Ecological Studies, Vol. 131 Analysis and Synthesis

Edited by

M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany O.L. Lange, Wfuzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Bayreuth, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany

Ecologica! Studies

Volumes published since 1992 are listed at the end of this book.

Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC

Erik J eppesen Martin S~ndergaard Morten S~ndergaard Kirsten Christoffersen Editors

The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes

With 117 illustrations

t Springer

Erik Jeppesen Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology National Environmental Research Institute DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark

Morten Sl/lndergaard Freshwater Biological Laboratory University of Copenhagen DK-3400 Hillerl/ld Denmark

Martin S!I!ndergaard Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology National Environmental Research Institute DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark

Kirsten Christoffersen Freshwater Biological Laboratory University of Copenhagen DK-3400 Hiller!l!d Denmark

Cover iIIustration: As it will appear from this book, submerged macrophytes may have an important impact on the nutrient dynamics, trophic structure, and trophic interactions of shallow lakes. Within certain nutrient limits, submerged macrophytes may via a number of feedback mechanisms maintain a clearwater state despite increased nutrient supply. Drawing by Bjl'lm Bachmann and Erik Jeppesen.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakeslErik Jeppesen

... [et al.]. p. cm.-{Ecological studies; v. 131)

lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4612-6871-0 ISBN 978-1-4612-0695-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0695-8 1. Lake et:ology. 2. Lake plants-Ecology. I. Jeppesen, Erik.

II. Series. QH541.5.L3S77 1997 577.63-dc21 97-22884

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-V erlag New York Berlin Heidelberg in 1998 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1998

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987 654 3 2 I

ISBN 978-1-4612-6871-0 ISSN 0070-8356

SPIN 10632906

Preface

Submerged macrophytes have been the object of intensive research, and a large body of literature exists on their growth, reproduction, and physiology. Several studies have focused on the interactions between submerged macrophytes and other autotrophic components and the impact of the plants on the dynamics of nutrients, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, oxygen, and pH. Comparatively few studies have dealt with the ability of submerged macrophytes to modulate the structure and dynamics of pelagic and benthic food webs. Recently, however, the amount of research into the structuring role of submerged macrophytes in food webs has markedly increased, and the results obtained so far suggest that sub­merged macrophytes are of significant importance for the food web interactions and environmental quality of lakes, even at relatively low areal plant coverage. For example, plants affect the interactions between predacious, planktivorous, and benthivorous fish and between fish and invertebrates, including key organisms such as large zooplankton and snails. Changes in these interactions in turn may have cascading effects on the entire food web in both the pelagial and the littoral zone.

To provide a forum for discussion of recent results in this growing field of research and to define future research needs, a workshop was held on 16 to 20 June, 1996, at the Freshwater Centre in Silkeborg, Denmark. The present book is a result of the workshop. It is divided into three parts. The first part consists of 10 thematic chapters (Chapters 1 to 10) describing how submerged macrophytes influence various biological and biogeochemical interactions in lakes. These chapters are

v

VI Preface

written by authors having specialized knowledge within the field treated. Cas­cading effects through the food web as a result of changes in resource and predator/grazer control are given main emphasis in several of these chapters. The authors were given the option of either writing a state-of-the-art review or discuss­ing the subject based on mainly their own investigations. The second part consists of 18 case studies (Chapters 11 to 28) related to the thematic chapters, and the third part (Chapters 29 to 31) summarizes three of the workshop's cross-subject discus­sions. The authors were here given the option of writing a summary of the discussion or treating the subject more extensively, using the workshop discus­sions as their starting point.

We thank translator Anne Mette Poulsen of the National Environmental Re­search Institute for her efficient help in planning and arranging the workshop and in the subsequent editing phase. We are also grateful to assistant editor Janet Slobodien of Springer-Verlag and the staff of Princeton Editorial Associates for fruitful and efficient cooperation. Finally, we thank the Strategical Environmental Research Programme, the Danish Natural Science Research Council, and the National Environmental Research Institute for the financial support that made this workshop possible.

