eco risk management in mining, eco practicum issn1452-4864/6_2_2011_november... · eco risk...

1. INTRODUCTION

Create an eco-strategy of environmentalprotection at sites of urban municipalities to

promote the new position of environmentalquality in an advance, the total developmentpotential. The nature of society, globalizationand the current world economic crisis,

ECO RISK MANAGEMENT IN MINING, ECO PRACTICUM

Slobodan Radosavljevića* and Milan Radosavljevićb

aRB "Kolubara", Lazarevac, Svetog Save 1, Lazarevac, SerbiabGO Lazarevac, Karađorđeva 42., Lazarevac, Serbia

(Received 21 September 2010; accepted 3 January 2011)

Abstract

Environmental protection is a key factor for sustainable development in the area of exploitationof natural energy resources. Solving problems in this field requires a quality strategic positioning ecoexploitation sites, which is the most burdened by environmental problems, based on modernscientific approaches and definitions. Realistically frequent criticism and environmental hazards inmining the potential of various statements. There is a long-term disruption of natural flow and overallecological balance of the system. Demonstrated environmental destruction and damage of smaller orlarger extent the result, which can be accessed from the aspect of taking corrective action by the state.A complex analysis of the causes, the analysis of environmental risks and the definition of preventiveenvironmental strategy, hardly can speak, at least in the forms of modern analytical andmethodological approaches. The basis of determining the initiation of interest on takingresponsibility for local environmental priorities and their protection in areas of intensive exploitationof works. It is a negative impact on human health and the need to preserve the total ecosystem.Analysis of environmental risks is becoming logistically purpose and need with which to be flexible,adaptable, and efficiently organize and manage access to environmental reality and truth in thecontext of improvements, now and in the near future. This paper presents real experiences andresearch results in environmental practicum proposals and implementation of modern concepts,methods and models for the analysis of environmental risks.

Keywords: environmental risk, eco practical, eco-destruction, model, mining

* Corresponding author:[email protected]

S e r b i a n

J o u r n a l

o f

M a n a g e m e n t

Serbian Journal of Management 6 (2) (2011) 169 - 192

www.sjm06.com

DOI: 10.5937/sjm1102169R

determine the life and fate of the local. Thisis explicitly the need to initiate a differenteco-thinking where to generate new ideas inthe context of new environmentalapproaches, communication flows andpatterns as well as partial or complete re-engineering eco extensions, (Asif, et al.,2009). Eco-system change, organizationaleco models with the inclusion of all subjectsof eco-systems and new organizationalbehavior at the local level, at this pointbecome an imperative. For thousands ofyears the man and nature harmoniouslydeveloped and prospered. Nature has helpedman to survive and was very tolerant towardshim. The balance is there until the middle ofthe twentieth century, (Afrazeh & Bartsch,2007). Realistically fast development ofscience and technology, the race for profit,caused the human non-sustainable, whereaggressiveness is the nature of almostforgotten. Since it has already taken over halfa century before it is returned, the pace ofthat nature simply cannot stand. Nature itselfreminds us of this through a variety ofphenomena, such as the greenhouse effect,acid rain, continuous reduction of the ozonelayer, uncontrolled deforestation, growth ofhazardous waste, urban chaos, waterpollution, soil, climate change, extinction ofmany animal and plant species and more,(Bernardo et al., (2009). These are just someof numerous problems that are generatedbetween man and nature-that are current atthe local level.

Degradation sites and "Kolubara"Lazarevac long as the exploitation ofresources that modther nature gave selflesslyto this end, primarily coal.

Eco experts agree that there are realisticopportunities to generate and promote newvalues: health, knowledge, freedom, quality,communications, environment and others,

(Bernardo et al., 2010). However, the form ofdeeply rooted attitudes towards nature is stillprevents the establishment of a new logic oflife and eco-cultural work on the local level.Considering the large volume of degradingthat causes increasingly common at-risk,emergency, accidents at local events,required the development andimplementation of new methods, techniquesand instruments for analysis, reduction,monitoring and managing environmentalrisk, (Griffith & Bhutto, 2008; Mihajlović, etal., 2010). The appearance and developmentof special events are caused by sudden,unpredictable and unexpected circumstancesof high risk, and often can not be analyzedand addressed on the basis of pastexperience. Today the necessary analysis andreduction of environmental risk, on the basisof scientific knowledge while constantlydeveloping new approaches strategies andplans. Environmental Mission in local meansestablishing harmony between man andnature through a total redesign of the existingsystem of values and ethics awareness andreshaping the new eco form and content,(Dependability management-Part 3., 1995).

The traditional concept of development,focused on the production of material goodsand aggressive exploitation of naturalresources over to get closer to the end, (Lawon the Protection of Environment, 2004). Afurther incentive in that context becomesirrelevant, which allows use smaller and theconsequences of degrading nature ofgrowing. Awareness of environmentalproblems at local level is often much fasterapplications registered in the informalstatement, but it is through eco establishesscientific knowledge, (Report of the WorldBank-Serbia and Montenegro, 2003). Theresult is the existence of a sufficientlycomprehensive strategy and environmental

170 S.Radosavljevi} / SJM 6 (2) (2011) 169 - 192

policy at the local level. Thus, the expansionof the science of quality, long time tookcharge of the environmental components aswell as parameters of eco products, (IS CEI300-3-9. Part 3. Dependability management -Application guide-Section 9, 1995).However, more and more the existence of allsubjects at the local level depends on theirwillingness to comply with the projectedenvironmental measures and regulations.Eco-system of the local need to address theissue of tasks, actors, structure, organization,management and IT support, as well as todevelop the basic parameters and responseprocedures at all levels.

The next steps are: • establishment of a functional

ecological relationships and communication,• environmental monitoring and,• environment management with

logistical support.It turns out that the basic task of achieving

high quality eco future for generations tocome. Opportunities for environmentalprotection in terms of degrading grow in linewith the development of environmentalknowledge, awareness and responsibility,(ISO 31000. 2009). New and moderntechnology on the other hand, discover newpossibilities of application of environmentalmanagement. In consideration of futuredevelopments in the field of environment,there is no one way to meet a future that isnot included in the analysis, reduction,monitoring and management of risk. Ecoinstruments, measures, metrics, monitoringand controlling must have a decisive role,(Karapetrovic, 2002).

