ecological studies, vol. 140 - springer978-4-431-67911-0/1.pdfkalimantan, which covers more than 70%...

Ecological Studies, Vol. 140 Analysis and Synthesis

Edited by

M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Gennany O.L. Lange, Wiirzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Gennany U. Sommer, Kiel, Gennany

Ecological Studies

Vo\umes pub\ished since 1993 are listed at the end ofthis book.

Springer J apan KK

Edi Guhardja Mansur Fatawi Maman Sutisna Tokunori Mori Seiichi Ohta (Eds.)

Rainforest Ecosystems of East Kalimantan EI Nino, Drought, Fire and Human Impacts

With 146 Figures, 23 in Color, and 47 Tables

, Springer

DR. EDI GUHARDJA

Director, Master of Management in Agribusiness Bogor Agricultural University P.O. Box 2019, BogorTImur 16144, Indonesia

DR. MANSUR FATAWI

Director ofPUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center) Mulawarman University, Kampus Gunung Kelua P.O. Box 1165, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

DR. MAMAN SUTISNA

Lecturer, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

DR. TOKUNORI MORI

Project Team Leader of nCA PUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center) Mulawarman University, Kampus Gunung Kelua P.O. Box 1165, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

DR. SEIICHI OHTA

Section Chief of Forest Soil Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute (FFPRI) P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin-Danchi, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan

ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN 978-4-431-67985-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rainforest ecosystems of East Kalimantan : EI Niiio, drought, fire, and human impacts I Edi Guhardja ... [et al.].

p.cm. - (Ecological studies ; v.140) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-4-431-67985-1 ISBN 978-4-431-67911-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67911-0 1. Forests and forestry-Environmental aspects-Indonesia-Kalimantan Timur. 2. Rain

forests-Indonesia-Kalimantan Timur-Management. 3. Rain forest ecology-Indonesia-Kalimantan Timur. 1. Guhardja, Edi, 1933-11. Series.

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© Springer Japan 2000 Originally published by Springer Japan in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000

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Foreword

Kalimantan, which covers more than 70% of Borneo, has one of the most important tropical forests, not only in Indonesia or Southeast Asia but also in the world. Although in the past the island was almost covered by tropical rainforest, the forest area has decreased rapidly with expanding human activities and with ecological and environmental changes. Almost every year, especially during the dry years, forest fire is among the greatest threats. The forest fire in 1982-83, when approximately 3.5 million ha offorest were destroyed, is still remembered today. The most recent fires were in 1997-98, which coincided with the exceptionally dry years of the EI Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon.

In the past, forest utilization practices were designed to produce a certain quantity of trees with high economic value and were based on sustained yield principles (SYP). Some of the yield regulation methods in classical forest management science at that time were created on the basis of economic principles and forest land capacity in order to produce trees in an even-aged forest.

With the worsening of environmental problems and the increase of human exploitation of the forest, SYP is no longer adequate. At present, the principle followed is that of sustained forest management (SFM). SFM means that forest management activity should achieve the maximum benefit by optimizing production (economy), the environment (ecology), and the sociocultural function of sustained forest ecosystems.

SFM should be adequately applied in Indonesian forests, where the majority of the forest is tropical rainforest, and should take into account the local flora and fauna and the sociocultural characteristics of the local community. The tropical rainforest ecosystems are known for their rich biodiversity and high value-not only in conventional economic terms (market price) but also in terms of ecological and sociocultural values. Based on this fact, the survival of tropical rainforest ecosystems should be maintained by applying SFM principles.

One of the important requirements when applying SFM in forest management is the availability of data with high levels of accuracy and precision. Some data that are needed for this purpose concern the characteristics of forest ecosystems and the sociocultural characteristics of the local community. At present, such data for each ecosystem unit of the tropical rainforests in Indonesia are still very limited.

v

VI Foreword

Mulawarman University (Universitas Mulawarman; UNMUL) at Sarnarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan, is one of the National Public Universities developed in the early 1970s. A priority research field at the university is rehabilitation of tropical rainforest. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) became interested in cooperating with UNMUL in the 1970s, and in 1979 founded the Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (Pusat Studi Reboisasi Hutan Tropica Humida; PUSREHUT) in UNMUL, together with a field research station in Bukit Soeharto. PUSREHUT has become a center for studies on forest rehabilitation for many scientists from a number of countries and also has become a field station for many university students.

