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ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) Dr. Arturo Massol Deyá [email protected] B-338 / Ext. 3956 Horas de Oficina: L & M 2:30 a 4:00 PM

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Page 1: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365)D r . A r t u r o M a s s o l D e y á

a r t u r o . m a s s o l @ u p r . e d uB-338 / Ext. 3956

H o r a s d e O f i c i n a : L & M 2 : 3 0 a 4 : 0 0 P M

Page 2: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Tree of LifeCharles D

arwin

Page 3: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems:

How to analyze their diversity and

structure, and understand their

genetic interactions

Page 4: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

OrganismoGenes /

Genomas

Ambiente

GENOMICA

ECOLOGIAECOLO

GIA

DE GENES

Biol4365Dr. Arturo Massol

Page 5: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How
Page 6: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS

Soils: 1 g : ca. 108 bacteria - 1 µm/cel

100 m bacteria

: 1 kg : 100 km

: 1 hectare: 300.000.000 km

> Distance Earth-Sun!

(150.000.000 km)

Enormous numbers:

Page 7: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS

"Agriculture: + and - Bioremediation

"Water treatment/ hygiene"Air purification/ Transport

of pathogens

"Agriculture, food safety, health

Ecosystem Relevance/Applications

Chemical balance biosphere

Soil

WaterAir

Hosts: plants, animals,

humans

Page 8: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365)

L i b r o d e T E X T O ( R e f e r e n c i a P r i m a r i a )

M i c r o b i a l E c o l o g y : F u n d a m e n t a l s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n sA t l a s & B a r t h a , 4 t a E d i c i ó n ( 1 9 9 8 )

. . . p e r o s u l i b r o d e t e x t o d e m i c r o b i o l o g í a g e n e r a l “ B i o l o g y o f M i c r o o r g a n i s m s ” p u e d e a s i s t i r l e s e n e l

s e m e s t r e

Page 9: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

¡Acceso a documentos de la clase!

• http://academic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/Pron4365(2009).pdf

• http://academic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/Propuesta.pdf

• http://academic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/Forney.pdf

Page 10: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Universal Phylogenetic Treebased on rRNA sequences

From: Woese (2000) PNAS 97:8392-8396.

micro-organisms:largest diversity, mostly unknown

2 species: <70% similar

multicellular, macroscopic organisms:small branches in the Eucarya-domain:

Homo sapiens -chimpansee: 98.4% similar!

Page 11: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How
Page 12: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Questions in Microbial Ecology

! Temporal Differences! Spatial Differences! Treatment Effects

! Measures of Diversity

1. ! = within site

2. " = between site

3. # = between regions! Descriptors of Diversity

1. species richness

2. species evenness

3. species composition

Diferencias TemporalesDiferencias EspacialesEfecto de Tratamientos

Medidas de Diversidad: 1. alfa-diversidad (dentro de un lugar) 2. beta-diversidad (entre lugares) 3. gama-diversidad (entre regiones)

Descripción de Biodiversidad: 1. Riqueza de especies 2. Equitabilidad de especies 3. Composición

Page 13: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Environmental Complexity

Selection

Heterogeneous Environment

Homogeneous Environment

Few GenotypesSuccessful

Many GenotypesSuccessful

Page 14: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

‘Species’

Abundance

Richness Evenness Composition

Page 15: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Sp. IISp. I

RECURSOS

Sp. II Sp. IISp. I Sp. I

Sp. I Sp. I Sp. I Sp. I

GANA Especie I

Page 16: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Nutrientes

T (oC)

pH

bajo

alto

alto

alto

DNA

RNA

Proteínas

DogmaCENTRAL

Población 1

Población I1

Page 17: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

No two species can occupy precisely

the same ecological niche

✓ If two species coexist in a stable environment, they do so by niche differentiation.

✓ Niche differentiation occurs through adaptive evolution. ✓ If there is no niche differentiation, then one species will eliminate

or exclude the other.

Nutrientes

T (oC)

pH

bajo

alto

alto

alto

DNA

RNA

Proteínas

DogmaCENTRAL

Población 1

Población I1

Page 18: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Sp. IISp. I

RECURSOS

Sp. II Sp. IISp. I Sp. I

InteraccionesMAYOR

DIVERSIDADSp. I Sp. I Sp. I Sp. I

ej. PATOGENOS/DEPREDADORES

Page 19: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Effect of limiting substrate on growth

Page 20: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Monod Growth Equation

µ = µmax

Survival under nutrient-limited conditions

SKs + S

µ = Growth rateµmax = Maximal growth rateS = Substrate concentrationKs = Substrate concentration where growth rate is one-half maximum rate

Growth of bacterial populations in the environment is typically limited by the availability of 1 or more nutrients

Page 21: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

µ and KS Relationships

B

For any D (= µ), the organism with the lowest KS will out-compete an organism with a higher KS.

PANEL A. At all D, KSA < KSB and A is more competitive, i.e., µA > µb.

PANEL B. At low [S] KSA < KSB and µA > µb ∴ organism A is more competitive; while at other [S] KSB > KSA and µb > µA ∴ organism B is more competitive.

Page 22: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

¿Quien eres y qué haces?

• Cultivo y caracterización

• Análisis de DNA (ej. 16S rRNA,

Phylochips)

• Microscopía/RAMAN

¿Cuán rápido trabajas?

• Process rate

• Enzyme activity

• RNA (no incubation necessary)

Page 23: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Métodos de cultivo¿Por qué sólo recuperamos 0.1% o menos de la diversidad microbiana?

Platos de Agar (Siglo 19)R. Koch, Walter Hasse & esposa & Juliius Petri

Page 24: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

Cultivo de Microorganismos Fastidiosos

1. Agentes solidificantes

Agar y agentes inhibidores, uso de gellan gum como agente solidificante aumenta el número de microorganismos cultivables por un factor de 10.

Page 25: ECOLOGIA MICROBIANA (BIOL 4365) D r. A r t u r o M ... - UPRMacademic.uprm.edu/~amassol/biol4365/BIOL4365_01.pdf · Microbial communities in natural and engineered ecosystems: How

2. Factores de crecimiento desconocidos (ej. quorum sensing) Necesidad de factores de crecimiento o alguien que remueva ciertos desperdicios (Growth Factors Network).Cultivo con sobrenadante filtro-esterilizado de otros donde este organismo “aun no cultivado” está creciendo.

3. Sintrofismo (ej. H2 Transfer: sintrofomonas y metanogénicas)“Interspecies requirements for growth of microbes in natural communities”.Agitación puede ser fatal al dispersar agregados o disipar gradientes necesarios para crecimiento.Paciencia: Se necesitan más estudiantes graduados y subgraduados...

4. Concentración de nutrientes (ej. N & P en los océanos en escala de µM: DOC es 1000X menos en la naturaleza que en LB)

5. El tiempo de generación en la naturaleza es en escala de días, semanas, meses o años [no minutos como en cultivos domesticados] Paciencia: Se necesitan más estudiantes graduados y subgraduados...