ecological study of ghodaghodi lake
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecologicalstudy of
Ghodagho
di lakeJ. Diwakar
1, S. Bajracharya
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1
and U.R. Yadav1
Wetlands comprise
5% of worlds total
land areas of Nepal.
The present studyGhodaghodiLake in
the Far-West Nepal
Terai manifested
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the
physicochemicalcontamination in
thelake. All theparameters were
within the WHO
guideline values
except for
PhosphateandDissolved
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Oxygen. Water
depth varies form1-4 m. High
phosphate levelsuggested thatthe
lake is
hypertrophic.
Dissolved oxygen
was low, rangingbetween 5.27-6.56
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mg/l. Thepresence
of high density ofHemiptera (384.23
ind/m2) and
Ephimeripterae(273.66 ind/ m2
) indicted thatwater was polluted
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due to high
nutrient depositionboth from the
decayingof theabundant aquatic
flora and from the
surrounding area.
The most important
challengethat wehave to face is to
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strike a balance
betweensustainable human
exploitationandmaintaining the
ecological
character of a
wetland ecosystem.
Key words:
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Ghodaghodi Lake,
phytoplankton,macroinvertebrates
, phosphate, nitrate
Wetlands are landstransitional
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between
terrestrialand
aquatic systems
where soil isfrequently waterl
ogged, the watertable is usually at
or nearthesurface or the
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land is covered
by shallow water.
Entirecivilizatio
n developedaround wetland-
areasof immense
value botheconomically and
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in terms
of quality life.
But over
exploitation ofwetlands
impairsitssustainability.
Survival ofhuman
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civilization
ininextricably
linked with
wetlands. Bysustaining
theeconomicstability of
hundreds ofmillions of
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people,the
society is
benefited from
the wetlands inadifferent
manner. On ashorter time
scale,wetlandsare
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usually useful as
sources, sinks
and
transformersof amultitude of
chemical,biological and
geneticmaterials.They have been
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found to cleanse
pollutedwater,
prevent floods
and rechargegroundwateraqui
fers.Furthermore,
wetlands providea uniquehabitat
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for a wide variety
of flora and
fauna.
James(1995) hasrightly called the
wetlands asnatureskidneys
because of thenatural
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functions
they perform
(Poddar
et al2001).Water, the
most vitalresource for all
life on thisplanetis also the
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resource,
adversely
affected
qualitatively andquantitatively by
different ofhuman
activitieson land,in air, or in
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water. Today
most of the
surfaceand the
ground water ofthe world receive
millionsof litersof sewage,
domestic waste,industrial
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andagricultural
effluents
containing
substancesvarying in
characteristicsfrom simple
nutrients tohighly
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toxicsubstances
(Trivedy and
Goel
1986).Ghodaghodi lake is a
naturalfreshwater
oxbow lakeonthe lower slope
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of Siwalik. It is a
large and
shallow1
Central Department
of Environmental
Science, TribhuvanUniversity, Kirtipur,
P.O. Box: 9135,
Kathmandu, NepalE-
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mail:
[email protected], having
finger-likeprojections, with
associatedmarshes and meadows
surrounded by
tropicaldeciduou
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s forest on the
lower slopes of
Siwalik
range.There arethirteen
associated lakesand ponds;
somestreamshave separated
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lakes and ponds,
and somestreams
are separated by
hillocks situatedon theperiphery
of Ghodaghodi.The forest and
wetland isawildlife corridor
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between the low
land and
theSiwalik. The
lake is fed bysurface flows
fromthewatershed
area,groundwater,
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springs and
smallstreams.
Water depth
varies from 1-4 m(DNPWC
&WWF 2005).Site description:
It is situated at analtitude of
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Sukhad, ward no.
5, Darakh VDC,
1 kmwest of
SukhadChouraha,
Kailali district inthe Terairegion
of Far-WesternDevelopment
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Region, Nepal.It
lies along the
Mahendra
Highway (100 mnorth of the East-
West highway)with several
ramificationscaused by soil
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wetland sitesof
international
importance in
Nepal, and is partof the Terai Arc
Landscape.Ghodaghodi lake
(150 ha)is one ofthe 14 lakes of
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Ghodaghodi
Lake
Complex(2563
ha) a Ramsarsite of Nepal
(Kafle2006).Many of
the branchesbecome
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disconnected
fromthe main
water body
during low waterseasons.
