ecological restoration in costa rica fred loxsom evolution and diversity november 21, 2003
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecological Restoration in Costa Rica
Ecological Restoration in Costa Rica
Fred Loxsom Evolution and Diversity November 21, 2003
Fred Loxsom Evolution and Diversity November 21, 2003
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Sustainable Development Course
Summer 2002 & Summer 2003
Sustainable Development Course
Summer 2002 & Summer 2003
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Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
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EcotourismEcotourism
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Service LearningService Learning
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Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture
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Sustainable ManufacturingSustainable Manufacturing
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
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Education and CultureEducation and Culture
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Economic IndicatorsEconomic Indicators
United States Costa Rica Population 280 million 3.8 million
Growth Rate 0.80% 1.60%
GDP (per capita) $36,300 $3,850
Gini Index 0.41 0.46
Oil (per capita) 26 bbl/year 3.7 bbl/year
Auto (per capita) 44% 34%
Imported Oil 55% 100%
Electricty (per capita) 13,000 kWh 1,500 kWh
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Costa RicaCosta Rica
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Guanacaste - CoastGuanacaste - Coast
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Guanacaste - LowlandsGuanacaste - Lowlands
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Guanacaste - MountainsGuanacaste - Mountains
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Dry Tropical ForestDry Tropical Forest
500 years ago, 200,000 square miles from Central Mexico to Panama.
Profoundly threatened! Less than 2% remains. Less than 0.1% of the original has conservation status. More rare than tropical rain forest. Pressure from logging, farming, ranching.
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics Pacific coastal lowlands Tropical with prolonged dry
season (5-8 months). 40 – 80 inches rain. In rain shadow of central
mountain chain
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Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest During the dry season 80%
of the trees lose their leaves.
23,000 species. 65% of species in CR Fewer plant and bird
species than in rainforest Variety of insects and
mammals about the same
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VegetationVegetation
Low stature (30 m) Semi-deciduous Leguminosae family Upper story - deciduous Lower story – evergreens Understory – thorny trees
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Endangered SpeciesEndangered Species Many rare and endangered
species live in the dry tropical forest, including an endangered species of spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
Many endemic species
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DeforestationDeforestation
Unlike rainforest land, tropical dry forest is good agricultural land and is useful for ranching and farming (sugar cane, corn, and beans.)
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Guanacaste ProjectGuanacaste Project Using the remaining
islands of dry tropical forest as seed sources, restore a large section of dry tropical forest
Involve local Ticos in the project so that they support it and profit from it.
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Guanacaste Conservation Area
Guanacaste Conservation Area
Starting in the mid 80s, Daniel Janzen, University of Penn., led an effort to establish a large park in Guanacaste.
Dry Tropical Forest would be restored in this park.
120,000 terrestrial hectares (300,000 acres – ½ size of RI)
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Why is such a Large Protected Area is Needed?
Why is such a Large Protected Area is Needed?
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Reason #1Reason #1
Dry season magnifies the differences between habitats and a large park provides a heterogeneous environment
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Reason #2Reason #2
Tapirs, jaguars, and mountain lions – need large area to maintain healthy breeding populations
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Reason #3Reason #3Agricultural effects penetrate for 2 km into a natural area. Large area is needed to minimize these edge effects.
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Reason #4Reason #4
Many animals migrate to moist areas during dry season. A large preserve is needed to protect migration routes
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Reason #5Reason #5
Duplicate habitats are needed for ecotourism, scientific study, and conservation.
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Reason #6Reason #6
GCA is watershed providing drinking water and irrigation for communities.(Rio Sapoa’ & Rio Tempisque)
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Restoration PlanRestoration Plan
Control of Fires Natural recolonization
(low cost) Managed restoration Sustaining the forest
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Fire Fire Used to clear
land of trees Set by ranchers Provides
habitat for exotic grasses
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Jaragua grass Jaragua grass Hyparrhenia rufa Exotic grass Cattle graze on it. Suppression of fire
allows trees to dominate over exotic grasses.
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Texas Grassland RestorationTexas Grassland Restoration In Texas, fire is
used to maintain native grasses against the encroachment of cedar and exotic grasses
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Natural RecolonizationNatural Recolonization Natural, wind dispersal of
seeds can move a forest several hundred meters in 10 years. 25% of the 215 tree species in Santa Rosa NP are wind-dispersed and would be pioneers.
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Natural RecolonizationNatural Recolonization Animal dispersers drop
seeds in dung Produces nuclear trees
which produces habitat for seed dispersing animals.
Some seeds must pass through animals to germinate.
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Managed RestorationManaged Restoration GCA plants 4000 – 9000
trees each year. Usually native trees, but
some experiments with non-natives as pioneers.
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Sustaining the ForestSustaining the Forest Low cost $3,000,000 endowment Local farmers as
caretakers, guides, and fire fighters.
All employees are Costa Ricans.
With InBio, bioprospecting.
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Success?Success? Restoring the distribution of
plants and the diversity of animals to a degraded landscape will take 100 or more years.
Success will depend upon the value of this project to the people of Costa Rica.
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Questions? Comments?Questions? Comments?
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BiologyBiology
Since trees that disperse seeds by wind will be the pioneers – entering cleared land, doesn’t this mean that the composition of the restored forest will be different from the original forest?
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BiologyBiology
Can exotic plants (e.g. jaragua grass) ever be eliminated from the dry tropical forest? If it can’t be eliminated, can the forest really be regenerated?
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FireFire
Why does fire play such a different role in maintaining prairies in the US and destroying forest in Central America?
Is fire a part of the natural environment in both situations?
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Social issuesSocial issues
Wouldn’t it be better to make the GCA a protected area and keep locals and tourists out of it? Isn’t that what we do in Yellowstone and other US National Parks?
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Social issuesSocial issues
What is the proper role of foreigners in the conservation of Costa Rica’s natural resources?
Is it appropriate that Daniel Janzen played such a large role?
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EcotourismEcotourism
What is ecotourism? What role should ecotourism play in
sustaining GCA?
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BioprospectingBioprospecting
GCA cooperates with InBio to do bioprospecting in the park. In turn, InBio will make deals with pharmaceutical firms to produce commercial products. Is this appropriate?