It turns out that the right to protect thenatural environment, personal andinalienable right of man. As such, it is relatedto his life and health-as the most human andcivilizational values. In accordance with

current legislation and the positiveexperiences from the closer and further to thelocal environment requires special attentionpaid to more timely, accountable andconstantly reporting to the public on theactual ecological truth, (Karapetrovic &Casadesús, 2009). Staffing resource to localenvironmental resources must play a crucialrole in the operationalization ofenvironmental strategies, information andeducation in all subjects ecosystems. Inaddition to professional staff with a highlevel of competence, to solve environmentalproblems at the local level, it is necessaryand good long-term financial logistics,(Environmental quality of the city ofBelgrade in 2005).

2. POTENTIAL ECO DESTRUCTION

IN MINING AND RISK

Environmental problems identified throughthe environmental aspects that generatedcriticism and destruction in the mining, theanalysis can be displayed in the context ofthe current situation:

• air quality in the monitored area(industry as a source of air pollution, trafficas a source of air pollution, fire place as asource of pollution),

• water quality in the monitored area(quality of water supply, quality of municipalwastewater, industrial waste water quality),

• impact of waste on the environment, (asmunicipal solid waste, landfill waste statusof local, wild-state illegal dumpsites, thestate of industrial waste, hazardous industrialwaste, medical waste),

• soil quality in the local (state capture anddegradation of land due to local mining,pollution of soil, (plant foods of animalorigin), waste from energy plant industrial

171S.Radosavljevi} / SJM 6 (2) (2011) 169 - 192

complex, the use of land for agriculturalpurposes, mudslides, landslides and erosion),

• the preservation of biodiversity,• allowable noise levels at the local level,• insufficient environmental awareness,• the quality of environmental strategies,

environmental plans and all documents as avery important instrument for the protectionand improvement of the environment at locallevel.

Analysis of real ecological point of viewopens a number of questions regarding theapplication of potential criticism anddestructive statements, which can still be decomposed viewed in the context of negativeenvironmental synergies, partially andjointly with other important aspects, (Main,2005). The specified definition refers to areal complicated and complex procedure ofrisk analysis of environmental and choice ofanalytical and methodological approaches inthis context, (Michael & Launa, 2003).

2.1. The aim of the research and

environmental hypotheses

The process of research is carried out inthe period 2002-2009 at the premises andimmediate area and beyond micro-siteenvironment and the exploitation of energyresource potential.

The aim of the research is orientedtowards:

• development of methodology for thesystematic analysis of environmental risks inmining,

• elaboration of the necessary criteriaand processes that will help in assessing therisk to the system,

• elaboration of a methodology forassessing the impact of destructive potentialenvironmental aspects of site operation,

• assessing the current situation and

realistic framework for the required partial ortotal change in the context of improving theeco-system performance,

• defining the necessary conditions forthe management and monitoring ofenvironmental risk.

The study defined the followinghypothesis:

• it is possible to realize the strategy ofsystematic analysis of environmental risks inthe mining process,

• it is possible to determine thelikelihood of ecological and eco-critical partsof the destructive potential of the process andthe system as a whole,

• it is possible to use contemporarymodels and methods for the analysis,evaluation, reduction, monitoring andmanagement of environmental risk,

• it is possible that at the stage ofenvironmental monitoring to detect adverseenvironmental effects and preventivemeasures to construct solutions to the criticalsituation,

• it is possible to design a model forquality management and monitoring ofenvironmental risk in the mining industry.

2.2. Research the current situation

So far, the development of technologicalprocesses in mining has contributedsignificantly to the economic developmentarea micro location exploitation. However, alarge volume of mining, associated with theproduction of electricity has caused anumber of negative changes in theenvironment area, with particular influenceon the location of the macro environment. Inaddition, a significant impact on theenvironment are: industry, the functions ofsettlements, transport and agriculture. Areaof land occupied by mining works on the


researched area in early 2008 amounted toabout 860 ha, of which the active zone minesabout 29 ha, and in the neighboring localityof about 27 ha. In addition to mines, thesources of environmental impacts are relatedactivities (assembly, machinery), industrialrailways, road infrastructure and the adjacentsettlements. Also, i had to take into accountthe impact of the current dig, located alongthe northern border areas and the impact ofindustrial plants for processing coal.

The paper is a review only of informationobtained in the survey took place.

2.2.1. Air quality

To air pollution in surface coal miningcomes in, transportation and reloading ofcoal and overburden. Especially importantpollutants (especiallyduring strong winds)may be dumping waste in the dryperiod.When working machinery driven by internalmotorscombustion, harmful gases areemitted as nitric oxide (NO),carbonmonoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2),also the soot and dust particles.Air quality inthe area of micro-locations exploitationregularly controlled. Results of measuringconcentration. "Classical" pollutantsmaterials were as follows:

• Soot: Increased concentrations wererecorded in the winter months (October toFebruary). Middle monthly sootconcentrations ranging from 3.4 to 25.4μg/m3. The average annual concentrationwas 11.5 μg/m3 (which exceeds the 50μg/m3 GVI), and recorded a total of GVIexcess of 9 days (from December toJanuary);

• Suspended particles: Increasingconcentrations (CSR) have been determinedin the winter months (from December toMarch). Middle monthly concentrations

ranging from 55.8 to 170.8 μg/m3, and theaverage annual concentration amounted to98.6 μg/m3 (which GVI exceeds 70 μg/m3);

• Sedimentary matter: The highestconcentrations are in the spring months, atleast during the summer months. Middlemonthly concentrations ranging from 71.9 to268.1 μg/m3dan, while the mean annualconcentration of total taložnihmatteramounted to 164.0 μg/m3dan;

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2): concentrationswere higher in winter months, high monthlyconcentrations ranging from <5.0 to 9.2μg/m3, while the mean annual amounted to6.2 μg/m3, and not exceeding a single day;

• Azotdioksida (NO2): Theconcentrations were higher in winter months.Medium monthly concentrations rangingfrom 6.5 to 13.0 μg/m3, while the meanannual amounted to 9.2 μg/m3, and notexceeding a single day of the year.

In previous measurements of suspendedmatter and concluded taložnih the presenceof heavy metals: nickel, chromium,cadmium, manganese, lead andothers.Values concentration of nickel,chromium and manganese occasionallyexceed MDK.

2.2.2. Water quality

Exploitation of coal by surfacecharacteristics of the technological processcauses changes in hydrogeological andhydrological regime of narrow and wide areaexploitation as well as emissions into surfaceand ground water. We should bear in mindthe risk of oily water caused by repairmachinery (of oil, lubricants, etc.). Inaddition, the river and its tributaries flowinginto the naseljske waste water withouttreatment.