This book was compiled as one of the activities of the cooperative research project Tropical Rain Forest Research, which was started at PUSREHUT in 1985 with cooperation between the Ministry of Education and Culture in Indonesia and JICA. Information collected from the collaboration involving UNMUL in Samarinda, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB, Bogor) and the University of Gadjah Mada (UGM) in Jogyakarta, and JICA researchers is very important academically and socially, as well as culturally. It is a great pleasure for me to contribute the foreword for this book, which contains information on the tropical rainforest ecosystem based on the activities ofPUSREHUT. I welcome its publication. The data and information presented in this book provide an invaluable source of reference material, especially for scientists and students interested in ecology, tropical biology, forestry, socioeconomics, and forest policy in the tropics.

Finally, to the authors and editors for their work in preparing the manuscript and to Springer-Verlag, the publisher, I am very grateful and I hope that this book will be useful not only for the development of forestry science but also for sustainable tropical rainforest management.

PROF. DR. IR. JAJAH KOSWARA

Director Directorate Research and Community Service Development Directorate General of Higher Education Ministry of Education and Culture Indonesia

Tropical Rain Forest Research Project

The Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture

1985-1999

PUSREHUT

Japan International Cooperation Agency

(Tropical Rain Forest Research Center)

Preface

Since the late 1960s, the human impact of commercial logging, large-scale agricultural exploitation, and immigration from other islands has been increasingly evident in the rainforest of East Kalimantan, and the rapid changes in the landscape have decreased the biodiversity of the area. In addition, prolonged droughts linked to particularly strong El Nmo-Southem Oscillation (ENSO) events occurred in 1982-83 and 1997-98 in East Borneo. Large human-induced wildfires occurred during the ENSO events and burned large areas of the lowlands in East Kalimantan. It is possible that prolonged droughts and large wildfires in rainforest areas may affect global carbon and water cycles. However, we have little ecological or socioeconomic understanding of the changing ecosystems in the lowland dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia.

Our research has spanned a IS-year cycle of severe ENSO events that took place in this area, and has revealed possible interactive effects of drought, fire, and human activity on the rainforest ecosystems. In presenting such long-term research, this book addresses the current condition of the rainforest ecosystem and the regeneration techniques that can be used to develop sustainable forest management in East Kalimantan. Part 1 introduces developmental, historical, and climatological information, and discusses the large forest fires in East Kalimantan. Part 2 examines the forest soil conditions that are linked with changes in the vegetation caused by human activity. Part 3 reveals the effeCts of drought and forest fires on the function and dynamics of forest vegetation and insect communities. Part 4 deals with the human impact on forest vegetation and on the Bornean gibbon community. Part 5 presents a variety of topics on biotic impacts, such as the effects of mycorrhiza and plant disease on seedling growth as ways of developing artificial and natural regeneration, and rehabilitation techniques for degraded lowland dipterocarp forests.

This volume is a compilation of the results of a cooperative research project between Indonesia and Japan. The project was conceived in 1985 at PUSREHUT (Tropical Rain Forest Research Center), which was established by a Japanese Aid Program in Samarinda, East Kalimantan in 1981, called the Tropical Rain Forest Research Project. The project involves technical cooperation between the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The project has continued successfully for 15 years, through Phases I to III, thanks to the endeavors and enthusiasm of a great many people.

VII

VIII Preface

It would not have been possible to publish this volume without the marvelous cooperation, understanding, and consideration of many individuals and institutions in both Indonesia and Japan. We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to the people of the Directorate General of Higher Education, MoEC, and the Forestry and Fisheries Development Cooperation Department, JICA, and to the Rectors of Mulawarman University, Bogor Agricultural University, and the University ofGadjah Mada. We wish to extend our sincerest thanks to all the partners, assistants, and staff members ofPUSREHUT and Bukit Soeharto Education Forest, and to our research colleagues in Japan and Indonesia. We thank the Forest Fire Prevention Management Project (Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops and JICA) in Bogor for kindly providing the hot-spot data and satellite image photographs. Finally, we are also deeply grateful to Drs. Atsushi Ishida and Takeshi Toma for their earnest and devoted assistance in planning and editing this volume and to Dr. Kazuhito Morisada and Mr. Kazuhiro Matsuzawa for their overall services.

