eco-solar factory: 40%plus eco-efficiency gains in the...

“ An entry with 0,0000 means that the concentration is to low, to be indicated

+Project no.:

679692

Project acronym:

Eco-Solar

Project full title:

Eco-Solar Factory: 40%plus eco-efficiency gains in the

photovoltaic value chain with minimised resource and

energy consumption by closed loop systems

Research and Innovation Actions (RIA)

FOF-13-2015

Start date of project: 2015-10-01 Duration: 3 years

D 5.4 Collection of stakeholder test results and feedback

on second round of test samples

Due delivery date: 2018-06-30

Actual delivery date: 2018-06-30

Organization name of lead contractor for this deliverable: bifa

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme Horizon 2020 (2014-2020)

Dissemination Level

PU Public

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) x

EU-RES Classified Information: RESTREINT UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC)

EU-CON Classified Information: CONFIDENTIEL UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC)

EU-SEC Classified Information: SECRET UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC)

Ref. Ares(2018)3488546 - 02/07/2018


Deliverable number: D22/D5.4

Deliverable name: Deliverable 5.4 Collection of stakeholder test results and feedback

on second round of test samples

Work package: WP5 Environmental impact and repurposing of waste products

Lead contractor: bifa Umweltinstitut GmbH

Author(s)

Name Organisation E-mail

Karsten Wambach bifa [email protected]

Boris Mertvoy bifa [email protected]

Abstract

This deliverable summarizes the latest tests results and/or feedback received about the recycling and reuse of the selected waste and by-products as e.g. silica/quartz crucibles, hot zone graphite, Si-kerf and components of (NICE)-modules such as solar cells, metals, polymers or glass. Samples of the wastes were prepared, characterized and their recycling and reuse potential was discussed with stakeholders from the value chain. All wastes under examination were classified according to their potential hazardous properties. The feasibility of the recycling and reuse processes was investigated for material quantity, quality, and commercial value/demand. Potential customers/users in existing industries were identified in accordance with the quality of the output materials of the recycling processes.

Public introduction1

Europe wants to reduce its needs for raw materials and raise the level of recycling of resources in the solar power industry. After the successful completion of this project the greenhouse gas emissions from solar panel manufacturing will be reduced by 25 to 30 % and the waste generated will be decreased by 10% minimum. Therefore, the re-use and recycling of PV module components are targeted including the PV industry as well as other industrial sectors. The tests results and/or feedback received about the recycling and reuse of the selected waste and by-products as e.g. silica/quartz crucibles, hot zone graphite, diamond wire and components of (NICE)-modules such as solar cells, copper ribbon or glass are presented. Samples of the wastes were prepared, characterized and their recycling and reuse potential was discussed with stakeholders from the value chain. All wastes under examination were classified according to their potential hazardous properties. The feasibility of the recycling and reuse processes was investigated for material quantity, quality, and commercial value/demand. Potential customers/users in existing industries were identified in accordance with the quality of the output materials of the recycling processes.

1 All deliverables which are not public will contain an introduction that will be made public through the

project website


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4

2 SURVEY OF MATERIAL REUTILIZATION ...................................................................... 4

2.1 Si-Kerf .......................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Quartz ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Graphite ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.4 Solar Cells ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 Polymers ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Glass ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.7 Metals ......................................................................................................................... 10

3 WASTE ASSESSMENT OF USED MODULES AND WASTE STREAMS

AFTER DISASSEMBLING ................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Waste Framework Directive and European List of Waste ......................................... 12

3.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 13

3.3 Discussion of Results .................................................................................................. 14

4 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WASTE ......................................................................... 14 4.1 Assessment according to the guidelines of POP regulation ....................................... 20

4.2 Assessment according to the Waste Framework Directive ........................................ 20

5 END OF WASTE CRITERIA ............................................................................................... 20 5.1 Waste or product? ....................................................................................................... 21

5.2 Legal framework: end-of-waste-status ....................................................................... 22 5.2.1 Recovery or recycling operation ..................................................................... 22

5.2.2 Fulfilment of cumulative end-of-waste criteria .............................................. 22

6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 24

7 LITERATURE ...................................................................................................................... 25

1 INTRODUCTION

ECO-Solar aims overall resource efficiency in the photovoltaic cell industry by implementing

a closed recycling economy by reuse of cell components. If the utilization within the

photovoltaic cell industry is not feasible, other industries will be taken into account. As the

global photovoltaic module production is going to grow in the next years and with the

production being highly energy and natural resources consumptive, there is need for a

recycling concept.

Within the framework of the ECO-Solar project a workshop on “How to create value from PV

waste” has been conducted. Possible buyers of the selected waste-streams, potential sellers of

the selected waste-streams, potential technology providers that can turn the waste stream into

economically viable products and recyclers of PV modules have discussed how to turn waste

streams from the solar value chain into valuable products. The following waste streams have

been identified to be most promising and valuable ones:

Kerff-recycling

Quartz re-use / recycling

Graphite re-use

Defect / broken cells

Polymer materials for PV

Glass recycling

Metal recycling

During the workshop several ideas for the utilization of every kind of waste stream have been

collected. Moreover some groups have agreed on further cooperation in order to market the

wastes.

Furthermore the procedure on the assessment of the NICE modules and the waste streams

after disassembling are described. The assessment is based on several legal frameworks. The

Waste Framework Directory, data from project partners, laboratory results, and databases like

C&L- Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency will be taken into account. Additionally,

the European List of Waste provides information as well as the POP regulation and the Waste

Framework Directive are guidelines for the classification of the waste. Criteria for a waste to

lose its status of waste are discussed. Several technical and environmental issues are

exemplified. The process will be described by means of quartz as well.

2 SURVEY OF MATERIAL REUTILIZATION

2.1 Si-Kerf

During wafer production a considerable amount of Si is lost in form of fine particles in

consequence of the sawing of the Si-ingot. Up to 50 % of the Si-ingot accumulates as kerf

after the sawing process. Being a high grade material and due to a high energy consumption

during the ingot production, the recycling of the kerf is highly desirable.