The river is usually in the IV or IV/III-


class quality, while in periods of little watereven in a state of''out of class''when hepractically turned into a collector of wastewater. As a result, excess MDK especiallypronounced: the organic matter (BOD5),NH4-N, the number of school formnih germ(NBK) and an unfavorable condition.

The values of suspended matter from timeto time belonging to classes III and IV, aswell as

increased content of dissolved oxygen,the percentage of oxygen saturation anddecreased electrical conductivity. Ofhazardous substances were registered higherconcentrations dissolved manganese,phenols, iron, nickel. Sapri biologicalresearch quality water show that the streamof we ighted moderate organic pollutiondominated by organisms indicators β and α-meso the test zone.

Measurement results of standard physico-chemical parameters of waste water and theriver upstream and downstream of wastewater flows have shown that waste waterdoes not impact significantly on the changeof river water quality. Measurements in themonth of March 2000., 2006. and 2008.showed that flows downstream from wastewater comes to potentially water temperatureby about 0,8 ° C, an increase of suspendedsolids and phenols (when measuring 2007.).

Bacteriological examination showed thatthe total number of bacteria in 1 litersignificantly increase downstream. Rivershave uneven water regimes, with the growthof short and long periods of little water. Toobtain a more accurate impact assessment ofwaste water to the river should be used formeasuring water in a small period of time.Especially when one bears in mind that theamount of water discharged into the river is20-100% of its secondary flow. The river isextra demand on waste water from mines,

which are tributaries of the creek in the areaof settlement.

Analysis of the quality of raw water fromsource (measurement in October 2007.)Show that, in accordance with theRegulation on hygienic quality of drinkingwater, it comes to exceeding the followingparameters: fuzziness, and the smell ofammonia. Apart from pollution,

surface mining activities (includingancillary drainage systems) groundwaterdisturb modes radical folding pijezo metriclevel, which threatens the use ofunderground water in water supply systemsand individual wells.

At the area considered a major problem isunder-built sewer network. Rural settlementsare sanitary Unordered or no seweragesystem for waste water. Evacuation of wastewater in households the largest percentagedone by septic tanks.

2.2.3. Soil quality

Almost all areas of forest are planted inthe period 1973-1993. The built in forestreclamation of overburden dumps. In foreststands that are built on depository salts, mostfrequent are pure cultures of red pine andwhite pine, followed by a mixed culture ofconifers. Places the happiness and pureculture of wood: oak, maple, ash and others.

Data on soil pollution in the area arescarce. Based on the available analysis of theimpact of certain mines and industrialfacilities can be concluded that the greatestpollution coming out of the soil near thesource of contamination (250-500 meters),due to direct contamination of harmfulparticles, waste water and harmful gases.Secondary contamination is caused by thetransport and distribution of particle matter.


2.2.4. Noise and Vibration

Possibility of adverse impacts ofexcessive noise and vibration in the workingenvironment exists in all phases of theoperation of surface mines.

Noise sources are mining coal miningmachinery, transportation and ancillaryworks, railway network to transport coal androad transport. Estimates of noise levelforreceptor distance 500 m from the surfacemines have shown that noise levels do notexceed the allowable value. At a distance300-500 m from the mine noise levels maybe higher than 55 dB (A), depending on thecurrent layout of equipment on mine.

2.2.5. Solid Waste Management

In the area of micro-locations exploitationhandling waste is not solved in a satisfactorymanner. Organized collection is performed inthe territory Baroševca, Medoševca andŠopića, while in the territory of thesettlement Burovo Zeoke collection andpartly organized. There are "wild" landfills,and dumps that affect soil and waterpollution. On the territory of Baroševca,resulting in depression of coal mining fieldsdelaying the municipal solid wasteLazarevac, Lajkovac and Mionica. Thislandfill does not meet the minimum sanitaryconditions planning and equipment.

2.2.6. Identified environmental problems

The main sources of environmentalpollution extraction of lignite, coal andelectricity and thermal energy in theKolubara basin for many years haveproduced significant negative consequencesin the environment, since they have notapplied appropriate measures to protect the

environment. The paper discussed thecharacteristics of the main sources ofpollution and environmental degradation, itwas determined the current situation andenvironmental problems in the area plan andthe need for improvement of environmentalquality.

In addition to the occupation anddegradation of land, mining negative impacton air quality, groundwater and surfacewater, as well as an increase in noise level.The biggest negative impact of mining on theexercise mines where there is destruction ofland, agricultural areas, wild flora andevictions wild animals from their habitat.Due to the depth of excavation possiblesignificant impact the stability of the ground,if you do not take preventive measures. Inthe area of mines present a significantemission of dust during coal mining.

In addition to mining equipment andtransport vehicles emit harmful gases such asnitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide(CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and volatile

organic compounds (VOC), whosecontribution to air pollution is high. Theexploitation of lignite in open pits leads tosignificant changes in groundwater regime.Due to the overthrow of the level ofunderground water (necessary for the smoothcoal mining), a large number of local springsand wells remains without water, whichthreatens the water supply of residents andreduce the production capacity of thesurrounding land. Significant environmentalproblem and the emergence of atmosphericwater mining, which solves the drainagesystems. Because of mining machinery in thecoal mining and washing, there is internalcontamination of water mines andunderground water.

The exploitation of these lignite causesdirect negative consequences environment:


• occupancy and destruction of fertileagricultural land,

• change of morphological, geologicalcharacteristics and pejsažnih areas,

• destruction of vegetation and naturalhabitats,

• changing trends and regimes ofsurface and ground water,

• increase the risk of floods andlandslides;

• water pollution and soil waste waterfrom mines, oilderivatives, faecal pollution,detergents,

• inadequate disposal of solid waste,• air pollution from mines and dust

smoke fumes from vehicles andboiler,• increased noise and vibration, • soil subsidence.On the basis of the environment and the

possible impact on the environment wasconducted to identify significantenvironmental aspects according to thecriteria given in''guide for theimplementation of the strategic assessmentof the impact on the environment'', whoseresults are shown in (Table 1).

The criteria for assessment ofenvironmental impacts in the study todetermine the important aspects are:

• I - intensity,• P - the spatial scale,• V - probability,• T - duration,• K - cumulative,• M - protection.Categories significant influence:• Z - negligible,• M - small,• S - medium,• V - a large,• W - very big.Environmental impacts of the category Z-

negligible and M-low, may be considered to

be not significant because of the intensity orspatial scale, as well as other criteria. Basedon the results of the preliminary estimates inthe study omitted the following aspects ofthe environment: climate change, protectednatural resources, traffic load, the intensityof vibration, heat load, ionizing and nonionizing radiation.

