Ecology 5.1, G.1, G.2, 5.2, 5.3, G.3 Evolution D.1, 5.4, D.2, 5.5, D.3

Ecology 5.1, G.1, G.2, 5.2, 5.3, G.3Evolution D.1, 5.4, D.2, 5.5, D.3Vocab Quiz on Friday, March 22nd SpeciesHabitatCommunityPrimary successionSecondary successionEcosystemEcologyAutotrophHeterotroph

ConsumersDetritovoresBiomagnificationSaprotrophsTrophic levelBiomassGross productionNet production

Consider a dune community

G.1 Community EcologyWhat factors affect the distribution of plant and animal species?PlantsAnimalsTemperatureWaterSoil pHLightSalinityMineral nutrientsTemperatureWaterBreeding sitesFood supplyTerritoryHow do living things interact with each other and their environment in this community? Is there a difference in the sizes of the different populations of plants and animals in this community?A FIELDA FIELD

A FIELD

A FIELD

A FIELD

These methods of sampling a community areQuadrat MethodTransect MethodDivide an area into a grid.Quadrats are chosen at random.Extrapolate the data to draw a conclusion about the entire area.This is also the limitation!Measures in a straight line across a habitat.Useful for identifying changes in a habitat.Limitation: one transect may not cross typical areas for that habitat.These are ways to measure individual characteristics of parts of a habitat. But, what about when these parts interact?Every organism occupies its own niche.Spatial habitatFeeding activitiesInteractions with other speciesThis is the total requirements for all resources and physical conditions that determine where a species can live.Fundamental niche (potential given the adaptations)Realized niche (actual existence due to adaptations and competition with other species)Competition is just one example of an interaction between two species.Interactions happen when niches overlap.You must be able to give two examples of each of the following types of interactions.CompetitionHerbivoryPredationParasitismMutualism

Think back to your food web that you created. In a food chain, each organism represents a trophic level.Red Oat Grass termites mongoose caracalThis is easy.But when you consider a whole food web, its not as easy to classify organisms into trophic levels.OrganismTrophic TypePrey/FoodPredators/Grazersred oat grassproducer---grasshoppers, harvester ants, mice, termites, topi, wildebeeststar grassproducer---harvester ants, grasshoppers, warthogs, hares, Thompsons gazellesacaciaproducer---impalaharvester ants1 consumerred oat grass, star grasspangolins, aardvarksgrasshoppers1 consumerred oat grass, star grassservals, Tawney eagletermites1 consumerred oat grassservals, pangolins, mongoose, aardvark, impalamice1 consumerred oat grassTawney eagle, serval, mongoosemongoose2 consumertermites, miceserval, caracalhares1 consumerstar grasscheetah, caracal, serval, Tawney eaglewarthog1 consumerstar grasswild dogs, cheetahtopi1 consumerred oat grasslion, hyenaThompsons gazelle1 consumerstar grasscheetah, lion, caracal, hyena, wild dogsimpala1 consumeracacialion, cheetah, hyenaaardvark2 consumerharvester ants, termiteshyena, wild dogswildebeest1 consumerred oat grasscheetah, hyena, lioncaracal2/3 consumermongoose, hare, Thompsons gazellelionlion2/3 consumerThompsons gazelle, topi, impala, wildebeest, caracal---hyena2/3 consumertopi, Thompsons gazelle, aardvark, impala, wildebeest---cheetah2 consumerhares, warthog, Thompsons gazelle, impala, wildebeest---serval2/3 consumergrasshoppers, termites, mice, mongoos, hares---pangolin2 consumerharvester ants, termitesserval, wild dogswild dogs1 consumerwarthog, aardvark---Tawney eagle1 consumergrasshoppers, mice, hares---Pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy

Define gross production, net production, and biomassGross production respiration = net production

EcosystemsHow do ecosystems develop?They are a complex interaction of many different variables, both biotic and abiotic.How does one start off and develop, though?Imagine the islands Hawaii.

Primary succession

How do species diversity and production change during primary succession?After species have arisen, in early communities established, some species are out-competed or couldnt survive in the changing abiotic conditions.This is caused by the impacts of the establishment of life within the region in which this primary succession is taking place.