The Editors

Preface Contributors

Section 1. General Themes

Contents

V

Xl

1. Fish-Habitat Interactions Mediated via Ontogenetic Niche Shifts 3 Lennart Persson and Larry B. Crowder

2. Influence of Submerged Macrophytes on Trophic Interactions Among Fish and Macroinvertebrates 24 Sebastian Diehl and Ryszard Komij6w

3. Complex Fish-Snail-Epiphyton Interactions and Their Effects on Submerged Freshwater Macrophytes 47 Christer Bronmark and Jan Vermaat

4. Interactions Between Periphyton, Nonmolluscan Invertebrates, and Fish in Standing Freshwaters 69 John Iwan Jones, Brian Moss, and Johnstone O. Young

5. Impact of Submerged Macrophytes on Fish-Zooplankton Interactions in Lakes 91 Erik Jeppesen, Torben L. Lauridsen, Timo Kairesalo, and Martin R. Perrow

vii

viii Contents

6. Impact of Submerged Macrophytes on Phytoplankton in Shallow Freshwater Lakes 115 Martin S0ndergaard and Brian Moss

7. Role of Submerged Macrophytes for the Microbial Community and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Aquatic Ecosystems 133 Robert G. Wetzel and Morten S0ndergaard

8. Impact of Herbivory on Plant Standing Crop: Comparisons Among Biomes, Between Vascular and Nonvascular Plants, and Among Freshwater Herbivore Taxa 149 David M. Lodge, Greg Cronin, Ellen van Donk, and Adrienne J. Froelich

9. Interactions Between Grazing Birds and Macrophytes 175 Stuart F. Mitchell and Martin R. Perrow

10. Effects of Submerged Aquatic Macrophytes on Nutrient Dynamics, Sedimentation, and Resuspension 197 John W. Barko and William F. James

Section 2. Case Studies

11. Macrophyte Structure and Growth of BluegiU (Lepomis macrochirus): Design of a Multilake Experiment 217 Stephen R. Carpenter, Mark Olson, Paul Cunningham, Sarig Gafny, Nathan Nibbelink, Tom Pellett, Christine Storlie, Anett Trebitz, and Karen Wilson

12. Vertical Distribution of In-Benthos in Relation to Fish and Floating-Leaved Macrophyte Populations 227 Ryszard Koruij6w and Brian Moss

13. Horizontal Migration of Zooplankton: Predator-Mediated Use of Macrophyte Habitat 233 Torben L. Lauridsen, Erik Jeppesen, Martin S0ndergaard, and David M. Lodge

14. Changing Perspectives on Food Web Interactions in Lake Littoral Zones 240 Larry B. Crowder, Elizabeth W. McCollum, and Thomas H. Martin

15. Bacterioplankton and Carbon Thrnover in a Dense Macrophyte Canopy 250 Morten S0ndergaard, Jon Theil-Nielsen, Kirsten Christoffersen, Louise Schluter, Erik Jeppesen, and Martin S0ndergaard

16. Cascading Effects on Microbial Food Web Structure in a Dense Macrophyte Bed 262 Klaus Jurgens and Erik Jeppesen

Contents IX

17. Abundance, Size, and Growth of Heterotrophic NanoflageUates in Eutrophic Lakes with Contrasting Daphnia and Macrophyte Densities 274 Kirsten Christoffersen

18. What Do Herbivore Exclusion Experiments TeU Us? An Investigation Using Black Swans (Cygnus atratus) and Filamentous Algae in a Shallow Lake 282 Robert T. Wass and Stuart F. Mitchell

19. Switches Between Clear and Turbid Water States in a Biomanipulated Lake (1986--1996): The Role of Herbivory on Macrophytes 290 Ellen Van Donk

20. Macrophyte-Waterfowl Interactions: Tracking a Variable Resource and the Impact of Herbivory on Plant Growth 298 Martin S0ndergaard, Torben L. Lauridsen, Erik Jeppesen, and Lise Bruun

21. Influence of Macrophyte Structure, Nutritive Value, and Chemistry on the Feeding Choices of a Generalist Crayfish 307 Greg Cronin

22. Concordance of Phosphorus Limitation in Lakes: Bacterioplankton, Phytoplankton, Epiphyte-Snail Consumers, and Rooted Macrophytes 318 Robert E. Moeller, Robert G. Wetzel, and Craig W. Osenberg

23. Sources of Organic Carbon in the Food Webs of Two Florida Lakes Indicated by Stable Isotopes 326 Mark V. Hoyer, Binhe Gu, and Claire L. Schelske

24. Importance of Physical Structures in Lakes: The Case of Lake Kinneret and General Implications 331 Avital Gasith and Sarig Gafny

25. Clear Water Associated with a Dense Chara Vegetation in the Shallow and Turbid Lake Veluwemeer, The Netherlands 339 Marcel S. Van den Berg, Hugo Coops, Marie-Louise Meijer, Marten Scheffer, and Jan Simons

26. Alternative Stable States in Shallow Lakes: What Causes a Shift? 353 Irmgard Blindow, Anders Hargeby, and Gunnar Andersson

27. Clear and Turbid Water in Shallow Norwegian Lakes Related to Submerged Vegetation 361 B j0m A. Faafeng and Marit Mjelde