In order to recycle kerf and utilize it for the solar ingot production, removal of the

contaminations is necessary. During the sawing process the Si particles are contaminated with

water, glycol, oil, SiC, diamonds, Fe, Ni, glass or other oxidation product. Therefore Garbo

has developed and implemented a silicon recycling process which removes contaminations

and reaches purity values of 99,9999 % (6N). In a further step the purified silicon can be

pressed to briquettes. This enables a mechanically stable and manageable form for further

utilization as feedstock blended with other solar grade silicon. Being a high grade material

and with the possibility of contamination removal the reached material quality can be very

high. The unique selling point of the kerf is its price. The production of pure silicon is more

expensive compared to the recycling process. And with the recycling process being less

energy consuming, the carbon footprint can be reduced. Moreover the kerf is highly available

as the byproduct of the wafer production. However, the amount of kerf produced in the EU is

fairly small, as the wafer production predominantly takes place in Asia. Furthermore the

utilization of the Si-kerf strongly depends on the price of the raw material. If the prices are

comparable, the manufacturers do not tend to use the recycled material because they fear the

quality loss in the wafer production. As the source of kerf mainly lies in Asia, the transport

and logistics of the kerf is subject to strict import/export regulations in terms of the dangerous

good aspects and REACH. Therefore, inclusion of Asian partners seems to be advantageous.

Attempts to manufacture ingots from Si-kerf have been made by project partners. The

recycled and cleaned powder has been used to produce ingots by directional solidification. An

additional thermal treatment was performed beforehand in order to remove oxygen through

thermal degassing. The results show that the Si powder can be used to produce ingots which

mostly exhibit a polycrystalline structure. The resistivity range of the ingots shows that they

can be used for the production of n-type mc Si cells without additional doping. However, the

thermal treatment of the Si-kerf should be improved in order to reduce the oxygen

contamination and improve the melt ability as well as electrical properties, as the

requirements on the purity are high [1].

Other potential use for the Si-kerf is the production of silicon nitride (Si4N3). Project partners

tried to manufacture silicon nitride (Si4N3) crucibles by using recycled and cleaned Si-kerf. It

was observed that crucibles with good mechanical and physical properties can be produced by

replacing constituent 1 by up to 20 % Si-kerf. Replacing component 2 does not result in

acceptable “greenware” crucibles. However, the results with up to 10-15 % Si-kerf are

promising and require further improvement of the recipe.

Lower grade kerf can find application in the metallurgy as alloying element. Furthermore the

Si-kerf can be used for production of hydrogen fuels by oxidation of the Si particles in water

by addition of other chemicals. Nonetheless, the kerf needs to be purified from other

contaminations such as the coolant. The reaction of Si with sodium hydroxide produces

hydrogen and sodium silicate. Sodium silicate is an intermediate product which can be used in

different fields for example as additive in cement production, adhesives or detergents and has

a wide sales market [2]. The hydrogen can be sold to hydrogen users. This approach would

represent a true circular economy for kerf waste. The unique selling point of these products is

their positive eco-balance. However these products have to compete with commodities

relating to their price. With the kerf being mainly produced in Asia, the transport of kerf is

critical regarding the possible reaction with water resulting in production of hydrogen and

would require de-watering. Additional reaction inhibitors would be necessary which lower the

purity of the kerf. Furthermore, the briquetting of the Si-kerf is challenging. Therefore it is

preferable to have the conversion process implemented at the same location where the wafer

cutting is performed.

Si-kerf Description

Unique Selling Point Cost, quality, carbon footprint, availability

Target Markets PV recycling, Si3N4 production, reaction bonded

silicon nitride, alloying element

Early Adopters/ Customers EcoSolar and Cabriss partners, Si producers, H2

producers

Product Market Size EU low, Asia high

Foreseen Price ~ 16 EUR/kg

Market Opportunities PV industry mainly in Asia, metallurgical industry,

ceramic industry

Possible Obstacles Transport, logistics, import/export regulations,

dangerous goods aspects, REACH

Table 1: Collected ideas on recycling of Si-kerf.

2.2 Quartz

Crucibles made from quartz are used during Si ingot crystallization. Generally, the crucibles

are landfilled after the first application. This results from the fact that the crucibles crack

during the cooling process of the ingot production due to different coefficient of expansion

and phase transformations. Bifa has contacted crucibles manufacturers, but they show no

interest in using the crucibles as a secondary raw material. For the utilization in the cement or

in the ceramic industry the incidental amount is too low to certify them as input material.

As the interest of the manufacturers in taking back the material is low, new possibilities for

utilization need to be taken into account. As silicon at high temperatures is highly reactive, the

crucible material is subject to high purity requirements. Therefore the quartz is a high grade

material which may exhibit some residues like Silicon, SiC, Si3N4 or SiOx on the surface.

A promising route for the utilization of the quartz is the horticulture. The bigger quartz pieces

can e.g. be used as filling material for gabions as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Gabion filled with broken bits of quartz crucibles.

The unique selling point is that the quartz is relatively cheap in price and with 180 t/a at one

cooperating user in Germany highly available. Another advantage is that the gabion can

include electric lightning to create an additional unique selling point. A drawback is that the

quartz needs to be treated in order to remove the sharp edges to eliminate the risk of an injury

prior to use.

Another idea from horticulture is to use the quartz to create terrazzo like tiles as the market

area is on the rise for this kind of products. The unique selling point is also the relatively

cheap price and the possibility of including electric lightning. The tiles can be used in new

housing e.g. stairways, bathrooms or outdoor e.g. for tile columns, light guides. Therefore

cement-producers as well as companies which produce terrazzo can be involved. The first

products can be presented to (landscape-) architectures or in garden centers, tile retailers and

expos. In order to achieve these goals a production process needs to be investigated.

Certification will be needed in the end of the development phase. Structural properties of the

material have to be determined. Moreover, the recycling of the tiles after end of life should be

taken into consideration too.

Furthermore, the quartz can be used as additive for different applications. A leading German

glass recycler has agreed to test the material for different use. A sample of around 100 kg was

sent for testing. The quartz is crushed to a desirable size and the sharp edges are removed via

attrition in a special process line designed for the production of decorative glass cullet. The

quartz obtained can be used beside the gabion as gravel in footway construction e.g. in

gardens or parks or as decoration for aquariums etc. The glass recycler is interested to

establish cooperation with the quartz supplier to market the material via existing business

channels. Before the quartz can be brought to the market it has to be taken out of the waste

regime and converted to a product approved by the local authority. This process shall be

initiated once the bigger sample will be processed successfully and passing the acceptance

tests of the glass recycler’s customers.