Thewetland has apermanent flow.
Recently, thetempleof
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Ghodaghodi
Deity has been
built with
theassistancefrom the local
people andDistrict
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19Banko Janakari,
Special Issue
DevelopmentCommittee. The
topography oftheLake is palm
shaped withmany
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ramifications.
Among them,
notches
extendingtowards north are
largerthan thoseon other sides.
The temperaturerise ishighest in
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the month of
May, and drops
to its lowestin
the month ofJanuary. The
meanmaximumtemper
ature of Maywas 37.2
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0
C while in 1995itreached the
highest to 40.40C. Similarly, the
meanminimumtemperature of
January was 7.540
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C; thelowest
recorded
temperature in 19
years was 70
C inDecember1994. Pre-
monsoon was the
hottest
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season(average
34.430
C) while thewinter season
was thecoldestseason (average
8.420
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C). The area
receives
anaverage
annual rainfallof 1794.12 mm.
Dry andsurplusyear were almost
similarlydistributed
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(11:8)but of the
total rainfall,
87.71% of
rainfalloccurredin
monsoon season(June-
September). Thismightbe the
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crownedRoofed
Turtle (Kachuga
Kachuga); endangered
Tiger(Panthera tigris
), Three-stripedRoof Turtle (
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Kachuga dhongka
); vulnerable
Smooth-coated
Otter (Lutra perpiscillata
), Common Otter(
Lutra lutra), Swamp deer(
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Cervus
duvaucelli
), Lesser
Adjutant Stork(Leptotilos javanic
us) and Marsh
Crocodile (
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Crocodylus
palustris
);and
endangeredOrchid (
Aerides odorata),
religiously important and
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threatened Lotus
(Nelumbo
nucifera),and rare wild
rice (Hygrohiza
aristata
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) (DNPWC
&WWF,
2005).The lake is
rich in floraldiversity with
excellentenvironment conditions
for both lake andterrestrial(grassla
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nd and forest)
vegetation. Lake
vegetationinclud
es the freefloating species
(Azolla,
Lemna,Spirodelaand
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Ricclocarpus
), the submergent
species(
Hydrillaverticillata,
Chara fragilis,Nitella spp
andPotamogeton sp.
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andDictyospperum
scaberrimum
), theemergentspecies (
Limnophilaindica
and
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Monochoria hastat
a
) and marshland
species (Rannunculus,
Phragmites phalaris, Oryza isachne,
Shcoenoplectus,Ipomoea
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).The wetland
and surrounding
forests are
renownedfortheir rich
mammalianfauna too. The
lake is awinteringarea for sizeable
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numbers of
several speciesof
waterfowl, and
provides astaging area for
many speciesduring their
migration.Thelake is also rich
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Goldenmonitor
lizard, Indian
python and
tortoise. Thelakearea housed
Common otterand indigenous
speciesof fish. Alarge species of
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tortoise is also
reportedto be
present in this
area.About 140species of birds,
both migrantandresident,
representing over16% of national
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avifaunahave
been reported in
the area. A few
birds that breedinnorth Asia are
also reported toreside here.
Butthedestruction and
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deterioration of
the
surrounding fore
st area havethreatened their
presence. It isthelargest inter-
connected naturallake system in the
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Teraiof Nepal.
The other lakes
connected with
it areNakhrodiLake, Baishhawa
Lake, OjhuwaLake,Chidiya
Lake, BudhiNakhrodi Lake,
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Sunpokhari
Lakeand
Ramphal Lake. It
is vulnerable andis exposed
totremendousanthropogenic
activities.Because of
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thisthe Lake has
always been in
the top priority
of IUCNNepalsWetlands and
Heritage Unit.Likewise,
theNepalGovernment has
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also listed it as a
criticalwetland
habitat. Due to
these reasons,GhodaghodiLake
along with otherlakes at its
catchment areawasselected as
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the site for the
study.