THE EDITORS

Contents

Foreword...................................................................................................... V Preface ........ ............ ............................ ... ........... ........ ...... .................. ...... ..... VII Contributors... ..................................................................................... ......... XVII Color Plates ...................................... ............ ...................................... ......... XXI

Part 1: Introduction

1 Description of Forests and Forestry in East Kalimantan M. F ATAWI and T. MORI ... ............................. ........................ ..... 3

1.1 Introduction.. ........................................... ........... ................................ 3 1.2 Forest Flora and Fauna in East Kalimantan ........................................ 5 1.3 Forestry Activity ................................................................................. 7 1.4 Forest Conversion and Human Activity .............................................. 9 1.5 Concluding Remark............................................................................ 11

2 Climate in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan T. TOMA, MARJENAH, and HASTANIAH ................. ........................ 13

2.1 Introduction.. ...................................................................................... 13 2.2 General Characteristics .................................................. ..................... 14 2.3 Rainfall.. ........... .................................................... ............. .......... ....... 16 2.4 Microclimate ............... ....................................................... ... ..... ........ 19 2.5 Conclusion ................... .......................... ............... ............. ... .............. 25

3 Effects of Droughts and Forest Fires on Dipterocarp Forest in East Kalimantan T. MORI ..................................................................................... 29

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 29 3.2 Cause of Forest Fires in 1998 ............................................................. 31 3.3 What the Fires Did to the Forests ....................................................... 34 3.4 Recovery of the Forest Vegetation ..................................................... 40 3.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 42

IX

x

Part 2: Soil Characteristics and Human Impacts

4 Are Soils in Degraded Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems Deteriorated? A Comparison of Imperata Grasslands, Degraded Secondary Forests, and Primary Forests

Contents

S. OHIA, K. MORISADA, N. TANAKA, Y. KIYONO, and S. EFFENDI 49

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 49 4.2 Study Area, Vegetation and Soils... ........... ..... ........ ..... ... .......... ... ..... ... 50 4.3 Chemical Properties ........................................................................... 50 4.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 55

5 Vertical Transportation of Chemical Elements Through Water Movement in Different Vegetation N. TANAKA, D. AKSA, S. EFFENDI, and S. OHIA .......................... 59

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 59 5.2 Sites .................................................................................................... 61 5.3 Change in Water Chemistry Along the Pathways in

Different Vegetation.............. .............................................................. 61 5.4 Fine Litter Fall and Its Chemical Composition .................................. 65 5.5 Annual Element Fluxes ........ ...................................................... ........ 65 5.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 67

6 Changes in Soil Nutrient Status After Abandonment of Swidden Agriculture at Benuaq Dayak Village K. MORISADA, S. EFFENDI, and S. OHIA ..................................... 69

6.1 Introduction ......................... .... .......... ........................ ................. ........ 69 6.2 Fallow Forests in the Mencimai Village Area ..................................... 70 6.3 Changes in the Physio-Chernical Properties of Soil with

Fallow Period ................... ............ ............................. ....... ................... 71 6.4 Changes in Nutrient Stock with Fallow Period................................... 72 6.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 76

7 Serpentine Soils on Catena in the Southern Part of East Kalimantan, Indonesia S. EFFENDI, S. MIURA, N; TANAKA, and S. OHIA ........................ 79

7.1 Introduction............... ........... ................................................. ............. 79 7.2 Study Area and Soils ....... .............. .............. ....... ...... ....... ..... .............. 80 7.3 Chemical Properties .............. ............................................................. 82 7.4 Soils on Serpentine Catena.............................................................. ... 85 7.5 Conclusion .. ............. ............... ............... ......... ..... ........... ......... ........... 86

Contents

8 Characteristics of Soils Developed on Volcanic Parent Materials in the Barong Tongkok Area

XI

D. AKSA, N. TANAKA, S. OHTA, and S. EFFENDI .......................... 89

8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 89 8.2 Study Area... ........ ......... .......... ............. ........ ..... ....... ......... .................. 90 8.3 Morphology and Physico-Chemical Properties.. ...... .................. ........ 90 8.4 Comparison with Soils on the Tertiary Deposits ................................ 93 8.5 Conclusion. ................. ............ ............. ........ ..... ..... .................. ........... 95