Quartz Description

Unique Selling Point Relatively cheap, decorative aspect

Target Markets Horticulture, construction industry

Early Adopters/ Customers Architects, garden centres, tile retailers, expos

Product Market Size Need to be researched

Foreseen Price To be determined

Market Opportunities Products like tiles with terrazzo design show positive

trend

Possible Obstacles Second round of recycling after end of life, production

process needs to be investigated, discoloration

Table 2: Collected ideas on recycling of quartz.

2.3 Graphite

Graphite is used as insulator for the hot zone of the crystallization furnace during the

production of solar grade silicon. The graphite is used for several numbers of cycles and once

it reaches end of life, it is landfilled since it is not repairable. The purity of the graphite is very

high, but it may react with Si and SiOx to SiC and CO during the ingot manufacturing. Si and

SiOx may also be deposited on the surface and in the pores of the graphite.

There are several possible recovery routs depending on the purity of the graphite. The

graphite can be used as recarburizer in the steel industry as the purity requirements are not

very high. However, a large amount of graphite is required in order to be accepted. The

graphite can also be used for production of electrodes. Utilization in low value market is

feasible as well. The graphite can be used as filler material or for production of expandable

graphite like insulation foams, soft foams or textiles. Further research is necessary for

application in carbon fiber composites or metal carbides.

Major drawback is that for the utilization the graphite needs to be processed to match the

requirements of the customer’s facility. Overall there is minor interest for the utilization of the

graphite from the industry thus hindering high grade recycling.

Graphite Description

Unique Selling Point High purity material

Target Markets Low weight composites, industrial felts,

refractory metal carbides, low value markets

like fillers

Early Adopters/ Customers SiC producer, filler producer

Product Market Size Several thousand tons

Foreseen Price Depends on product quality

Market Opportunities Existing graphite markets with good prices

Possible Obstacles Purity and other specifications, cost vs.

performance

Table 3: Collected ideas on recycling of graphite.

2.4 Solar Cells

Broken solar cells contain several valuable components like aluminium, copper, silver,

thallium, lead and silicon. The recovery of these components requires the complete

disassembly of the PV module. The solar cells need to be removed for further treatment.

If the solar cell is still functional, it may be cut into smaller pieces and used in solar powered

gadgets. If the solar cell is not functional, it needs to be separated in the individual

components. The metal layers, the antireflective coatings, as well as the dopant layers can be

removed by selective etching. The etched metals can be retrieved and used for example as

silver and aluminium compounds. The silicon can be utilized as solar grade silicon again. If

the quality of the silicon is not high enough, it can be used in metallurgical applications. From

the overall 10,000 t of photovoltaic waste per year about 350 t of silicon and 5 t of silver can

be gained. The first adopters of these materials may be sputter target producers, refiners and

silicon smelters. All recovered materials do not require new utilization routes and can be

brought in already available recycling applications.

Solar Cells Description

Unique Selling Point Include elements like Si, Tl, Sn, Ag

Target Markets Si- targets for sputtering, solar grade

materials

Early Adopters/ Customers Target producers, refiner, Si-smelter

Product Market Size 10,000 t/a, 350 t Si, 5 t Ag

Foreseen Price Depends on product quality

Market Opportunities Circular economy

Possible Obstacles Unlikely elements, state of the art as whole,

REACH

Table 4: Collected ideas on recycling of solar cells.

2.5 Polymers

Different polymers are used as sealing materials for the PV module. After the end of life of

the PV module most of the polymers are used for energy recovery. About 6-7 Mio. t of

polymer waste are estimated to be produced by 2050. In order to create a circular solution and

to improve the carbon footprint of the PV module alternative routes are under investigation.

Thermoplastics in principle can be melted and brought into the market. Chemical recycling

methods are under investigation as well. Therefore cooperation with polymer film recyclers is

favourable and the converters are chosen as targeted market. PV module producers are

expected to be the early adopters of these products. However, the realization of a recycling

process is difficult with the polymers consisting of several toxic components. Moreover, the

value creation seems to be small compared to the effort to be put in.

Polymers Description

Unique Selling Point Improvement of carbon footprint for PV

modules, circular solution

Target Markets Converting companies

Early Adopters/ Customers PV modules producers

Product Market Size 6-7 Mio. t polymers from PV panels by 2050

Foreseen Price Market price for commodities

Market Opportunities PET/Polymer market, high demand for polymers

Possible Obstacles Toxic materials used in the polymers, production

involved in the PV module, no changes in the PV

module design

Table 5: Collected ideas on recycling of polymers.

2.6 Glass

The glass is used to protect the solar cell from environmental effects. However, it is a high

grade material which needs to fit several criteria in order to be used in the PV module.

Although the glass recycling is well established, the value of the PV glass cannot be fully

exploited. The glass contains several contaminations and is mainly used for fibre glass or

foam glass production. The contamination is mainly caused by the polymers which are used

for the sealing of the PV module. Different methods for the removal of the polymers are under

investigation. In order to remove these contaminations several solvents are tested including an

environmentally friendly approach using customized micro emulsions. The recovered and

cleaned glass can be used again in the PV industry. However it was noticed that most of the

time the glass is broken due to damage by environmental influences, transportation or

disassembly of the PV module. The reuse of the glass in the flat glass and container glass

industry is desired but require high purity of the cullet. Table 6 shows the limit of acceptable

contaminations for container glass industry [3].

Ceramics,

stone,

porcelain

NF

metals

Fe

metals

Glass-

ceramics

> 10 mm

Glass-

ceramics

< 10 mm

Organics Moisture Heavy

metals:

Pb, Cd,

Cr, Hg

50 [g/t] 5 [g/t] 5 [g/t] 5 [g/t] 30 [g/t] 500 [g/t] 5 % 200 ppm

Table 6: Limit of acceptable contaminations for container glass industry [3].

The optimization of the glass recycling process will allow the use of the glass in the container

glass industry. Sufficient purity can be reached by removal of the polymer fraction by mono-

incineration. However, cost of the implementation could be a possible obstacle. As the

photovoltaic module production is going to grow in the next years, the market size for the

glass is going to grow rapidly too. The product size is expected to grow up to 250,000 t by the

year 2025. The foreseen price for the glass is approximately 50 €/t. However, the product has

to compete with glass from other branches of industry. First adopters can be selected

container glass manufacturers. In order to achieve the needed specifications glass recyclers

should be involved.