Materials and
methodsPhysicochemical
and the status ofaquatic flora
andfauna was
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determined for
the assessment of
water
Table 1: Testparameters,
methods of analysesand instruments
usedS.N.
Parameters UnitMethod of analyses
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1 pH - pH
meter2Temperature0
C Mercuric
thermometer3
Conductivity
s/cm Conductivity
meter4 Dissolved
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Oxygen mg/L
WinklersIodometric
method5 TotalAlkalinity mg/L
Titrimetric
method6
Hardness mg/L
EDTA titrimetricmethod7 Chloride
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mg/L
Argentometricmethod8 Free
Carbondioxidemg/L Titrimetric
method9 Nitrate-
Nitrogen mg/L
Phenol
Disulphonic acidmethod10
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Phosphate mg/L
Ammoniummolybdate method
Diwakaret al.
20Banko Janakari,
Special Issue
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quality of the
lake. Analyses of
the physico-
chemicalparameters were done by
following APHA(1998).pH and
Conductivity ofwater samples
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were recordedat
the site during
the sampling
period.Otherparameter
s were analyzedin the
EnvironmentLaboratory of
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CDES. The
samples were
analyzedon the
same dayimmediately and
always within6hours of
collection. Testparameters,
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out using the
grab sampler of
an area
0.02498m2
. During thecollection of
samples, grab
samplerwas
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locked initially
and slowly
dropped into the
pondtying it withnylon thread, as
the samplertouchedthe
bottom itautomatically
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unlocked itself
grabbing the
sediment within
it. The samplerwas pulled upand
sediments weretransferred into a
bucket.Toremove clay
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and organic
matter, the
sediments
weresieved usingsieve size
number 106micron. Then
thesievedsamples were
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stored in
labelled
polythenesample
bag along withlittle water and
carried back tothe laboratory at
CDES. Thesorting of
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sampleswere
carried out in
white enamel
trays with thehelpof forceps,
brushes, anddropper.
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Results and
discussionThe temperature
at various depths
shows that
thetemperaturegradually
decreases with
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depths.
Thesurface
temperature at
different sitesranged from15
0C to 160
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C, temperature at
1.5 m depth was
150
Cat site 2, and
temperature at 1m depth was 160
C atsite 3.Conductivity
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ranged from 106
s/cm to
111s/cm. pH
ranged from 6.9to 7.4.
DissolvedOxygen (DO) increased
with depth. DOof surfacewater
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ranged from 5.27
mg/l to 5.43
mg/l. DO of site
2 was 6.40 mg/lat 1 m depth and
DO of site 3was6.56 at 1.5m
depth.. Totalalkalinity ranged
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from75 mg/l to
80 mg/l on the
surface, 75 mg/l
at 1.5 mdepth ofsite 2, and 75
mg/l at 1m depthat site 3.
Table 2: Physico-Chemical
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Parameters of
Ghodaghodi Lake.Site 1 Site 2 Site
3ParametersSurfaceSurface 1.5 m
Surface 1 mTime
10:30 A.M 10:55A.M 11:30 A.MAir
Temperature (0
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C) 18 17 17.5Water
Temperature (0
C) 15 15.5 15 16
15Conductivity
(S/cm) 111 111
110 106 108pH 7.47.0 7.2 7.3
6.9Dissolved
Oxygen (mg/l) 5.35
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5.43 6.56 5.27
6.4PhenolphthaleinAlkalinity (mg/l) 0
0 0 0 0TotalAlkalinity (mg/l)
80 80 75 75
90Hardness (mg/l)52 51.2 51.4 58
58Chloride (mg/l)12.78 15.62 13.49
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17.81 17.04Free
Carbondioxide(mg/l) 13.2 8.36
12.32 14.0815.4Phosphate
(mg/l) 0.409 0.105
0.099 0.421 0.206No. of individuals
(X)S i t e 1S i t e 2 S i t e
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3 S i t e 4 Name