On the basis of estimates made, it can beconcluded that the strategic impactassessment should consider the followingpotential significant impacts on theenvironment:

• air,• water,• land,• flora and fauna,• habitats and biodiversity,• cultural property and monuments,• public health,• population and households,• private and public buildings,• water infrastructure,• traffic infrastructure,• industrial facilities,• waste management system,• noise level.

2.2.7. General and specific objectivesand eco selection of indicators

The overall goal of environmentalprotection in the strategic impact assessmentis defined as the prevention, reduction orcompensation of the negative impacts ofdevelopment areas on the environment andthe overall socio-economic development.Thespecific objectives of environmentalprotection and sustainable exploitation ofareas of micro-locations include:

• reduce the level of emissions into theair,

• reduce the level of population


exposure to air pollution, • ensure sustainable use of water,• conserving modes of ground and

surface water,• to improve the quality of

groundwater and surface water, • to ensure the stability of the terrain

on the edge of the pits,• preservation of arable agricultural

land,• establish an area of forest land,• avoid irreversible loss of flora and

fauna,• to preserve and enhance the

landscape through reclamation,• preservation of protected and

unprotected significant cultural property,• soften the negative impact of

development on the demographics,• protect and improve the health of the

population,• minimize the impact of settlements

and buildings,• to encourage economic development

and employment,• minimize the impact on road network• minimize impact on waterways,• to improve water supply,• to improve the treatment and disposal

of solid waste,• to improve the eco-system

monitoring and management.


Table 1. Identified important aspects of the destructive impact on the environment

The criteria for assessing the impact

The importance of the impact

Possible impacts on the environmental aspects I P V T K M Z M S V W

1 Air - - - - - + 2 Water - - - - - + 3 Land - - - - - + 4 Climate 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Flora and fauna - - - - 0 + 6 Habitats and biodiversity - - - - 0 + 7 Protected natural resources 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 Cultural property and monuments - 0 - - 0 +

9 Public health - - - - - + 10 Population and households - - - - - + 11 Private and public buildings - - - - - + 12 Water infrastructure - - - - - + 13 Traffic infrastructure - - - - - + 14 Traffic load - - - - - 0 15 Industrial facilities - - - - 0 + 16 Waste Management System - - - - - + 17 Noise Level - 0 0 0 - + 18 The intensity of vibration - 0 0 0 - + 19 Thermal load 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Lonizing radiation 0 0 0 0 0 0

+ positive impact negative impact 0 has no influence or impact

unclear

2.2.8. Analysis of possible effects andmeasures for reduction of eco destruction

Variations impact assessment was carriedout using the matrix in which the estimatesof species and the importance of the impact

of development scenarios for variations foreach sector in relation to specific targets andindicators, strategic assessments.

The assessment was carried outqualitative method, in accordance with theadopted methodology, with three grades.


Table 2.Display specific targets and indicators in the surveySpecific environmental objectives Indicators

1 -Reduce the level of emissions in the air -Particulate emissions, SO2 and NOx

-Number of days with excess GVI for soot, SO2, NOx and sedimentary matter -Indices of air quality2 -Reduce the level of population exposure to air pollution

-Number of households exposed to elevated air pollution

-The amount of water that spreads from underground water (m3/god)

-The amount of water that covers the rivers (m3/god)

-Water consumption (m3/st) 3

-Ensure sustainable use of water

-The amount of water that is recycled (%)

-Reducing the level of underground water (m) 4 -Modes to preserve groundwater and surface water

-The minimum and average flow in rivers (m3 / s)

-Change the level of pollution of underground water (%) 5

-To improve the quality of groundwater and surface water -Change of quality classes of rivers (%)

6 -To ensure the stability of the terrain on the edge of the pits -The size of the total subsidence (m/25 years)

7 -Preservation of arable agricultural land -Change the area of arable land (%)

8 -To set up an area of forest land -Change the area of forest land (%)

9 -Avoid irreversible loss of flora and fauna -% Of lost species in the region

10 -Preserve and enhance the landscape through reclamation -Il =% re cultured area /% area under mining and landfill

11 -Preservation of protected and unprotected significant cultural property

-The number and importance of endangered cultural heritage objects

-Population Change (%) 12

-Soften the negative impact of development on the demographics -The number of households moving (%)

-Life expectancy at birth

-Frequency of respiratory diseases (%) 13 -Protect and improve public health

-% Of the population exposed to elevated noise

-The number of facilities for destruction (%) 14 -Minimize the impact of settlements and buildings

-The number of the transfer (%)

-% Of households with income above average 15 -To encourage economic development and employment

-Number of employees (%)

16 -Minimize the impact on road network -The length of the displaced roads (km)

17 -Minimize the impact on waterways -The length of the displaced water flows (km)

-% Of households connected to water supply network 18 -To improve water supply

-Number of hours per month without water

-% Identified waste is recycled 19 -To improve the treatment and disposal of solid waste

-% Lime waste is disposed to landfill

20 -To promote eco-system monitoring and management -The number of development programs for the protection of the environment, -The number of measuring points in the system monitoring

Based on the analysis of possible positiveand negative variations for individual sectorscan be concluded the following.

The development of alternatives to the

current trend continues for one can notexpect any positive effect, and adverseeffects are present in half of the sector inrelation to the objectives of the strategic


Table 3.The adopted methodology in the study for evaluation of the three grades

+ Positive impact

- Negative impact

0 Has no

influence or impact unclear

Table 4.Two-variant assessment of the impact on the environment surrounding theexploitation of micro-location

The objectives of the strategic assessment Sector

Variety development 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

" " - - - - - 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 - - Mining and economic

development "B" - 0 + 0 0 0 - + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + - - + + +

" " - - - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 - 0 0 - 0 Population, public

services and housing "B" 0 0 + 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 - + + + 0 0 + + +

" " 0 0 - 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Agriculture and forestry "B" 0 + + 0 0 0 - + - + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

" " - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Traffic infrastructure "B" + + 0 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 - 0 0 0 0

" " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Relocation of the river and flood control "B" 0 0 - + 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 0

" " 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydraulic infrastructure "B" 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + + 0 0

" " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Electricity infrastructure "B" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

" " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Telecommunications "B" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

" " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nature conservation and reclamation "B" 0 + 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0

" " - - 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 - - Environment

"B" + + 0 + + 0 + + + + + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 + +

" " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Protection Monuments

Culture "B" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

impact assessment.The options to propose a plan of eco plan

for active and carry out measures foreconomic development, social welfare andenvironmental protection can be expectedmany positive effects in every sector,mitigate or compensate for most of thenegative tendencies of development.