Glass Description

Unique Selling Point High Purity

Target Markets Container glass industry, metallurgy

Early Adopters/ Customers Container glass manufacturer

Product Market Size Growing market, 250,000 t by 2025

Foreseen Price 50 €/t

Market Opportunities Integration in existing markets

Possible Obstacles Costs of implementation, specifications

Table 7: Collected ideas on recycling of glass.

2.7 Metals

The PV module consists of several metals which require their own recovery routes. During

the recycling process the metals are segregated by metal separators after crushing or milling

of the module. The aluminum from the frames can be reused or remelted. Copper with

coatings of tin and lead can be recycled at copper smelters. The silver from the solar cell can

be removed by etching or melting. The cables can be utilized by cable recycler. There are no

new utilization routes necessary since the metals are commodity and do not have a unique

selling point. The first adopters and targeted markets are smelters and recyclers and therefore

should be involved in the recovery process in order to comply with necessary quality of the

materials. More than 1 million tons of metals are produced. The metals have to compete with

metals from other industrial branches. The foreseen price for aluminum lies at approximately

1 EUR/kg and the prices of silver and copper are based on London Metal Exchange (LME).

The value can be increased by increasing the purity of the metals.

Metals Description

Unique Selling Point Established recycling routes

Target Markets Smelter, recycler

Early Adopters/ Customers Smelter, recycler

Product Market Size > 1 Mio. t

Foreseen Price Al: ~ 1 EUR/kg, Ag/Cu: LME-based

Market Opportunities Classical recycling loop, separation

classification

Possible Obstacles Purity requirements

Table 8: Collected ideas on recycling of metals.

3 WASTE ASSESSMENT OF USED MODULES AND WASTE

STREAMS AFTER DISASSEMBLING

This chapter describes the procedure of waste assessment of the NICE modules and the waste

streams after disassembling. The assessment will be done after the requirements of the Waste

Framework Directive if necessary and possible, by considering data of the project partners,

results of the laboratory analysis and available information from databases like the C&L-

Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

The European List of Waste (LoW) [4] gives further provisions for the assessment of

hazardous properties and the classification of waste. Considering the origin of the waste and

the used materials suitable waste identification codes are assigned to the identified waste

streams in Table 9.

No. waste stream suitable waste identification code

1 NICE Module respectively reference module

160214

160213*

2 Frame 160215*

160216

3 Glass 160215*

160216

4 solar cell 160215*

160216

5 junction material 160215*

160216

6 junction box 160215*

160216

7 wire and other electrics 160215*

160216

Table 9: Assigning suitable waste identification codes to identified waste streams.

If the materials are faultless, it is possible to decide that the wastes are non-hazardous. The

classification of waste as hazardous or non-hazardous is a grave decision in the whole chain

of waste management from origin to final treatment. The decision triggers legal consequences

and the available compliant treatment and transport.

3.1 Waste Framework Directive and European List of Waste

The waste assessment according to the procedure given by the waste framework directive [5]

is based on the Commission Decision 2000/532/EC, which establishes the European List of

Waste [4]. The European List of Waste is the key document for classification of waste. It

gives further provisions for the assessment of hazardous properties and the classification of

waste. The list of wastes is categorised into chapters, sub-chapters and entries. These entries

are divided up into

absolute hazardous entries,

absolute non-hazardous entries and

mirror entries.

Classification according to the LoW firstly means that each waste is classified by a six digit

number. The first two digits are for the chapter describing the origin of the waste. The next

four describe detail materials and/ or processes and if the waste contains hazardous substances

or not. To find a suitable entry, the origin of the waste, the used materials and the process

facts have to be considered.

Chapter 16 02 contains waste codes from electrical and electronic equipment. According to

the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive [6] PV-modules are defined as

electrical equipment. This is the reason following waste identification codes would be suitable

for the modules: 160214 or 160213*

for the other waste streams: 160215 or 160214*

For the decision which one of the mirror entries has to be used a waste assessment according

the requirements of the waste framework directive [5] can be done. The properties of waste

which render a waste hazardous or non-hazardous are laid down in Annex III to this directive.

CLP Regulation

The CLP Regulation [7] sets out criteria for the hazard classification of substances and

mixtures. Waste is not considered as a substance, mixture or article under the

CLP Regulation [7]. However, the hazardous properties applicable for waste are related to

CLP criteria. Further, classification of substances under CLP may also be relevant for waste

classification. In this context, it sets out detailed criteria for assessing substances and

determining their hazard classification. Although Annex III to the waste framework

directive [5] is based on the CLP regulation [7], it does not contain a full ‘one to one’

transposition of the criteria as laid down there. Instead, in terms of the classification of waste,

it should be noted that some of the HP criteria of Annex III to the waste framework

directive [5] directly make reference to hazard classes and categories and to hazard statements

and associated criteria for classification. Many mirror entries specifically refer to ‘hazardous

substances’. Further, Table 3 of Part 3 of Annex VI to the CLP Regulation [7] gives a set of

official harmonised classifications of substances. Where such harmonised classification is

available, it has to be used in the classification of waste.

POP Regulation

The aim of the POP Regulation [8] is to protect environment and human health from

persistent organic pollutants. Waste containing certain POPs, as indicated in the Annex to the

LoW (2015) above the relevant threshold listed in the Annex of POP Regulation [8]

absolutely has to be classified as hazardous.

In summary the waste assessment of the nice modules and the waste streams after

disassembling will be influenced by aspects of waste framework directive [5], CLP

Regulation [7], POP Regulation [8] and by knowing the composition (processing) and the

used substances in the waste. The classification of waste as hazardous or non-hazardous is a

serious decision in the total chain of waste management from origin to final treatment. Legal

consequences as well as a compliant treatment and transport are to be expected according to

the classification. Furthermore additional costs may incur.

3.2 Procedure

The waste assessment will concern the nice modules and the waste streams after

disassembling. For knowing the composition and the used substances, the material safety

datasheets, the results of analysis reports and the information given by the project partners

will be checked.