Part 3: Drought and Fire Impacts on Forest Ecosystems

9 Tree Species Composition of a Burned Lowland Dipterocarp Forest in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan P. MATIus, T. TOMA, and M. SUTISNA .................... ..................... 99

9.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 99 9.2 The Large-scale Study Plot in Bukit Soeharto ................................... 100 9.3 Tree Density and Basal Area .............................................................. 100 9.4 Species Composition .......................................................................... 101 9.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 104

10 Dynamics of Burned Lowland Dipterocarp Forest Stands in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan T. TOMA, P. MATIUs, HASTANIAH, Y. KrYONO,

R. WATANABE, and Y. OKIMORI .......................... ......................... 107

10.1 Introduction ...... ...... ..................................... ..................... .......... ........ 107 10.2 Monitoring Plots with Different Intensities of Fire Disturbance ........ 108 10.3 Changes After the 1983 Fires ........................ ........ ...... ............ ........... 109 10.4 Effect of the Drought and Fires in 1997 and 1998 ...... ....................... 114 10.5 Conclusion... .................. ...................... ...... ........ ........................... ...... 117

11 Flowering and Fruiting Phenologies of Dipterocarps in a Rainforest in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan Y. KIYONO and HASTANIAH ......................................................... 121

11.1 Phenological Observations at Bukit Soeharto Education Forest ........ 121 11.2 Flowering and Fruiting Fluctuations .................................................. 122 11.3 Reproductive Success ......................................................................... 125 11.4 DBH Ranges of Flowering and Fruiting Trees ................................... 126 11.5 Death in the Drought and Fires of 1997 and 1998 ............ ................. 126 11.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 127

XII Contents

12 Leaf Gas Exchange and Canopy Structure in Wet and Drought Years in Macaranga conifera, a Tropical Pioneer Tree A. ISHIDA, T. TOMA, and MARlENAH ................................................. 129

12.1 How Does Drought Affect the Leaf Gas Exchange Process? ... ...... .... 129 12.2 Canopy Structure and Leaf Characteristics ........................................ 131 12.3 Leaf Gas Exchange of the Uppermost Canopy Leaves ...................... 133 12.4 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Within Canopy Leaves ............................. 139 12.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 140

13 Responses of Dipterocarp Seedlings to Drought Stress S. Iro, Y. NISHIYAMA, and W. KUSTlAWAN .................................. 143

13.1 Need for Evaluation of Drought Tolerance in the Wet Tropics .......... 143 13.2 Plant Materials and Irrigation Treatments .......................................... 144 13.3 Growth Response to Drought Stress................................................... 145 13.4 Changes in Dry Matter Allocation...................................................... 146 13.5 Functional Changes of Seedling Architecture. ..... ............ ..... ............. 147 13.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 150

14 The Effect of Droughts and Fires on Coleopteran Insects in Lowland Dipterocarp Forests in Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan H. MAKIHARA, H. KINUURA , K. Y AHIRO, and C. SOEYAMTO ....... 153

14.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 153 14.2 Sampling Procedure ........................................................................... 155 14.3 Effects of Drought and Fire on Various Coleopteran Insects ............. 155 14.4 Conclusion ................. ...... .......... ........................ ......... ............ ............ 162

Part 4: Human Impacts on Forest Ecosystems

15 Mecha-nism of Changes in the Kenyah' s Swidden System: Explanation in Terms of Agricultural Intensification Theory M. INOUE ................................................................................... 167

15.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 167 15.2 Changes in Swidden Agriculture by the Kenyah Dayak.. ....... .... ........ 169 15.3 New Concepts for Study of the Shortening of Fallow Period............. 171 15.4 Intensification Process of the Kenyah's Swidden System .................. 176 15.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 182

Contents

16 Tropical Secondary Forest and Its Succession Following Traditional Slash-and-Burn Agriculture in Mencimai, East Kalimantan

XIII

y. OKIMORI and P. MATI US ......................................................... 185

16.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 185 16.2 Secondary Forests in Mencimai Village ............................................. 186 16.3 Changes in Forest Structure and Species Richness ............................ 187 16.4 Dynamics of Pioneer and Sprouting Trees ......................................... 194 16.5 Regeneration Characteristics of Shorea parvifolia ............................. 195 16.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 196

17 The Role of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture in Transforming Dipterocarp Forest into Imperata Grassland Y. KIYONO and HASTANIAH ......... ........ .......... ......... ... .......... ........ 199