It is possible to generate the following keypositive effects:

• reduce exposure to polluted air forpeople to establish protective forest belts andmigration of population from the mostvulnerable zones,

• reconstruction of existing facilitiesand building new hydro-technical structurewill provide better water supply for thepopulation and economy,

• through compensation andresettlement of the population achieved afavorable socio- economic effects and theconditions for the improvement of publichealth,

• relocation of cultural and sacredobjects to preserve traditional values,

• economic development and increaseemployment,

• transport infrastructure, which is


Table 5.Summary of potential effects variantEffects of the goals Sector Variety

Development Negative Positive " " 1-5,7,10,15,19-20 - Mining and economic

development "B" 1,7,16-17 3,8,11,18-20

" " 1-3,5,7,16,19 14 Population, public services and housing "B" 7,12 3,5,13-15,18-20

" " 3 7 Agriculture and forestry

"B" 7,9 2,3,8, 10

" " 1,2 - Traffic infrastructure

"B" 7,16 2,3,5, 14

" " - - Relocation of the river and flood control "B" 3,7,10 4,15,17

" " 3,14 - Hydraulic infrastructure

"B" - 3,14,15,17,18

" " - - Electricity infrastructure

"B" - -

" " - - Telecommunications

"B" - -

" " 8-10 - Nature conservation and reclamation "B" - 2,7-10,14

" " 1,2,4, 5,7-10,14,19,20 - Environmental protection

B" - 1,2,4, 5,7-11,14,15,19,20

" " 11,13 - Protection of Cultural Monuments "B" - 11-13

influenced by the development of mines willbe relocated,

• implementation of the plan ofenvironmental protection and monitoringprogram creates the conditions forestablishing a coordinated system ofenvironmental protection in the area.

In this variation can be expected andnegative effects primarily under theinfluence of mining on air pollution,groundwater and surface water, the watersupply system, changing land use, naturalconditions, population, settlements andtransport infrastructure.

2.2.9. Some characteristics of possiblesignificant impact

The following analysis was performed toevaluate the size, spatial scale, theprobability, duration and overall importanceof the impact of the proposed (selected)variants, and those sectors in which theyidentified key influences, particularlynegative on the environment. Estimates areincluded in decisions that are subject to theassessment of the impact on theenvironment.


Table 6.Assessing the size and spatial scale of environmental impact and the elements ofsustainable development

The objectives of the strategic assessment Planned Solutions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Mining works

1 Takeover of land by 2010. -2 L -2 L -1 L -1 L -1 P -1 L -2 P -1P -1L -2L -2 P -3P 0 -3P +2P -2P -3P 0 +1L +1L

2 Takeover of land by 2015. -2 L -2 L -1 L -2 L -2 P -2 P -1 P 0 -1L +2L -1P -3P 0 -3P +2P 0 0 0 +1L +1L

3 Takeover of land by 2020. -2 L -2 L -1 L -2 L -2 P -2 P 0 0 -1L +2L 0 -2P 0 - 2P +2P 0 0 0 +1L +1L

Relocation of settlements

4 Moving from the zone box B / C " 0 +2L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3P +1L -3P 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 Moving from the zone field E 0 +2L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2P +1L -2P 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 Relocation of infrastructure corridors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3P +1L -3P 0 0 0 0 0 0

Waterpower engineering

7 Relocation of the river 0 0 +1R +1R +2P 0 -1L 0 +1L +1L 0 0 0 0 0 0 +2P 0 0 0

9 Reconstruction of the network and

access to water system 0 0 +2P +1P +1P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +2P 0 0 0 0 +3P 0 0

Traffic

9 Relocation of road R-201 0 +1L 0 0 0 0 -1P 0 0 0 0 -2P 0 -2P 0 +1P 0 0 0 0

10 Relocation of the railway industry 0 +2L 0 0 0 0 -1P 0 0 0 0 -2P 0 -2P 0 +1P 0 0 0 0

Reclamation and safety belts

11 Reclamation pits 0 +2P 0 0 0 0 +1 P +1 P +1P +2P 0 0 +1L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 Establishment of safety belt 0 +2P 0 0 0 0 0 +1L +1L +1P 0 0 +2P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.2.10. Analysis of effects cumulative ansynergetic

In the analysis include the assessment ofcumulative and synergetic effects. Theseeffects are partly identified, althoughsignificant effects may occur as a result ofinteractions between a number of smallerimpacts of existing facilities and activities,and various planned activities in the areadiscussed, (Mihajlov, 2005).

Cumulative effects arise when the effectsof more of the same individual effectsaccumulate, such as pollution of air, water orincrease the level of noise from varioussources.

Synergetic effects created in theinteraction of individual impacts thatproduce the overall effect that is greater thanthe simple sum of individual impacts.Synergetic effects are usually manifested inhuman communities and natural habitats,(Radosavljević, et al., 2009).

For this plan are very important andindirect impact of the primary impact of thedevelopment of surface mines. Thedevelopment of mines, in addition to thedirect impact of the elements of theenvironment (land, water resources, air,ecosystems, health of the population), whichrequire the relocation of settlements, roadsand rivers, there are significant indirecteffects that result from activities in therelocation, (Radosavljević, 2010). All effectstogether may have cumulative and synergeticeffects:

• Air quality management: For miningthe dominant dust emission during coalexcavation and removal of overburden,which does not cause excess GVI on thesurrounding neighborhoods. Bearing in mindthat in the planning area is intense transportof coal (tape, trucks, railways) which is animportant source of coal dust, possibly due tocumulative effects of excess GVI inunfavorable weather conditions. Positivecumulative effects to reduce exposure topolluted air, people realize and achieve thebottom of ways: (1) improving themonitoring system and (2) transfer ofpopulation from endangered areas.

• Water management: The proposeddevelopment of mining activities willinevitably affect the hydrogeological regimewithin the pits and cumulatively in the widerenvironment. Disturbance regime of watercan have indirect effects on the modes ofsurface water, soil fertility and water supplyof the population. Due to the development ofmines will have to relocate parts of Pestana.It is possible to infiltration of pollutants inthe pits and barren. Modernization ofexisting and construction of new watersupply systems and povezivanjen theregional system will provide a stable supplyof the population with drinking water.