of speciesA BC A B A
B C A BC
X1
X2Mean(X
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1
)Mean(X2)Density(X
1)Density(X1
)AverageDensityG o
s s i p h o n i d a
e 1 - - - -- - - - - -
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1 0 1 0
4 4 . 8 -2 2 . 4 H e m i p t
e r a 1 7 4 1 22 1 2 - - - -
1 7 1 2 1 7
1 . 2 7 6 1 . 66 . 8 6
3 8 4 . 2 3 L i n me a 2 1 - -
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- - - - - -
- 2 1 20 . 1 8 9 . 6
0 . 5 74 5 . 0 9 D i p t
e r a 3 - 1 -
- - - - - -- 3 1 3 0 . 1
1 3 4 . 4 0 . 5 76 7 . 4 9 E p h i m
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e r i p t e r a e 1 2
3 7 - - 1 - -- 5 1 1 2 1 7
1 2 1 . 7 5 3 7 . 69 . 7 1
2 7 3 . 6 6 C h r o n
o m i d a e 5 17 - - 2 1 2 3
1 5 1 5 4 1 54 . 1 4 4 . 8
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2 3 . 4 3
1 2 3 . 7 2 M o sq u i t o
l a r v a e 1 -- - - - - -
- - - 1 0
1 0 - -2 2 . 4
Gyraulus
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- - 3 - 4
1 - 4 - 21 - 1 5 -
1 . 5 -8 . 5 7 4 . 2 8
Hydracarina
- 1 - - -1 - - - -
- - 2 -0 . 2 -
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1 . 1 4
0 . 5 7 D r a go n f l y - 1
- - - - - -- - - - 2
- 0 . 2 -
1 . 1 40 . 5 7 C e r a t o
p o g o n i d a e- 1 - - - -
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- - - - - -
1 - 0 . 1 -0 . 5 7
0 . 2 9 N e r i t id a e - - 1
- - - - - -
- 1 - 2 -0 . 2 - 1 . 1 4
0 . 5 7 S e g n en t i n a - -
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- - 3 - - -
- - - - 3 -0 . 3 - 1 . 7 1
0 . 8 6 B i t h in i d a e - -
- - - - - 1
- - - - 1 -0 . 1 - 0 . 5 7
0 . 2 9Corixa
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- - - - -
- - 1 - -- - 1 -
0 . 1 -0 . 5 7
0 . 2 9
Isopteron isopteran- - - - -
- - - - -1 - 1 -
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0 . 1 -
0 . 5 70 . 2 9
Diwakaret al.
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21Banko Janakari,
Special
IssueDiwakaret al.
Hardness ranged
form 51.2 mg/l to
58 mg/l on
thesuface, 51.4
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mg/l at site 2 and
58 mg/l at site 3.
Freecarbondioxid
e ranged from8.36 mg/l to
14.08 mg/l on thesurface, 12.32
mg/l at site 2 and15.4 mg/l atsite
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3. Phosphate
ranged from
0.409 mg/l to
0.421mg/l on thesurface, 0.099
mg/l at site 2 and0.206mg/l at site
3. Itsconcentration
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decreased with
depth.Regarding
macroinvertebrat
es, higherdensity
of Hemiptera(384.23 no./m2
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) and the least
density ofIsopteron
isoptera, Corix,
BithindaeandCeratopogoni
dae (0.285 no./m2
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each).Wetlands
are full of
mystery. These
forgottenplacesare some
of our beautifulheritages. Nepal
aboundsinwetlands and has
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for centuries
benefited form
thewealth they
have provided,timbers, fruits,
firewood,fish andmedicines. Our
wetland wealthhas becomeeven
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more valuable
in the face of
increasing deve
lopmentpressures. Each
year,uncontrolleddev
elopment hasbeen destroying
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scores of
hectaresof
wetlands, the
essential naturalfilters.Pollution
of water isresponsible for a
large numberofmortalities and
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morbidities in the
world. Waterno
longer remains a
free good. Manhas tried tocope
up with thisscenario and has
rapidlyadvancedits
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efforts to
counterpart this
malady. Over the
pastfew decades,natural and
polluted watershave beenstudied
in detail all overthe world and
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considerabledata
are now available
on most kinds of
pollutantsandtheir effects on
ecosystems aswell as
organisms.Aregular
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monitoring of
some of them
not only prevents
diseases andhazards but also
checks thewaterresources from
getting furtherpolluted
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(Trivedy and
Goel,
1986).Temperatu
re is an importantlimiting factor of
anaquaticecosystem and a
good indicatorof waterquality.