17.1 Introduction... ... ........ ...... ............ ... .... .... ....... ..... ................. .... ...... ... ... 199 17.2 Transformation of Dipterocarp Forests into Imperata Grasslands ..... 200 17.3 Succession in Imperata Grassland ..................................................... 206 17.4 Conclusion.. ...... ............ ....... ........... .... ............... ......................... ........ 207

18 Impact of Different Intensities of Selective Logging on a Low-Hill Dipterocarp Forest in Pasir, East Kalimantan Y. OKIMORI and P. MATIUS ......................................................... 209

18.1 Introduction ........... ............. ......... ........ .... ........... .... ... ...... ................... 209 18.2 Research Site, Methods, and Trees Harvested.................................... 209 18.3 Effects of Logging at Different Intensities................... .... ... ...... ......... 210 18.4 Countermeasures for Reducing the Damage and Promoting

Sustainable Management .................................................................... 216

19 A Case Study of Second Felling in a Logged-Over Dipterocarp Forest Y. RUSLlM, P. MATlUS, and M. SUTISNA .... ..... .... ... ...... ..... .... ....... 219

19.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 219 19.2 Study Site and Forest Structure Before Logging ................................ 220 19 .3 Felling and Skidding Methods....... ......... .... ... ............... ...... ... ....... ...... 220 19.4 Effects of Logging on the Forest Stand .............................................. 222 19.5 Remaining Trees and Predicting the Next Felling .............................. 225

XIV

20 Effects of Forest Fragmentation on the Behavior of Bornean Gibbons

Contents

T. OKA, E. ISKANDAR, and D.1. GHOZALI ........ ............................. 229

20.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 229 20.2 Forests Inhabited by Gibbons ............................................................. 230 20.3 Gibbon Families in the BSEF ... ......... ...... .............. .......... ............... .... 231 20.4 Gibbon Families in the Isolated Forests ............................................. 234 20.5 Forest Roads as Barriers ..................................................................... 236 20.6 Isolated Forests as Fragile Sanctuaries ............................................... 237 20.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 238

Part 5: Rehabilitation Techniques and Constraints on Sustainable Forest Management

21 Treatment to Develop Mycorrhiza Formation on Dipterocarp Seedlings SUHARDI .•..•••..••..••..••.•••.•..•.•.•.•.•. ...••..............••.••....••.•..•............. 245

21.1 Introduction ...... .............................. ............... ..... ................................ 245 21.2 Shading Effects .............................. ..................................................... 246 21.3 Effect ofInoculum and Selection of Appropriate Fungi .................... 247 21.4 Inoculum, Mulching, and Charcoal Treatments to Enhance

Mycorrhizal Infection ........... ... ................... ............ ............................ 248 21.5 Conclusion ......................... ...... ............................... ............................ 249

22 A Convenient Method for Inoculating Dipterocarp Seedlings with the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, Scleroderma columnare S. MORI and MARJENAH ...................................... ....................... 251

22.1 Introduction ............. ........... ............................................ .................... 251 22.2 The Inoculation Method and Its Effects ........ ..... ...... ....... ................... 252 22.3 Diurnal Changes in Photosynthesis ................... ................................. 253 22.4 Application of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in the Field ............................ 254 22.5 Variation of Affinity Between Different Dipterocarp Species and

S. columnare ...... ... ...... ............... .............. ..... ..... ..... ........... .... ..... ... ..... 254 22.6 Conclusion ...... ........... ........................................ ................... .............. 255

23 Photographic Estimation of Light Environments on Forest Floors and Effects of Light on the Growth of Dipterocarp Seedlings H. Y AHATA •...•••..•••.•.••••.•..••..•.•.•.. .•.•....•.•••..••.••.•..••..•..••.••..•........ 259

23.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 259

Contents XV

23.2 Photographic Estimation of Light Intensity on the Forest Floor and Determination ofIts Validity ......... ..... .... ...... ......... .... ....... .... ... ... ... ..... 260

23.3 Light Intensity and Seedling Growth.................................................. 265 23.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 266

24 In Situ Study of the Effects of Elevated Temperature on Photo inhibition in Climax and Pioneer Species A. ISHIDA, T. TOMA, D.I. GHOZALI, and MARJENAH ..................... 269