Table 7.Criteria for evaluating the sizeeffect

Size effect Mark The p ands

Critical - 3 Strong negative impact

Larger - 2 Greater negative impact Smaller - 1 Minor negative impact

No effect 0 No impact is not applicable

Positive + 1 Minor positive impact

Favorable + 2 Greater positive impactVery favorable + 3 Strong positive impact

Table 8. Criteria for evaluating the impactof spatial scale

The scale of impact Mark

Regional R

Area Plan P

Area Plan L

Relocation of vulnerable parts of the riverflow regimes and improve the quality ofsurface water.

• Protection and use of land: In theperiod until 2020. The anticipated increase insurface mining and reducing the occupiedarea of agricultural land in the area of theplan. Relocation of the river to a certainextent, the favorable impact on the quality ofagricultural land. The biggest contributionwill be achieved by reclamation of degradedland.

• Preservation of natural resources,biodiversity and landscapes: Mining activityand strong land degradation and destructionof vegetation on the sites of some mines hascumulative effect on the loss of habitat ofmost animal species and cause them to moveout beyond the zone of activemines.Relocation and improvement of riverwater flows will favorably affect theconservation of aquatic habitats. Totalreclamation pits creating the conditions forrenewal of habitats of flora and fauna, aswell as to improve the characteristics of thearea plan.

• Impacts of settlements andpopulation: Cumulative negative impact onthe number and structure of the populationand characteristics of settlements due to thedevelopment of surface mines and therelocation of the current total of 1486. and2853. inhabitants. Small local impactsindicated solutions can become a significantcumulative with other sources of polluted airand noise (traffic, mining) within grancivaplan.Planning solutions specifiedcumulatively contribute to the health of thepopulation. On the one hand, reducingemissions, and the removal of populationfrom other sources of contamination(transfer of population).

• Economic development area:

Cumulative interaction of planning solutionswill significantly stimulate further economicdevelopment of the area and increaseemployment, not only in the mining sector,but also in other complementary activities.

• Relocation of roads and rivers:Cumulative mining activities in the miningwill cause a strong impact and destruction ofparts of roads and rivers.The above solutionswill cumulatively contribute to theimprovement of road network and theorganization and regulation of rivers.

• System Environmental Management:In the development of environmentalmanagement authorities and stakeholders forthe implementation of these solutions can beintegrated to provide conditions forenvironmental protection in the area of theplan.

3. PROPOSED MEASURES FOR

REDUCING NEGATIVE IMPACT

On the exploitation area in accordancewith the completion of the survey, plans tocontinue the expansion of mining activitiesthat previously confirmed cause numerousnegative effects on all elements of theenvironment. For the realization of theconcept of environmental protection in orderto mitigate possible negative effects orprevent, it is necessary to take the technical-technological, organizational andplanningmeasures to protect the environment.

Investigated area is defined metrics to thelevel of vulnerability, environmentalpollution can be divided into:

• the areas to be destroyed due toexpansion of mining pits,

• zone, which can be compromised byexcessive air pollution and noise,


• zone where no expected excess ofGVI,and

• the areas in which occursoccasionally or less pollution.

3.1. Proposed environmental priorities

From the aspect of protection of allelements of the environment and humanhealth, it is necessary to implementpriroritetne following activities:

1. In the preparatory phase for theextraction of coal:

• form a protective belt of greenery(imisionih protective forests) priority inurban zone.

2. In the stage of coal:• introduce a system for spraying the

coal mining and transportationtrucks andconveyor belts,

• cap presipa of coal,• provide selective overburden

disposal,• organize monitoring of air quality,

water and soilin the vicinity of mines in thedirection of potentially vulnerable parts ofthe settlement.

Air pollution in the planning area iscaused by emissions from surface mines (dueto the extraction of coal, waste disposal,operation of mining machinery), fromtransport (transport of coal strip, truck andrail) and during winter from individualfurnaces, (Radosavljević, 2010). To reducethe level of emissions into the air and reducethe degree of exposure to polluted air of thepopulation, it is necessary to implement thefollowing measures:

• the active part of mine (duringexcavation of coal) and coal dumps providetreatment for the prevention of air sprayingdust,

• build a protective green belt aroundthe pits (minimum of 200 feet, spreading toareas that are oriented towards thesettlements - a minimum of 300 m) beforestarting the operation,

• cap of coal presipa prekrivke placingmetal and rubber sealing open space movingparts pertaining to prevent dust,

• embed "Mini Jet" systems for thetransportation of coal wetting,

• use machinery with reducedemissions,


Table 9. Draft plan of environmentalquality-ecological zoning of vulnerableareas

Category pollution

Sites Description

I

Surface coal mines, slag and ash dumps

Elevated concentrations of dust,engine and exhaust noise

II

Coal transport corridors

Occasionally exceeding permitted GVIprimary pollutants, but without excessive pollution, radioactive, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances

III

Corridor road infrastructure and railway

Not expected to have exceeded GVI, occasionally increased dust and noise

IV

Eastern andsouthernterritory of the impact of mines

Less pollution and at times

Table 10. First defined the criteria forprotection from noise

Permitted levels of external noise Leq

(dBA) ZoneDescription

of the acoustic zone

Day Night

I Purely residential area 55 45

III

Along the main and regional roads 65 55

• in zone II time line R 201 (a largeecological zone load) in width by 20 m oneither side of the road, allowed theconstruction of facilities in the function oftime and the formation of protectivevegetation. Not allowed to build residential,commercial, and auxiliary facilities,

• organize monitoring theconcentration of dust in the workingenvironment of surface mines and inresidential areas near the mines,

• establish a system of monitoring airquality in accordance with the Europeandirective on the assessment and managementof ambient air quality and households thatare directly threatened by the development ofopen pits and activities in the areas oftransportation of coal, and move them in anenvironmentally safe location.

To ensure sustainable use of water,preserve groundwater regime and surfacewater and improve the quality ofgroundwater and surface water is necessaryto:

• restore and improve systems andchanneling waste water,

• organize the monitoring and controlof waste water from mines,

• establish a system of monitoringwater quality,

• system monitoring groundwater andsurface water supplemented with measuringpoints that are sensitive from the pointsource water pollution,

• establish an automated system tomonitor and control the level of groundwaterand surface water in the area of mines in thearea of the negative effects of loweringlevels of groundwater in the zone ofinfluence mines,

• determine the immediate protectionzone around the wells for water supply in thewidth of10 m where they are not allowed any

activities that are not in the function of watersupply, and the inner zone of protection at adistance roughly the potential hydraulicimpact on the quality of underground watersources in the zone,

• implement a sewage system, theseparation system for environmental burdenof settlement.