Only the parameters which were detectable by the analysis methods applied will be assessed,

e.g for more information about the presence of potentially hazardous or toxic compounds.

Information on the hazardousness of the possible substances and possible hazardous

compounds will be taken from the C&L-inventory or the database “registered substances”,

European Chemical Substances Agency (ECHA) or the Appendix VI Table 3 of CLP

Regulation [7].

The information about the components of the module received from the project partners and

the sample suppliers will be checked on plausibility. Knowing the composition and the used

substances in it, the contents will be calculated in the following steps. The comprehensive

waste assessment, if necessary and possible, will be done in accordance with the guidelines to

the waste framework directive 2008/98/EG [9]. The necessary information for fulfilling the

waste assessment will be researched in the material safety datasheets of the used components

(processing aids) and in databases like the C&L-inventory of the ECHA.

For the initial assessment several samples will be evaluated. The samples will comply with

the compositions: used module, aluminium frame (considering the reference module), glass,

junction box and cable, composite material and electrical connections. Influencing factors on

the assessment of the materials as hazardous or non-hazardous wastes are:

classification of the used chemicals like polyisobutylene (PIB) and silicones,

concentration of these chemicals in the PV module,

possible chemical alteration of the dangerous substances caused by previous or

following processes and their possible content in the waste stream

If the PV module has hazardous properties, these are mainly caused by components of the

silicones and electrical components or other pollutants. The type of the chemicals and its

substances are often the reason for the content of hydrocarbons and so for a hazard potential.

3.3 Discussion of Results

In accordance to the guidelines of the LoW (2015) [4] considering the temporary results of the

waste assessment of the waste streams, the samples with non-hazardous components should

be assigned to the entry

16 02 14: discarded equipment other than those mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 13 or

16 02 16: components removed from discarded equipment other than those mentioned in

16 02 15

In accordance to the information of the LoW (2015) [4], considering the temporary results of

the waste assessment of the waste streams, the samples with hazardous components should be

assigned to the entry

16 02 13*: discarded equipment containing hazardous components other than those

mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 12 or

16 02 15*: hazardous components removed from discarded equipment

This is an absolute hazardous entry (visibly by the asterix *).

4 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WASTE

The considered waste streams are the used NICE modules of the first and second generation

as well as a standard reference module. Furthermore material flows of the treatment of used

modules are evaluated. In this analysis it is assumed that the parts PV module, PIB, ppe + ps-

hiFr40, silicones and solar glass are composed as shown in the tables below. Information on

the danger of constituents in the adhesives has been taken from the safety data sheets of the

manufactures. Information of the constituents of the diodes, the solar glass and the glass fibre

has been taken from the datasheet of Ecoinvent report 7 [10] and Ecoinvent report 18 [11].

The danger of these components is mentioned at hazardous material data banks and Annex III

of the WFD if no information was included in the safety data sheets of the suppliers. In the

case that there were different statements in the databases, the safety date sheets and the

harmonized classification mentioned in Annex III Table 3 of [7], the harmonized

classification was used as the minimum classification. For the definition of the H-phrases

(hazard codes) reference is made to the CLP regulation. The contents of the different

components in the product were calculated according to the information provided by the

project partner “Apollon Solar”. For the solar cells the concentrations were determined on the

basis of the results of own analyses.

Substance H-phrases Concentra-

tion in

product

CAS-

number

Silica (SiO2) No harmonized classification 0,8953 14808-60-

7

Thallium (Tl) as thallium compound H330, H300, H373, H413 0,0006 7440-28-0

Cadmium (Cd) undetectable in - 0,0000 -

analyses

Silver (Ag) as an element No harmonized classification 0,0187 7440-22-4

Aluminium (Al) as element H228, H261 0,0850 7429-90-5

Copper (Cu) as element (Proportion

to 50 % of the detected amount of

Cu)

No harmonized classification 0,0000 7440-50-8

Copper (Cu) as copper oxide (CuO)

(Proportion to 50 % of the detected

amount of Cu)

H332, H302, H318, H400,

H410

0,0000 1317-39-1

Lead (Pb) as lead compound H360Df, H332, H302, H373,

H400, H410

0,0004 Index Nr.

082-001-

00-6

Table 10: General composition of solar cells. An entry with 0,0000 means that the

concentration is too low to be indicated.

Substance H-phrases Share of

product

CAS-

number

Talc Not a dangerous substance 0,3330 1407-96-6

Polyisobutene polymer Not a dangerous substance 0,3330 9003-27-4

Polyolefine polymer Not a dangerous substance 0,1670 25895-47-

0

Carbon black Not a dangerous substance 0,1670 1333-86-4

Table 11: Assumed composition of Polyisobutylen.


product

CAS-

number

Polyphenylene ether

assumption 30 %

H360 0,3000 -

Polystyrene assumption 30 % Not a dangerous substance 0,3000 -

high performance glass fibre

reinforced 40 %

H351 0,4000 -

Table 12: Composition of ppe+ps-hiFr40.


product

CAS-

number

Silica as quartz

(SiO2)

Not a dangerous substance 0,6000 14808-60-

7

Sodium dioxide (Na2O) H315, H318, H335 0,0100 1313-59-3

Potassium dioxide

(K2O)

Skin. Corr. 1B; H314 corres. GESTIS 0,0100 12136-45-

7

Calcium oxide (CaO) H315, H318, H335 0,1500 1305-78-8

Magnesia (MgO) Not a dangerous substance 0,1500 1309-48-4

Boron trioxide (B2O3) Reproductive toxicity, Cat. 1B; H360FD 0,1000 1303-86-2

Aluminium oxide

(Al2O3)

Not a dangerous substance, if not

presented as a fibre

0,1600 1344-28-1

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Not a dangerous substance 0,0200 1317-70-0

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) Not a dangerous substance 0,0100 1309-37-1

Fluorine (F2) Oxidizing gases Cat. 1; H270

Gases under pressure, compressed gas;

H280

Acute Toxicity, Cat. 1, Inhalation; H330

Corrosive to the skin, Cat 1A; H314

0,0100 7782-41-4

Table 13: Assumed composition of glass fibre.


product

CAS-number

Lead as element H360Df, H332, H302, H373, H400,

H410, R50-53

0,0157 Index Nr.

