Design of an eco-city or sustainable city will depend on an operating set of values Effective and well-coordinated urban planning and land use policies Appropriate spatial layouts to provide strong and sustained long term development

and compound the economic, social, and environmental returns

Communities, NGOs and local public agencies need to operate synergistically and with the government and other stakeholders

Goals and priorities need to be defined and agreed upon at an early stage so that expectations can be met and to diminish a fuzzy, uncertain planning environment.

Appropriate technologies and local innovations should be prioritized

Conclusion and Recommendations

Thank You For

Kind Attention