To prevent damage to buildings andinfrastructure around mines due to loweringof groundwater levels and ground subsidenceis necessary to:

• prior to construction of infrastructurefacilities, to do a study with a detailedanalysis of conditions beginning skatingterrain and provide solutions for remediationof landslides,

• do plan monitoring the stability ofland and buildings in the zones frontadvancement mines,

• establish a surveillance system forsubsidence/movement of soil by placingpoints and benchmarks trigonometricnetwork for surveillance of the wider area,and adequately respond in case of damage tothe appearance of individual buildings.

Development of open pit occursdestruction and degradation of significantareas of agricultural and forest land,degradation of landscapes and endangeringthe wild flora and fauna. In order tominimize these impacts or compensate for itis necessary to:

• prior to mining waste disposal toprovide selective overburden,

• successive reclamation of land afterthe mining,

• consistent with the pace of miningworks,

• recultivation plan so that it moreclosely matches their natural state and createconditions for the restoration of fauna,

• develop a registry of biological


species diversity areas, as a basis forbiological reclamation projects of degradedareas and watercourses,

• establish monitoring the quality ofland near the mines.

Mining and related activities, togetherwith the traffic are the main sources of noiseon eksplotaconom area. To reduce the noiseimpact should be provided with protectivedistance and technical solutions to meet thecriteria of the applicable standards. Inaddition naavedenog needed:

• build a protective green belt aroundthe pits (minimum of 200 feet, spreading toareas that are oriented towards thesettlements - a minimum of 300 feet) beforethe start of exploitation,

• in zone II with state time line R 201(a large ecological zone load) in width by 20m on either side of the road, allowed theconstruction of facilities in the function oftime (gas stations, services, warehouses,etc.), and the formation of protectivevegetation. It is not allowed to buildresidential, commercial and auxiliaryfacilities.Households that are directlythreatened by the development of open pitsand activities in the area of transportation ofcoal to move in an environmentally saferlocation.

In accordance with the results of research,monitoring system and quality managementof the environment is not sufficientlydeveloped, given the intensity of the impactcaused by mining and other activities in theexploitation area. In this context it isnecessary:

• enhance the professionalmanagement of the environment in miningand local government,

• an operational plan to do themonitoring of air, water and soil,

• introduce a system of environmental

management complies with applicablestandards,

• plan to do environmental protection,including a plan to respond to incidents andepisodic environmental pollution,

• establish an information systemenvironment, which in addition to the resultsof local monitoring system keeps track ofdata and the sources of local and nationalrelevant institutions (the cadastre of theenvironment),

• provide public information onenvironmental problems in the exploitationarea,

• ensure public participation in makingdecisions about solving environmentalproblems, including all potentially affectedand interested parties.

4. ABILITY TO MANAGE

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS

Environmental risk management involvesresponding to identified risks and includesformulating and implementing policies toreduce social risks specific environmentalhazards. It is a process of choice betweenalternative regulatory and neregulativnihinstruments for responding to environmentalrisk, (Radosavljević, S. & Radosavljević, M.,2009).

Environmental risk management include:determining rihvatljivog level of risk andenvironmental assessment and selection ofrisk management strategies. Determinationrihvatljivog level means the level of risk thatis necessary from the perspective of someother areas. This level is low but not zero.Evaluation and selection of risk managementstrategies include the following strategies:comparative ecological risk of analysis, riskanalysis and use, analysis of benefits and


costs, (Radosavljević, S. & Radosavljević,M., 2009). Comparative risk of analysis canhelp in the selection of najpodesnijegalternative instrument for effective riskreduction. Risk analysis also considers thelevel of risk associated with environmentalrisk and benefits to society from regulationgiven environmental hazards. Cost-benefitanalysis is a method of economic analysiswhich upoređujui evaluate all the advantagesand disadvantages of all a commercialenterprise or project cost analysis (cost) andbenefit (benefit). Cost-benefit analysiscompares the usefulness of cross-bordersocial policies to reduce pollution relatedborder costs. Efficient level of environmentalrisk is one in which the limit is equal to limitthe social utility of social costs.

In Figure 1, provides an overview of the

process model to analyze and reduce echo.Here are four steps defined in the analysis ofenvironmental risks particularly emphasizedthe function of the expert module eco / ecoteam in the context of its operationalization.Each step is important, but third and 4 is aparticular problem for environmental riskanalysts. It should adopt a methodology andapply an appropriate model for analysis.Application of matrix-type model is always arisk analyst leaves room for someindependent decision-making, (EN 1050:1996). The same can often are compared.

If it is a part of the analysis relating to thetechnical aspect that causes environmentalcriticality, which was the aim of the researchsubject, often in the application: (EA-EnergyAnalysis), (HAZOP-Hazard and operabilityStudies), (FTA-Fault Tree Analysis), (ETA-


No

Yes

End of analysis

Analysis beginning

The expert eco module

1. Defining ecological aspects and limitations

Is eco risk enough

reduced?

2. Indentification of potential eco criticality

and destruction

Lower risk

3. Risk analysis and characterization

4. Reductio of ecological risk

Figure 1.Overview of process models for analysis and reduction of environmental risk, (Adapted byAAE, AAN and EN 1050)

be subjective depending on the technical andpractical competence by analysis, (ISO31000, (2009). When found in the dilemmaas to what position a potential objectivecriticism, it is always better to assign it ahigher risk index (higher threshold range),due to possible personality would notsignificantly influence the output results ofthe analysis, (Radosavljević, S. &Radosavljević, M., 2009).

Often there is a need to de composedenvironmental aspect analysis on severalgrounds and criteria. We can choose severalmodels for the analysis and the results EventTree Analysis), Designsafe 5.0.,(Radosavljević, S. & Radosavljević, M.,2009).

The most frequently used methods for riskassessment of work activities of people are:(Human Error Analysis), (Human ReliabilityAssessment-HRA), (THERP-Technique forHuman Error Rate), (CREAM-Cognitiverealibility and Error Analysis Method),(Hierarchical Task Analysis ) (JSA-Cognitive Task Analysis), (Job SafetyAnalysis). The most frequently used methodsfor the analysis of accidents are: (ChangeAnalysis), (Deviation Analysis) and (SafetyFunction Analysis), (Radosavljević, S. &Radosavljević, M., 2008).

The proposal of a functionalorganizational model for management of theenvironment implies the existence of aseparate sector with expert multidisciplinaryteam of experimental research andgenerating solutions and continuousimprovement. In the same recognized theneed to analyze, categorize and reduceenvironmental risks.