How do species diversity and production change during primary succession?As time passes, species continue to modify their abiotic environment such as:light intensity (affected by number of organisms and the amount of sun they prevent from reaching the ground)soil composition (root systems provide the soil with nitrogen and thus the soil becomes more rich over time)wind (again affected by the number of plants and their size).

How do species diversity and production change during primary succession?Changing conditions caused by the establishment of earlier communities allow for new species to be established.The changing abiotic factors change how suitable the environment is for specific species. It may take centuries for a climax community to be established from bedrock.

Secondary succession

Rainfall and temperature affect the distribution of biomes.

Outline the characteristics of the major biomes.Rainfall and temperature; plant lifeTundraGrasslandShrublandTropical rainforestDesertTemperate deciduous forest

Human Impact on EcosystemsG.3.1-2; Calculate and analyse the Simpson diversity index for two local communitiesG.3.3; Discuss reasons for the conservation of the biodiversity using rainforestsG.3.4-6; List three examples of alien/invasive species that have had impacts on ecosystems, discuss the impacts, outline one example of biological control of an alien speciesG.3.7-8; BiomagnificationG.3.9-11; UV radiation, CFCs, and ozoneEcosystem 115 rats13 squirrels8 moles6 mice5 chipmunks

N(N-1) Sum of n(n-1)

Ecosystem 115 rats13 squirrels8 moles6 mice5 chipmunks

N(N-1) = 47 x 46 = 2162Sum of n(n-1)

Ecosystem 115 rats13 squirrels8 moles6 mice5 chipmunks

N(N-1) = 47 x 46 = 2162Sum of n(n-1) = 210 + 156 + 56 + 30 + 20 = 472

Ecosystem 115 rats13 squirrels8 moles6 mice5 chipmunks

N(N-1) = 47 x 46 = 2162Sum of n(n-1) = 210 + 156 + 56 + 30 + 20 = 472D = 2162 472 = 4.58

Ecosystem 20 rats10 squirrels3 moles4 mice25 chipmunks

N(N-1)Sum of n(n-1)

Ecosystem 20 rats10 squirrels3 moles4 mice25 chipmunks

N(N-1) = 42 x 41 = 1722Sum of n(n-1)

Ecosystem 20 rats10 squirrels3 moles4 mice25 chipmunks

N(N-1) = 42 x 41 = 1722Sum of n(n-1) = 90 + 6 + 12 + 600 = 708

Ecosystem 10 rats10 squirrels3 moles4 mice25 chipmunks

N(N-1) = 42 x 41 = 1722Sum of n(n-1) = 90 + 6 + 12 + 600 = 708D = 1722 708 = 2.43

Calculate the Simpsons Diversity Index for each of the following sample ecosystemsEcosystem SampleRatsSquirrelsMolesMiceChipmunks316070324324245510107906850000731300580130022915151509Calculate the Simpsons Diversity Index for each of the following sample ecosystemsEcosystem SampleRatsSquirrelsMolesMiceChipmunksSDI115138654.58210340252.43316070322.3343242452.38510107904.296850000173130052.31801300221.939151515094.08Human Impact on EcosystemsG.3.1-2; Calculate and analyse the Simpson diversity index for two local communitiesG.3.3; Discuss reasons for the conservation of the biodiversity using rainforestsG.3.4-6; List three examples of alien/invasive species that have had impacts on ecosystems, discuss the impacts, outline one example of biological control of an alien speciesG.3.7-8; BiomagnificationG.3.9-11; UV radiation, CFCs, and ozoneHuman Impact on EcosystemsG.3.1-2; Calculate and analyse the Simpson diversity index for two local communitiesG.3.3; Discuss reasons for the conservation of the biodiversity using rainforestsG.3.4-6; List three examples of alien/invasive species that have had impacts on ecosystems, discuss the impacts, outline one example of biological control of an alien speciesG.3.7-8; BiomagnificationG.3.9-11; UV radiation, CFCs, and ozoneReasons for conservation of biodiversityEconomic reasonsEcological reasonsEthical reasonsAesthetic reasonsArguments against conservation of rainforests

Reasons for conservation of biodiversityEconomic reasonsNutrients are locked in the plants, therefore, farming is useless.Plant sources of medicines/chemicals are lost if a species goes extinctEcotourism could improve the local economyEcological reasonsEthical reasonsAesthetic reasonsArguments against conservation of rainforests