24.1 Introduction ........ ....... .... ....... ............ ..... ..... ....... ..... ... .... ....... ...... ..... ... 269 24.2 High-Temperature Treatment .............................................................. 270 24.3 Photoinhibition by Elevated LeafTemperature .................................. 272 24.4 Possible Niche Partitioning ................................................................ 275 24.5 Protective Mechanisms for Photo inhibition in Morphology and

Physiology .......................................................................................... 277 24.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 278

25 Growth of Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) Seedlings in Relation to Environmental Factors in the Forest Understory HASTANIAH and Y. KIYONO ...................... ......... .......................... 281

25.1 Decrease in the Growing Stock of an Ironwood Species due to Over-Exploitation ............................................................................... 281

25.2 Seedling Growth in Contrasting Light Environments ........................ 283 25.3 Growth of Seedlings Seeded Artificially on an Unsuitable Soil........ 285 25.4 Influence of Fire on Seedling Survival and Regeneration .................. 285 25.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 285

26 Diseases of Dipterocarp Saplings Planted in Bukit Soeharto Education Forest, East Kalimantan D. MARDJI .................................................................................. 289

26.1 Introduction ............................... .... ............. ....... ........ ...... ...... ............. 289 26.2 Notes on Diseases ............................................................................... 291 26.3 Disease Incidence on Different Dipterocarp Species ....... .... .............. 295 26.4 Conclusion ........ ...... ...... .............................. ... .... ...... ...... ... .................. 296

27 Participatory Forest Management M. INOUE ................................................................................... 299

27.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 299 27.2 The Kenyah's Resource Management Systems and Their Changes ... 300 27.3 Evaluation of the Resource Management System by the Kenyah ...... 301 27.4 Basic Course to Introduce Participatory Forest Management ............ 303

XVI Contents

27.5 National Forest Policy in Terms of Participation ............................... 304 27.6 Closing Remark .................................................................................. 306

28 Overview of the Changing Forest Ecosystems in East Kalimantan T. MORI, S. OHTA, A. ISHIDA, T. TOMA, and T. OKA ................... 309

28.1 Introduction ....... ................. ........................... ...... ........ ....................... 309 28.2 Implications and Misconceptions Concerning Soil Change ............... 309 28.3 Fire and Human Impact on Vegetation Changes ................................ 311 28.4 Drought and Fire Impact on Forest Functions .................................... 312 28.5 Fire and Human Impact on Animals ...................... ,............................ 314 28.6 Community Forestry and Rehabilitation ............................................ 315 28.7 Concluding Remark ....................................... .... ..... ...................... ...... 316

Subject Index ............................................................................................... 319

Species Index ............................................................................................... 326

Contributors

AKSA, DARUL

Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (PUSREHUT), Mulawarman University, P. O. Box 1165, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

EFFENDI, SYARIF


FATAWI, MANSUR

Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (PUSREHUT), Mulawarman University, P. o. Box 1165, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

GHOZALI, DADANG I. Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (PUSREHUT), Mulawarman University, P. o. Box 1165, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

GUHARDJA, EDI

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Gedung MMA-IPB, JI. Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia

HASTANIAH


INOUE, MAKoTO

Division of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan

ISHIDA, ATSUSHI

Forest Environment Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Danchi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan

XVII

XVIII Contributors

ISKANDAR, EeEP


ITO, SATOSHI

Forest Science Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, GakuenKibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

KINUURA, HARuo

Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Shimokuriya-gawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan

KiYONO, Y OSHIYUKI

Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan

KOSWARA, JAJAH

Research and Community Service Development, Directrate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture, JI. Pintu I, Senayan, Jakarta, Indonesia

KUSTIWAN, W AWAN

Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, P. O. Box lOB, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

MAKIHARA, HIROSHI

Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (PUSREHUT), Mulawarman University, P. O. Box 1165, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Present Address: Forest Biology Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Danchi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan

MARDJI, DJUMALl


MARJENAH


MATIUS, PAULUS


MIURA, SATORU


Contributors XIX

MORI, SHIGETA

Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Shimokuriya-gawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan

MORI, TOKUNORI

Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (PUSREHUT), Mulawarman University, P. O. Box 1165, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Present Address: Bio-resources Technology Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Danchi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan

MORISADA, KAzUHlTO


NISHIYAMA, YOSHIHIKO

Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Todori, Hachiohji, Tokyo 193-0843, Japan