082-001-00-6

Iron as element No harmonized classification 0,4334 7439-89-6

Copper as element No harmonized classification 0,2261 7440-50-8

Nickel as element H351, H372, H317 0,0037 7440-02-0

Molybdenum as element No harmonized classification 0,0202 7439-98-7

Tin as element Not a dangerous substance 0,0447 7440-50-8

Glass (Pb containing)

consisting of:

0,1562

- Silica as quartz

(SiO2)

Not a dangerous substance 0,7260 14808-60-7

- Calcium oxide (CaO) H315, H318, H335 0,0860 1305-78-8

- Natrium oxide (Na2O) Skin. Corr. 1B; H314 according to 0,1360 1313-59-3

GESTIS

- Potassium oxide (K2O) Skin. Corr. 1A; H314 according to

GESTIS

0,0030 12136-45-7

- Magnesia (MgO) According to GESTIS: Not a

dangerous substance

0,0410 1309-48-4

- Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Not a dangerous substance, if not


0,0070 1344-28-1

Encapsulation (< 72 %

SiO2)

Not a dangerous substance 0,0952 14808-60-7

Epoxy resin H315, H317, H319, H411 0,0001 25068-38-6

Doted silica Not a dangerous substance 0,0045 14808-60-7

Table 14: Assumed composition of the Diode.


product

CAS-

number

Secondary sealing: PVS 210

consisting of:

- Polydimethylsiloxane No harmonized classification 0,5109 9016-00-

6

- Calcium carbonate No harmonized classification 0,3650 471-34-1

- Trimethoxy(methyl)silane H225 0,0365 1185-55-

3

- Titananethylacetate H226, 315, H318, H335, H336 0,0365 83877-

91-2

- Phosphoric acid, 2-

ethylhexylester

H314 Skin Corr. 1B 0,0365 12645-

31-7

- Methanol H225, H331, H311, H301, H370** 0,0073 67-56-1

- N-(3-

(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)

ethylenediamine

H317, H318; EUH 208 0,0073 1760-24-

3

Junction box: Novasil S56

consisting of:

(Attention: only substances

which has to be mentioned

after SDS are listed)

No dangerous substance mixture - -

-Methyl-0,0',0''-butan-2-

ontrioximosilan

Skin Irrit. 2, H315; Eye Irrit. 2, H319;

Skin Sens. 1, H317

0,0500 22984-

54-9

-3- Aminopropyl ( methyl )

silsesquioxane, ethoxy-

terminated

H226, Skin Irrit. 2, H315; Eye Irrit. 2,

H319

0,0250 128446-

60-6

Junction box:

Novasil S5170 Comp. A

Not a dangerous substance - -

Junction box: Novasil S5170

Comp. B consisting of:

(Attention: only substances

which has to be mentioned

after MSDS are listed)

Skin. Corr. 1B H314 Eye Dam. 1

H318

- -

- 3-

(Diethoxymethylsilyl)propyla

mine

Skin Corr. 1B, H314 0,050 3179-76-

8

- Tetraethylsilikat Flam. Liq. 3, H226; Acute Tox. 4,

H332; Eye Irrit. 2,

0,0500 78-10-4

- 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-

propylamine

Skin Corr. 1B, H314; Acute Tox. 4,

H302; Skin Sens. 1, H317

0,0500 919-30-2

Al frame: Kömmerling PVA

200 Comp. A consisting of:

- In total 1 -

- Calcium carbonate Not a dangerous substance 0,4615 471-34-1

- Polydimethylsiloxane H413, R53 0,5385 9016-

006

- Al frame: Kömmerling

PVA 200 Comp. B consisting

of:

- - -

- Calcium carbonate Not a dangerous substance 0,3478 471-34-1

- Carbon black Not a dangerous substance 0,2609 1333-86-

4

- Polydimethylsiloxane H413, R53 0,1739 9016-00-

6

- Tetrapropylothosilicate H315, H319, H335 0,1739 682-01-9

- Trimethoxypropylsilane H226, H315, H319, H335 0,0435 1067-25-

0

Table 15: Assumed composition of Silicone.


product

CAS-

number

Silica as quartz (SiO2) Not a dangerous substance 0,7260 14808-60-

7

Calcium oxide (CaO) H315, H318, H335 0,0860 1305-78-8

Sodium (Na2O) Skin. Corr. 1B; H314 according to

GESTIS

0,1360 1313-59-3

Potassium oxide (K2O) Skin. Corr. 1A; H314 according to

GESTIS

0,0030 / 12136-

45-7

Magnesia (MgO) Not a dangerous substance 0,0410 1309-48-4

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Not a dangerous substance, if not


0,0070 1344-28-1

Table 16: Assumed composition of the solar glass.

The exact formulations e.g. of PIB and other substances are subject to the company secrets of

the suppliers of partner “Apollon solar” and therefore cannot be reproduced in detail here.

They incorporate the assessment in such a way that an adequate mixture of 100 % is taken

into account on the basis of the maximum possible contents.

Table 17 shows a qualitative overview on the material streams which occur next to the

material flow “used module” after the disassembling. Moreover it is shown which substances

get from the used module into which material flow. The amount of the respective residual

attachments was estimated based on the results of own analysis.

No. Material flow Composition

1 Used module see Bill of Material, effective: 20.12.2015

2 Aluminium frame;

if existing

Aluminium frame (AlMg3), Silicone products

3 Glass Solar glass, Silicone products

4 Solar cells Consisting of Si, Ti, Ag, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Pd

5 Junction box Polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene oxide, silicone

products, diode, polyphenylene ether, polystyrene, high

performance glass fibre reinforced 40 %,

6 Wire, composite

materials and

electrical connector

Polyethylene (HDPE), tin, copper, lead

Table 17: Definition of regarded material flows.

The assessment is based on the present materials and their contents in 1 m2 of module. The

contents are derived from the BOM list of the project partner “Apollon Solar”. Information

on the substances contained in PIB, silicone products etc. was taken from the respective

recipe.

4.1 Assessment according to the guidelines of POP regulation

According to LoW [4] wastes containing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and

dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane,

chlordane, hexachlorocyclohexanes (including lindane), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,

hexachlorobenzene, chlordecone, aldrin, pentachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene,

hexabromobiphenyl and/ or PCB in concentrations above the concentration limits set out by

the Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the

Council [8] are classified as dangerous. The substances relevant according to LoW [4] can be

excluded due to the origin of the waste. The POP regulation [8] therefore does not apply to

the waste to be assessed.