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All metabolic and
physiological
activities suchas
respiration,circulation, and
reproduction.aregenerally
influenced bytemperature.
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During
thepresent
investigation the
temperature ofsurface
waterrangedform 150
C to 160
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C. The present
investigationdid
not show
considerablechanges in
temperature.Thedepth-wise
analysis oftemperature
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showed thatthere
was a decrease in
the temperature
as thedepthincreases.
It might be dueto high density
of phytoplanktonat the upper
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layers, which
restricts thesolar
radiation to
penetrate into thedeeper
layers.One of themost unusual
properties ofwater is thefact
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that its density
does not
monotonically
increaseas thetemperature
drops. Instead ithas a
maximumdensityat 4
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0
C. One result ofthis maximum
density is thatabove 40
C, the density ofwater decreases
withtemperature.Dissolved
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oxygen is
considered as an
importantparam
eter in waterquality
assessment.Theconcentratio
n of oxygen inwater depends
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mainly on two
sources:
diffusion from
atmosphere,whichdepends on
solubility ofoxygen under the
influenceoftemperature,
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salinity, water
movement.
andphotosynthet
ic evolution,which is a
biologicalprocess and depends on
the availability oflight andrate of
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metabolic
process. The
surface DO of
allthree sites isgreater than 5
mg/l while thedepthwise
analysis of DOshowed the
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requirement for
DO, so thelower
concentration
may affect thesurvival of
aquaticorganisms.The present
study revealedthat the valuesfor
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DO in sample
water from
surface and depth
wiseanalysiswere above the
WHOpermissible value
of 5 mg/l.Thehardness of water
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is not actually a
pollutionparamet
er but indicates
water quality. Itis due
topresence ofdissolved salts
of CalciumandMagnesium.
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It is expressed
as an
equivalentconce
ntration ofcalcium
carbonate inmg/l. Hardwater
requires aconsiderable
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amount of soap
toproduce lather.
Scaling of hot
water pipes,boilersand other
householdappliances is also
due to thehardwater. It was
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high at site 3
while least at site
2,this might be
due to presenceof agricultural
land insite 3,which was more
prone topollution.Carbon
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is usually found
from a number of
naturalsources,
includingalkalinity,
dissolved carbondioxidefrom the
atmosphere, anddecaying organic
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matter.So, it is
not often a
limiting nutrient.
Thecarbondioxide in
water increasedwith depth; this
might bedue todecomposition of
-
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dead and
decayed parts
of plants and
otherorganisms.The
conductivity is anumerical
expression oftheability of an
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aqueous solution
to carry an
electriccurrent
and depends onthe presence of
ions, theirtotalconcentration,
mobility, valenceand
-
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relativeconcentra
tion and on the
temperature
measurement.Itis an important
criterion indetermining
thesuitability ofwater for
-
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irrigation. Since
the values
of conductivity in
all the sitesexceeded the
limiting value,thewater was
suitable forirrigation.
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the sites were
withinthe
specified range
of water qualityas prescribed
by WHOguidelines 6.5-
7.5.In naturalfresh water high
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concentration of
chlorideis
considered to be
an indicator ofenvironmentpoll
ution due toorganic wastage
of animalorigin.The
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maximum
permissible
WHO standard
of chloride fordrinking water is
250 mg/l. Thechlorideconcentra
tions at all thesites were within
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the
specifiedrange of
water
quality.Alkalinity is the acid
neutralizingcapacity of
water.In nature,due to the
-
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action of
limestone
ingroundwater
there occurscarbonates,
bicarbonates,borate, silicates,
and phosphatestogether
-
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withhydroxyl
ions that
contributes to
alkalinity. Thestudy revealed
thatphenolphthalein
alkalinity wasabsentmanifestin
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g that the total
alkalinity was
only due
tobicarbonates.Phosphorus occurs
in water mostlyas phosphate. Itis
rarely found inhigh
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concentration at
it is
actively taken up
by plants.Natural source of
phosphorusaremainly due to
the weatheringof
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phosphorusbeari
ng rocks and the
decomposition
of organicmatter.In most natural
surface water,phosphorusrange
s from 0.0055-0.020 mg/l as
-
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ortho
phosphate.In the
study, all the sites
have exceededthis naturallevel.