OHTA, SEJICHI

Forest Environment Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Danchi, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan

OKA, TERUKI

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan

OKIMORI, Y ASUYUKI

Biological Environment Institute, Kansai Environmental Engineering Center Co., Ltd., Ujimatafuri, Uji, Kyoto 611-0021, Japan

RUSLIM, YOSEF

Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, P. O. Box 1013, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

SUHARDI

Faculty of Forestry, The University of Gajah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55261, Indonesia

SUTISNA, MAMAN


SOEYAMTO, CHRISTOPHORUS


xx Contributors

TANAKA, NAGAHARU

Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan

TOMA, TAKESHI

Tropical Rain Forest Research Center (PUSREHUT), Mulawarrnan University, P. O. Box 1165, Samarinda 75117, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Present Address: Forest Environment Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Danchi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan

WATANABE, RYUICHI

Faculty of Education, Shinshu University, Nishi-Nagano, Nagano 380-8544, Japan

Y AHATA, HISASHI

Division of Land-Water Resources and Environmental Conservation, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

Y AHIRO, KATSURO

Lake Biwa Museum, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0001, Japan

Color Plates XXI

NOAA satellite image showing distribution of hot spots (red points) and haze and clouds in South East Asia on November 8, 1997, during an EN SO (EI Nino Southern-Oscillation) event

Hotspots March, 1998 Data source:

100 200 km

FFPMP-JICA

Distribution of hot spots (red points) on Borneo island for the entire month of March 1998, during an EN SO event (Data from the Forest Fire Prevention Management Project, Bogor, Indonesia)

XXII Color Plates

Landsat TM image (DI16-061) April 13, 1997, before drought and wildfires around the study area between Balikpapan and Samarinda

Landosat TM image March 31, 1998, just after wildfires associated with a 1997-98 ENSO event around the study area. Inset: detected decrease in vegetation (pink areas) between April 1997 and March 1998, using Change Vector Analysis (CVA) examined by Satoshi Tsuyuki

Color Plates XXIII

A grassland fire during a prolonged drought associated with an EN SO event. Photographed February 1998

A surface fire on the understory of a near-primary forest during a prolonged drought associated with an EN SO event. Photographed February 1998

Mixed dipterocarp forest after the forest fire of March 1998. Photographed April 1998

XXIV Color Plates

A near-primary forest before the forest fires of 1998. Photographed July 1996

A near-primary forest burning. Photographed February 1998. The smoke is from forest fires during a prolonged drought associated with an EN SO event

A near-primary forest after the forest fires of February 1998. Photographed July 1998

Color Plates xxv

A secondary forest consisting of Macaranga trees developed after the forest fires of 1983 associated with an ENSO event. Photographed August 1997. Dead standing trees are from the forest fires of 1983

A secondary forest, affected by the prolonged drought associated with a 1997-98 EN SO event, before forest fires. Photographed February 1998. The smoke is from forest fires

A secondary forest after the forest fires of February 1998. Photographed May 1998

XXVI Color Plates

Land use by pepper, banana, and other plantations. A typical landscape in East Kalimantan

An alang-alang (lmperata cylindrica) grassland developed after the abandonment of a pepper plantation (woody stakes in background}, and burning coal on an outcrop (foreground} . A typical landscape (savannization) in East Kalimantan

Color Plates XXVII

Mosaic of vegetation produced by land use by migratory farmers. Photographed November 1996

Just after a fire in slash-and-bum agriculture

Dipterocarpus comutus fruits at the top of a canopy. Flowering occurred during a 1997-98 EN SO event. Photographed January 1998

XXVIII Color Plates

The fruit body of Scleroderma coLumnare, a typical ectomycorrhizal fungus, in a potted dipterocarp (Shorea smithiana) seedling (left). XyLotrechus australis (iongicorn beetle) on Mikania micratha flowers (right)

Vertical profiles of Typic Paleudults under a degraded secondary forest (left) and an Imperata grassland (middle), which are the major soil types of the lowland dipterocarp forest area in East Kalimantan, and a profile of Rhodic Kandiperox (right) derived from serpentinite found in the southern part of East Kalimantan

ecological studies, vol. 140 - springer978-4-431-67911-0/1.pdfkalimantan, which covers more than 70%...

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