4.2 Assessment according to the Waste Framework Directive

The waste framework directive [5] defines the hazard-relevant properties HP1 to HP15 and

specifies rules for the classification or limit values for hazardous substances of the different

hazard characteristics. Generally it was done in close accordance with the current hazardous

substances legislation ( CLP regulation). When intact, the classification of the material as

non-hazardous waste is possible according to the temporary results of the waste assessment.

Even if, after application of the calculation rules according to waste framework directive [5],

concentration limit values are mainly used for the criteria HP7 (-> glass fiber in the waste

stream “junction box”) and HP8 (-> calcium dioxide in the waste stream “modules” and

“glass”) and HP10 (diboron trioxide in the waste stream “junction box”) can force the

classification of a material stream as hazardous waste, as the concentration limit values are

reached or exceeded by the proportion of hazardous substances classified in the respective

waste stream, a health hazard can be excluded due to their incorporation into a matrix. In the

case of damage, the material flows must be classified as hazardous waste as a precautionary

measure.

5 END OF WASTE CRITERIA

If a waste loses its status of waste it will become a product. In this case more possibilities to

use this material are available. But before a waste can become a product several requirements

must be fulfilled. These requirements are laid down in the Article 6 of the waste framework

directive [5]. In the following chapters it will be shown, how the test procedure takes place.

For this purpose the waste stream “quartz” will be taken as an example. Figure 2 gives an

overview over the necessary steps the potential relevant legal directives or guidelines and

examples for documents to proof the compliant fulfillment.

Figure 2: Check criteria end of Waste according to Article 6 2008/98/EG [5]

5.1 Waste or product?

Before the test procedure starts it has to be clarified if the material is a waste or not.

According to Article 3 of the waste framework directive [5] ”waste” means any substance or

object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard”. If this is the intention of

the holder, it can be checked whether the waste can to be released from the waste regime or

not. Whether a waste is present or not is usually decided on the basis of the wish to discard.

This is to be assumed with regard to such substances or objects which incur in the energy

transformation, manufacture, treatment or use of substances or products or in services,

without the purpose of the relevant action being directed therefore, or whose original purpose

is waived or abandoned without a new purpose taking its place immediately.

In case of the waste “quartz”, it has to be said that the holder wants to discard it. Crucibles

made from quartz are used during Si ingot crystallization. Most crucibles crack during the

cooling process of the ingot production. The broken pieces can’t be used again for crucibles,

so the material becomes a waste.

5.2 Legal framework: end-of-waste-status

In order to prove the end-of-waste-status, the criteria of Article 6 End-of-waste status

paragraph 1 (recovery process, market, usual use, fulfilment of applicable requirements, proof

of missing negative effects on the environment and human health) are to be applied, unless

there are specific requirements from the EU or a Member state for certain wastes according to

Article 6 paragraph 2 e.g. the Council Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 for scrap metal [12]. No

specific EU-regulation is known for “quartz”. Because the concrete legal basis is obviously

missing in the EU, the general criteria of Article 6 paragraph 1 has to be applied.

5.2.1 Recovery or recycling operation

A waste can cease to be a waste when the material has passed a recovery or recycling

operation. The appropriate operations of the waste hierarchy (Article 4 [5]) must be regarded:

preparing for re-use,

recycling,

other recovery, e.g. energy recovery

“Recycling” within the meaning of the Waste Framework Directive is “any recovery

operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances

whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but

does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as

fuels or for backfilling” [5].

“Other recovery” means “any operation with the principal result of which is waste serving a

useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a

particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider

economy. Annex II of the waste framework directive sets out a non-exhaustive list of

recovery operations” [5].

If this is the case and the other criteria of Article 6 are all met, the waste is to be dismissed

from the scope of the waste legislation. Relevant to the loss of the waste status is that the

recovery process is completed and then followed by another use.

Currently there are tests taking place at a glass recycler, to look if the waste “quartz” can be

integrated in the recycling process there.

5.2.2 Fulfilment of cumulative end-of-waste criteria

The end-of-waste-status does not automatically occur, when a recovery or recycling process is

completed. The material must also fulfil all the criteria of Article 6 paragraph 1 of the waste

framework directive. In case of one aspect has to be answered negative or reasonable doubts

to the correct fulfilment still exists any, the material remains in the waste regime.

Common use for specific purposes

For a new product a certain use must be possible. The purpose must be defined, specific and

normal. It also cannot be used for another recovery or disposal process. In this case, a

willingness to discard according to Article 3 would be recognizable and the material would be

waste again.

In the production of the decorative articles like glass cullet silicon oxide is used. The waste

“quartz” consists mainly of silicon oxide. This indicates that there could be a useful use for

the waste “quartz”. At the moment, test will be carried out, if the waste “quartz” could be

integrated in the production of glass cullet.

Market or demand

By proving that there is a market or demand for the product produced, it should be ensured

that it does not become waste again. However, it is not enough to create a market first, the

market must already exist.

For the glass cullet are several business channels available. So there will be possible markets,

if the integration of the “quartz” in the production process will be successful.

Fulfilment of all technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing

legislation and standards applicable to products

These criteria must demonstrate that the material produced corresponds to the material

originally used for the purpose. It is recommended that a comparison of the material used so

far and the substituent (waste) with respect to specifications, standards and requirements,

which is subjected to the previously used material, is made. Only when this comparability is

given, these criteria can be regarded as fulfilled. According to previous interpretation, a

complete equivalence of secondary and primary product is not required. It is sufficient that the

same environmental requirements are met [13].

This means for the example “quartz” that it has to be initially identified in which business

channels the glass cullet can be used. After this, the requirements can be identified and it can

be proved, if they can be fulfilled. This step will be done after the results from the tests are

available.

Use of the substance or object will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human

health impacts

The use of the material produced must not lead to harmful effects on humans’ health and the

environment. This can be demonstrated by the fact that an identity or comparability with the

material to be substituted is achieved. If this is not possible or if it cannot be ensured by proof,

the material will remain waste in monitoring of the waste regime. According to [13] a reliable

prognosis is required that the use of the generated material cannot have harmful effects on

humans and the environment. In this case, it must be checked whether the intended and

customary use is associated with environmental and health risks throughout the entire use,

including storage, transport, further treatment and, if necessary, end products.