Reasons for conservation of biodiversityEconomic reasonsNutrients are locked in the plants, therefore, farming is useless.Plant sources of medicines/chemicals are lost if a species goes extinct.Ecotourism could improve the local economy.Ecological reasonsSpecies are linked together like pieces of a puzzle, without that piece, we dont know what will happen.Diversity protects against invaders.Fewer plants = more CO2 in the atmosphere.Soil erosion and flooding.Ethical reasonsAesthetic reasonsArguments against conservation of rainforests

Reasons for conservation of biodiversityEconomic reasonsNutrients are locked in the plants, therefore, farming is useless.Plant sources of medicines/chemicals are lost if a species goes extinct.Ecotourism could improve the local economy.Ecological reasonsSpecies are linked together like pieces of a puzzle, without that piece, we dont know what will happen.Diversity protects against invaders.Fewer plants = more CO2 in the atmosphere.Soil erosion and flooding.Ethical reasonsLocal populations depend on the rainforest.What about future generations? Its our responsibility to save it for them.We dont have the right to decide who passes or fails.Aesthetic reasonsArguments against conservation of rainforests

Reasons for conservation of biodiversityEconomic reasonsNutrients are locked in the plants, therefore, farming is useless.Plant sources of medicines/chemicals are lost if a species goes extinct.Ecotourism could improve the local economy.Ecological reasonsSpecies are linked together like pieces of a puzzle, without that piece, we dont know what will happen.Diversity protects against invaders.Fewer plants = more CO2 in the atmosphere.Soil erosion and flooding.Ethical reasonsLocal populations depend on the rainforest.What about future generations? Its our responsibility to save it for them.We dont have the right to decide who passes or fails.Aesthetic reasonsHuman well-being is linked to the ability to visit natural areas.It inspires the arts.Arguments against conservation of rainforests

Reasons for conservation of biodiversityEconomic reasonsNutrients are locked in the plants, therefore, farming is useless.Plant sources of medicines/chemicals are lost if a species goes extinct.Ecotourism could improve the local economy.Ecological reasonsSpecies are linked together like pieces of a puzzle, without that piece, we dont know what will happen.Diversity protects against invaders.Fewer plants = more CO2 in the atmosphere.Soil erosion and flooding.Ethical reasonsLocal populations depend on the rainforest.What about future generations? Its our responsibility to save it for them.We dont have the right to decide who passes or fails.Aesthetic reasonsHuman well-being is linked to the ability to visit natural areas.It inspires the arts.Arguments against conservation of rainforestsSlow down the economic growth of a country.Clearing rainforests provides land for agriculture.They can hold pests that cause or transmit diseases.

Human Impact on EcosystemsG.3.1-2; Calculate and analyse the Simpson diversity index for two local communitiesG.3.3; Discuss reasons for the conservation of the biodiversity using rainforestsG.3.4-6; List three examples of alien/invasive species that have had impacts on ecosystems, discuss the impacts, outline one example of biological control of an alien speciesG.3.7-8; BiomagnificationG.3.9-11; UV radiation, CFCs, and ozoneYour assignmentOnce again, in a Word document or PowerpointGive three examples of alien/invasive species. For each species:Name the species (common name is fine)State how it got to the area it is invadingExplain how it is impacting the ecosystem (interspecific competition, predation, extinction, etc)Give one example of an alien/invasive species that is being controlled biologically:Name the species (common name is fine)State how it got to the area it is invadingExplain how it is impacting the ecosystem (interspecific competition, predation, extinction, etc)Name and describe the natural control that is happening

Human Impact on EcosystemsG.3.1-2; Calculate and analyse the Simpson diversity index for two local communitiesG.3.3; Discuss reasons for the conservation of the biodiversity using rainforestsG.3.4-6; List three examples of alien/invasive species that have had impacts on ecosystems, discuss the impacts, outline one example of biological control of an alien speciesG.3.7-8; BiomagnificationG.3.9-11; UV radiation, CFCs, and ozoneHuman Impact on EcosystemsG.3.1-2; Calculate and analyse the Simpson diversity index for two local communitiesG.3.3; Discuss reasons for the conservation of the biodiversity using rainforestsG.3.4-6; List three examples of alien/invasive species that have had impacts on ecosystems, discuss the impacts, outline one example of biological control of an alien speciesG.3.7-8; BiomagnificationG.3.9-11; UV radiation, CFCs, and ozone