28. Macrophytes and Turbidity in Brackish Lakes with Special emphasis on the Role of Top-Down Control 369 Erik Jeppesen, Martin S0ndergaard, Jens Peder Jensen, Eva Kanstrup, and Birgitte Petersen

x Contents

Section 3. Interdisciplinary Discussions

29. Structuring Role of Macrophytes in Lakes: Changing Influence Along Lake Size and Depth Gradients 381 Avital Gasith and Mark V. Hoyer

30. Nutrient-Loading Gradient in Shallow Lakes: Report of the Group Discussion 393 Stephen R. Carpenter, Ellen van Donk, and Robert G. Wetzel

31. Alternative Stable States 397 Marten Scheffer and Erik Jeppesen

Index 407

Gunnar Andersson

John W. Barko

Irmgard Blindow

Christer Bronmark

Lise Bruun

Stephen R. Carpenter

Contributors

County Administration Board, S-205 15 Malmo, Sweden

Environmental Laboratory, USACE Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, USA

Department of Limnology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden

Department of Ecology, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA

xi

xii

Kirsten Christoffersen

Hugo Coops

Greg Cronin

Larry B. Crowder

Paul Cunningham

Sebastian Diehl

Bj0m A. Faafeng

Adrienne 1. Froelich

Sarig Gafny

Avital Gasith

Binhe Gu

Contributors

Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 Hiller0d, Denmark

Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of ColoradolNOAA, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA

Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516-9721, USA

Bureau of Fish Management, Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53703, USA

Zoologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maxirnilians UniversiHit, D-80333 Miinchen, Germany

Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Kjelsaas, 0411 Oslo, Norway

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556, USA

Institute for Nature Conservation Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

Institute for Nature Conservation Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

Division of Environmental Sciences, St. 10hns River Water Management District, P.O. Box 1429, Palatka, FL 32178-1429, USA

Anders Hargeby

Mark V. Hoyer

William F. James

Jens Peder Jensen

Erik Jeppesen

John Iwan Jones

Klaus JUrgens

Timo Kairesalo

Eva Kanstrup

Contributors

Department of Biology, University College of Karlstad, S-65188 Karlstad, Sweden

xiii

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Floridallnstitute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653-3071, USA

Eau Galle Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, USACE Waterways Experiment Station, Spring Valley, WI 54767, USA

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

Royal Halloway Institute for Environmental Research, Royal Halloway College, University of London, Huntersdale, Callow Hill, Virginia Water, Surrey GU25 4LN, UK

Max Planck Institute for Limnology, D-24302 PIOn, Germany

Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 15210 Lahti, Finland

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

XIV

Ryszard Komij6w

Torben L. Lauridsen

David M. Lodge

Thomas H. Martin

Elizabeth W. McCollum

Marie-Louise Meijer

Stuart F. Mitchell

Marit Mje1de

Robert E. Moeller

Brian Moss

Nathan Nibbelink

Contributors

Department of Hydrology and Ichthyobiology, University of Agriculture, 20-950 Lublin 1, Poland

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA

School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

1715 Broadview Lane, Apt. 209, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA

Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands

Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Kjelsaas, 0411 Oslo, Norway

Department of Earth and Environmental Science, 31 Williams Drive, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA

School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA

Mark Olson

Craig W. Osenberg

Tom Pellett

Martin R. Perrow

Lennart Persson

Birgitte Petersen

Marten Scheffer

Claire L. Schelske

Louise Schliiter

Jan Simons

Contributors

Cornell University Biological Field Station, Bridgeport, NY 13030, USA

Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA

Bureau of Integrated Science Services, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53716, USA

ECON, Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

Department of Animal Ecology, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Water Quality Management and Aquatic Ecology, P.O. Box 8080, NL-6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands

xv

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Floridallnstitute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 7922 NW 71 st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653-3071, USA

The Water Quality Institute, Agem Alle 11, DK-2970 H!3rsholm, Denmark

Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Free University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

XVI

Martin SliSndergaard

Morten SliSndergaard

Christine Storlie

Jon Theil-Nielsen

Anett Trebitz

Marcel S. Van den Berg

Ellen Van Donk

Jan E. Vennaat

Robert T. Wass

Robert G. Wetzel

Contributors

Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark

Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 HillerliSd, Denmark

Bureau of Integrated Science Services, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53716, USA

Freshwater Biology Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 HillerliSd, Denmark

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN 55804, USA

Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Free University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology (NIOO-CL), Rijksstraatweg 6, 3631 AC Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands

International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0206, USA

Karen Wilson

Johnstone O. Young

Contributors

Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA

School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

xvii

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