If only a physical or mechanical process (e.g. sorting, mixing etc.) is intended as the treatment

process, it must be ensured that no hazardous containments are present in the material.

Substance- or product-specific regulations outside of waste legislation may be used to

determine the extent of the required health and environmental protection regulations. In a

comparative safety analysis, it is recommended to contrast the protection regulations of waste

legislation with those of the planned product right. If the product legislation contains

protective gaps, this is an indication that the material is not being released from the waste

regime.

The tests, which are being in progress at the moment, will be only a mechanical progress. So

an analysis of the composition of the waste “quartz” would be necessary to assure, that there

are no hazardous substances in it. After that, by knowing the potential business channels a

safety analysis could be done, too. But these steps will be done only then, when the tests are

successful.

Summary

On the basis of the above reports and after the results of the tests, which will be carried out at

the moment, are available, it could be stated, that there are several indications of the loss of

waste status for the material “quartz”. These indications are there for the criterion “common

use for specific purposes” (use as glass cullet for decorative items) and for the criterion

“market or demand” (several channels for the glass cullet available). Detailed look on these

two criteria and the proof of fulfillment of the other two criteria (fulfillment of all technical

requirements and no harmful effects on human health or the environment) are dependent on

the test results.

6 CONCLUSION

Several ideas on the utilization of the waste streams kerf, quartz, graphite, defect/broken cells,

polymer, glass, metal have been collected with stakeholders of interested firms.

Si-kerf can be used for the production of Si-ingots again. First examinations show that ingot

with an acceptable quality for PV modules can be created. The Si-kerf can also be used for

production of silicon nitride (Si4N3) crucibles. First evaluations show that crucibles with good

mechanical and physical properties can be manufactured with up to 20 % Si-kerf.

Furthermore, the Si-kerf can be used in metallurgical application or for the production of

hydrogen.

Currently there is no interest of quartz manufacturers in taking back the material. A possibility

for utilization is given by the horticulture. Quartz can be used filling material for gabions or in

the production of terrazzo like tiles. Furthermore, a utilization as decorative glass cullet is

under investigation. Cooperation between a glass recycler and the quartz supplier has been

established.

The use of the graphite is strongly dependent on its purity. While high grade graphite can be

used for the production of metal carbides, low grade graphite can be used as recarburizer in

the steel industry or in industrial felts.

The recovery of solar cells is quite difficult. A complete separation of individual components

is mandatory. Only functional cells may be cut in smaller pieces and used in solar powered

gadgets.

Polymers like thermoplastics can be melted and brought in the virgin market. Chemical

recycling methods are under investigation. However, the polymers can be used for energy

recovery.

The glass can be mainly used for fibre glass or foam glass production. By removing the

contamination from the glass the utilization in the flat glass or container glass industry is also

feasible. Intact glass sheets can be reused for PV module manufacturing in ideal cases.

The metals can be segregated by metal separators from the cullet. Aluminum from the frames

can then be reused or remelted. Copper with coatings of tin and lead can be recycled at copper

smelters. The silver from the solar cell can be removed by etching or melting. The cables can

be utilized by cable recyclers.

Suitable waste codes could be assigned to the identified waste streams according to the

European List of Waste. The waste framework directive, the CLP Regulation and the POP

Regulation are also taken into account. Samples with non-hazardous components should be

assigned to the entries 16 02 14 and 16 02 16. Samples with hazardous components should be

assigned to the entries 16 02 13* and 16 02 15*. Furthermore H-phrases have been assigned

to the different constituents of the PV-module based on the concentrations which have been

determined.

According to Article 3 of the waste framework directive “waste” is defined as a substance or

object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. Waste can cease to be a

waste when the material has passed a recovery or recycling process. In order to prove the end-

of-waste-status missing negative effects on the environment and human health have to be

ensured. However in order to utilize the materials an existing market is necessary which shall

be demonstrated with the quartz and silica from crucibles.

7 LITERATURE

[1] DOLD, P.: Silicon Crystallization Technologies. In: Semiconductors and Semimetals.

Bd. 92, 2015, S. 1–61

[2] LAGALY, G. ; TUFAR, W. ; MINIHAN, A. ; LOVELL, A.: Silicates. In: Ullmann’s

Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry : American Cancer Society, 2000 — ISBN 978-3-527-

30673-2

[3] Leitlinie „Qualitätsanforderungen an Glasscherben zum Einsatz in der

Behälterglasindustrie“

[4] 2000/532/EC — 2000/532/EC: Commission Decision of 3 May 2000 replacing

Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive

75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste

pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste (notified under

document number C(2000) 1147) (Text with EEA relevance). Bd. 226, 2000

[5] Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November

2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives

[6] Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012

on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (1). Bd. 197

[7] Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16

December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures,

amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation

(EC) No 1907/2006 (Text with EEA relevance). Bd. 353, 2008

[8] Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29

April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending

[9] Commission notice on technical guidance on the classification of waste

[10] KELLENBERGER, D. ; JUNGBLUTH, N. ; ALTHAUS, H.-J. ; KÜNNINGER, T.: Life cycle

inventories of Building Products (Final report ecoinvent data v2.0 Nr. 7). Schweiz St.

Gallen/Dübendorf : Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, 2007

[11] HISCHIER, R. ; CLASSEN, M. ; LEHMANN, M. ; SCHARNHORST, W.: Life Cycle

Inventories of Electric and Electronic Equipment: Production, Use and Disposal (Final report

ecoinvent data v2.0 Nr. 18). Schweiz St. Gallen/Dübendorf : Swiss Centre for Life Cycle

Inventories, 2007

[12] Council Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 of 31 March 2011 establishing criteria

determining when certain types of scrap metal cease to be waste under Directive 2008/98/EC

of the European Parliament and of the Council. Bd. 094, 2011

[13] Abfallrecht Archive - WEKA MEDIA. URL https://www.weka.de/thema/abfallrecht/. -

abgerufen am 2018-06-27. — WEKA MEDIA - Der Fachverlag für Ihren beruflichen Erfolg

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