The deviation tosome extent
might be duetoagricultural
-
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runoff from the
surrounding
area.Transparenc
y of waterdenotes the
ability of lighttopass through
the water so thatobject situated at
-
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depthcan be
clearly seen.
Transparency is
veryimportantphysic
al parameter,which directly
influencetheproductivity
-
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status of water
body. The
presence
of suspendeddissolved
organic,inorganic
materialandturbidity of
-
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water
diminishes the
sechhi
disctransparencystatus and is
essential afunction of the
reflection of lightand restricts the
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penetrationof
light in an
aquatic
environment. Alllakes
gradually accumulate silt and
organic matter asthey undergo
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anatural aging
process known as
eutrophication.
Ayoung lake ischaracterized by
low nutrientcontentand low
plantproductivity.
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Such oligotrophic
lakesgradually
acquire nutrients
from theirdrainage
basins,whichfacilitates
increased aquaticgrowth. Over
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time,the increased
biological
productivity
causes thewaterto become
murky withphytoplankton,
whiledecaying organic
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matter
contributes to
the depletion
of available DO.The lake becomes
eutotrophic astheaccumulating
silt and organicdebris cause the
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laketo become
shallower and
warmer, more
plants takerootalong the shallow
edges, and thelake
slowly transforms into a
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marsh or bog,
while
sucheutrophicati
on is a naturalprocess that may
takethousands ofyears, it is
possible toaccelerate
-
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greatly the rate of
change through
human activities.
Algalblooms dieand decay,
causingunsightly,
odorousclumpsof rotting debris
-
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along the
shoreline and
thick mats of
dead organicmatter in the
lake.Thedecompositi
on of dead algaeuses up
-
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availableoxygen
, resulting in
the same sort
ofoxygendepletion
problems.Among the first
casualties arecoldwater fish, whose
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temperature
sensitivity
forcesthem to
stay in the colderbottom waters of
lakewhere theleast amount of
oxygen, but thetoxicity of the
-
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water increases as
hydrogen sulfide
and metals,such
as iron andmanganese,
which arenormally tiedup
as precipitates insediments, are
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the lake. They
serveas food for
most of the
bottom feedingfishes andare the
nutritionalsources. A total
of 16 taxaswererecorded
-
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from the lake.
The density ofHemiptera spp
.(384.33 ind/m2
) was the highestand that ofCorix sp.
, Bithindae and
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Isopteron
isopteran
sp. (0.2 ind/m2
each) was the
lowest.The
aquatic flora
collected and
identified during
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thestudy period
areLidwigia
agscendens,Nymphoids
sp.,Hydrilla sp.,Ceratophyllum sp.
Trapa sp.,
-
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Potamogetom nata
ns, Pistia sp.
and
Hygorhyza sp.Protection of
thesewatersources and
their effectivesustainableman
-
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agement are all-
critical strategies
in
maintaining andimproving water
quality.Conclusion
The presentstudy disclosed
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dissolved oxygen.
Water depth
varies form 1-4m.
High phosphatelevel indicates
the lakeishypertrophic.
Dissolvedoxygen is low
-
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ranging between
5.27-6.56 mg/l.
The presence of
highdensity ofHemiptera
(384.23 ind/m2
-
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)
andEphimeripter
ae (273.66 ind/m2
) indicted that
wateris polluteddue to high
nutrient
deposition
-
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fromdecaying of
aquatic flora
which were
abundantandfrom the
surrounding area.Diwakaret al.
23
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Banko Janakari,
SpecialIssueDiwakaret al.
Acknowledgem
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-
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8/3/2019 Ecological Study of Ghodaghodi Lake
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8/3/2019 Ecological Study of Ghodaghodi Lake
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