Qualitative environmental strategy is thebasis for making short-or medium-termenvironmental plan. In accordance with theidentified criticality, environmentaldestruction and potential riskspozicionoranjem proposed response to thesame, followed by generation of high-qualityenvironmental programs and projects to theirpractical implementation.

Quality control and environmentalmonitoring lead to constant improvementsthat would be constantly preispitivala aredesigned eco-system. There is a possibilityfor the development of eco-catalog databaseas the risk thresholds for eco-criticism andthe potential environmental destruction.They would be part of a broader eco-systemof cataloging for the near and surroundingareas for further exploitation,(Radosavljević, 2007).

Eco module Influence, relation,

signal

Influence, relation, signal

Figure 2.Proposal organizational functional modules of environmental protection

S.Radosavljevi} / SJM 6 (2) (2011) 169 - 192188

5. DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH

RESULTS AND PROPOSALS

PRESENTED

Results of completed studies havedemonstrated the complexity and structuralcomplexity of the macro-and micro-sitessurrounding the exploitation of resourceswith environmental aspektnog approach.Detected a number of eco weakness, which ismeasured through various destructiveapplications and can cause long term andspecific incidents of eco supozicije andsituations. Influences are diverse, variable inmany lokalitetnih areas and is especiallyindicative of the population of thepopulation, that is just being there with hishousehold is located.

Adapted process model for the analysisand reduction of environmental risks canactually establish a qualitative andintegrative approach primarily in thatcontext. Positioned provide methodologicalsledljvost steps in the analysis ofenvironmental risks at the same timeestablish the need for real high threshold ofcompetence to access multi-disciplinaryframework, which directly affects the finaloutput results of the analysis.

Eco-type matrix models and you can betoo demanding for risk analysts, actuallyalways simple and the target set for theadoption of wide area environmentalconstructive not decisions that can ultimatelyaffect the final results, form, shape, and thevalidity of the presented results.

The proposal of a functionalorganizational model for environmentalmanagement in the area of macro-and micro-exploitation of resources, says the newconfiguration of multi-disciplinaryenvironmental and methodologicalapproaches, which up to now based on the

results of the research is definitely notestablished or maintained. Without theseparticular can be difficult to generate andestablish the initial potential for a highquality ecoresearch site and maintain thesame with constant monitoring andcontinuous environmental improvement.

6. CONCLUSION

Locality exploitation in the region mustensure that the parameters of air quality,water and land meet the requirements ofreference, first agreed to the demands of theEuropean Union. Without properconsideration of the strategies of solving theexisting environmental problems with theanalysis of environmental risks and constantenvironmental monitoring, it is not possibleto achieve development and prosperity in theareas affected by exploitation works.

The action plan presented in this papercontains about thirty activities with partialcoverage of technical and technologicalmeasures, which would mainly be to plan forpollutants in order to minimizecontamination. Exploration of theenvironment, points to the need formonitoring and control: the quality ofecosystems, the effects of noise and heat, allmaterials that enter and leave the productionof industrial processes and key parameters ofthe production process. The fact is that mostbusinesses are not carried out systematicmeasurements of emissions and imission,monitoring of waste water and soil pollutionmonitoring. Knowledge in the field ofenvironmental protection, provide qualityopportunities for overall improvement.

Analytics and methodological researchsites exploitation process shows that it ispossible and necessary environmental

S.Radosavljevi} / SJM 6 (2) (2011) 169 - 192 189

improvements in production practicesmining. The presented results of the analysisindicate that the systemic approach can affectthe overall reduction potential of eco-criticismand destruction and with the proper metricsand control as well as constant monitoring,provide real satisfactory and acceptableecological condition.

The paper also provides a possibleapproach to environmental management at thesite affected by mining. Problem analysis,karaterizacije, especially the reduction ofenvironmental risk in this context is reallygreat and requires new approaches or redesignexisting ones.

Relevant research has shown that theanalysis of environmental risk is almost non-existent or at the very beginning of thescientific, professional, and especiallypractical operacionalizovanja. Experiences

from the environment further suggests that noresults in this area, it is very difficult togenerate qualitative environmental progressat the macro-and micro-site environment.The proposed functional organizational model,can serve as a basis for creating the initialexperience to a new focus in the analysis ofenvironmental risks. The real problem may bethe absence of competent analystsenvironmental risk (in the presented researchin this area is covered by the author). Futuretime decides the real focus in the scientific andprofessional obligations of the public to questionthe analysis, characterization and reduction ofenvironmental risks, as well as the structuralfoundation of practical eco-system eco-livingand working on environmental protection. Withall this to include new educational approachesand application of modern scientific methods andmodels.

УПРАВЉАЊЕ ЕКОЛОШКИМ РИЗИКОМ У РУДАРСТВУ,

ЕКО-ПРАКТИКУМ

Слободан Радосављевићa* и Милан Радосављевићb

aРБ "Колубара", Лазаревац, Светог Саве 1, Лазаревац, СрбијаbГО Лазаревац, Карађорђева 42., Лазаревац, Србија

Извод

Заштита животне средине представља кључни фактор одрживог развоја на подручју експлоатацијеприродних енергетских ресурса. Решавање проблема у овој области захтева квалитетно стратешко екопозиционирање експлоатационог локалитета, које је и највише оптерећено еко проблемима, засновано насавременим научним приступима и одређењима. Реално су честе еко критичности и опасности у рударству употенцијалима различитих исказа. Присутно је дугогодишње нарушавање природних токова и укупне екоравнотеже система. Испољене деструкције и еко штете мањих или већих обима су последица, којима сеприступа са аспекта предузимања корективних мера по стању. О комплекснијој анализи узрока, анализи екоризика и дефинисању превентивне еко стратегије, тешко да се може и говорити, бар у формама савремениханалитичких и методолошких приступа. Основ одређења је у иницирању заинтересованости о преузимањуодговорности за локалне еко приоритете и њихову заштиту у зонама интезивних експлоатационих радова. Упитању је негативан утицај на здравље људи и потреба за очување укупног еко система. Анализа еко ризикапостаје логистички циљ и потреба са којом се мора флексибилно, адаптибилно и квалитетно уредити приступи управљање еко стварношћу и истином у контексту побољшања, сада и у ближој будућности. У раду сепрезентирају реална истраживачка искустава и резултати еко практикума у предлозима и применисавремених концепција, метода и модела за анализу еко ризика.

Кључне речи: еко ризик, еко практикум, еко деструкције, модел, рударство


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