ecology and phylogeny of amphibian coccidia: a review matthew g. bolek, and chris whipps department...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecology and Phylogeny of Amphibian Coccidia: A Review
Matthew G. Bolek, and Chris WhippsDepartment of Zoology, Oklahoma State University,
and Environmental and Forest Biology
SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry
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6,433 Extent Species of Amphibia (Frost, 2009)
Anura Caudata Gymnophiona
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Amphibian Coccidia
• Coccidia of frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians are the least known of all the tetrapod vertebrate classes.
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Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian
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2
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Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian
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Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian
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Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian
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The Frogs and Toads(Anurans)
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Anurans
• 5,679 extant species of frogs and toads in 395 genera and 47 families.
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Anurans
• Of the 5,679 anuran species, only 1.2% (67/5,679) of species in 7.6% (30/395) of the genera and 30% (14/47) of the families have ever been examined for coccidia.
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• 19 species of Eimeria, 3 species of Goussia, 1 species of Hyaloklossia and 9 species of Isospora have been described.
Anurans
4 X 2 4 X 2 2 X 4 2 X 4
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Anuran Coccidia World Distribution
8 8
4
7
3*
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Eimeria spp. of Anurans
Ovoidal Irregular Spherical
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Variation in Oocyst Morphology
Stieda body Oocyst Residium Micropile Cap Micropile
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Variation in Endogenous Development
Bolek unpublished; Jirků and Modrý 2005
Extranuclear Intranuclear
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Variation in Sporulation
Bolek unpublished; Duszynski et al., 2007
Exogenous Endogenous
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Caudatans
• 580 extant species of salamanders and newts in 64 genera and 9 families.
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Caudatans
• Of the 580 caudatan species, only 7.7% (45/580) of species in 28% (18/64) of the genera and 67% (6/9) of the families have ever been examined for coccidia.
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Caudatans
• 20 Eimeria and 2 Isospora species have been described from the 560 described caudatan species.
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Caudatan Coccidia World Distribution
13 6 3
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20 Eimeria spp. of Caudata
Elliptical Spherical Micropile Cap
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Gymnophionans
• 121 extant species of caecilians in 14 genera and 3 families.
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• Only 1 Eimeria species has been described from caecilians.
Gymnophionans
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Eimeria dermophis Asmundsson, Campbell
and Duszynski, 2000
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Ecology of Amphibian Coccidia
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Ecology of Amphibian Coccidia
• Very little work has been done on the ecology of amphibian coccidia (Duszynski, Bolek and Upton 2007).
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Ecology of Amphibian Coccidia
• Very little work has been done on the ecology of amphibian coccidia (Duszynski, Bolek and Upton 2007).
• Upton and McAllister, 1988; Upton et al., 1993, suggested that amphibian coccidia are rare, with low prevalence and few species of hosts infected.
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Recent Ecology Studies of Amphibian Coccidia
• Bolek, et al., 2003; Jirků et al., 2009a, b on Eimeria spp., Isospora spp., and Goussia spp. in anurans and caudatans from Europe and North America.
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Ecology of Anuran Coccidia
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• How do amphibians become infected with these coccidia species?
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• Examination of field collected tadpoles of western chorus frogs indicated that they shed oocysts of Eimeria streckeri, Isospora cogginsi and Isospora delicatus.
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Prevalence of Isospora cogginsi, Eimeria streckeri and Isospora delicatus in Adults, Tadpoles, and
Metamorphosed Western Chorus Frogs
N = 102 N = 44 N = 47 N = 45
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We collected western chorus frog eggs, brought them into the laboratory, and reared tadpoles.
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Experimental Infections
We exposed these tadpoles to coccidia oocysts.
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90% (18/20) of experimentally exposed tadpoles of western chorus frogs shed oocysts of Isospora delicatus.
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Tadpoles shed oocysts 9-10 days post exposure, and continued shedding oocysts for 7 days, and did not
retain the infection before metamorphosis.
Sporulation: Exogenous.
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Tadpole and metamorphosed frog digestive system.
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European Eimeria ranae Jirků et al, 2009
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499 Frogs and Toads of 7 Species from 7 locations in the Czech Republic.
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3,703 Tadpoles of 7 Species from 7 locations in the Czech Republic.
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Only adults and tadpoles of the Common Frog and Agile Frog were infected with Eimeria ranae.
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Prevalence of Eimeria ranae in adults and tadpoles of the Common and Agile Frog
from the Czech Republic
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Adult Tadpole
Life StageP
rev
ale
nce
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Exposed 6 species of Frogs and Toads to Eimeria ranae.
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Only adult and tadpoles of the Common and Agile Frogs became infected with Eimeria ranae.
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Cross infected adults and tadpoles of the Common Frog and the Agile Frog with Eimeria ranae.
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Other Anuran Coccidia
• Hyaloklossia liberkuehni infects tadpole and metamorphosed anuran kidneys and survives metamorphosis (Modrý et al., 2001).
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Other Anuran Coccidia• Goussia spp. only infect tadpoles and are lost
during metamorphosis, but sporulated oocysts are found in the liver sinuses of metamorphosed anurans (Jirků et al, 2009).
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Ecology of Caudatan Coccidia
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Salamander larvae feed on live prey in the open water column and therefore few should be infected
with coccidia
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N = 20 N = 19 N = 20 N = 14
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100% (9/9) of metamorphosed tiger salamanders shed oocysts of Eimeria ambystomae.
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How Persistent are Amphibian Coccidia Populations in Anuran and
Caudatan Hosts?
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Eimeria fitchi
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Prevalence of Eimeria fitchi in Adult Wood frogs from Wisconsin
2003 2005 2006Year
N = 15 N = 15 N = 17
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Prevalence of Eimeria ambystomae, and E. urodela in larval Tiger Salamanders from
Nebraska
2004 2006 2009Year
N = 39 N = 25 N = 20
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Phylogeny
• What is the relationship of amphibian coccidia to coccidians of other animal groups?
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Amphibian Coccidia Phylogeny
• Jirků et al, 2009 recently sequenced the partial SSU rDNA of Eimeria ranae, Goussia noelleri, Goussia neglecta, and Goussia sp. from European tadpoles and frogs.
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Jirků et al, 2009
Bayesian Phylogenetic tree as inferred from partial SSU rDNA sequences
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North American Anuran Coccidia
Eimeria strecheri Isospora cogginsi Isospora delicatus
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Sarcocy
stidae
Eimeri
dae
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Sarcocy
stidae
Eimeri
dae
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Sarcocy
stidae
Eimeri
dae
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Conclusion• Most species of amphibians have not been
examined for their coccidia species; their ecology is poorly known.
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Conclusion• Most species of amphibians have not been examined for
their coccidia species; their ecology is poorly known.
• Goussia spp. exhibit stadial host specificity in tadpoles, whereas Eimeria, Hyaloklossia and Isospora species can infect larval and adult amphibians.
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Conclusion• Most species of amphibians have not been examined for
their coccidia species; their ecology is poorly known.
• Goussia spp. exhibit stadial host specificity in tadpoles, whereas Eimeria, Hyaloklossia and Isospora species can infect larval and adult amphibians.
• Amphibian Goussia spp. and Eimeria spp. with a stiedia body are basal among the Eimeridae; whereas amphibian non stiedia body Isospora spp. are more closely related to Hyaloklossia, than stiedia body Isospora spp.
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Acknowledgments
• R. S. Seville UW• Miloslav Jirků (University of Vet &
Pharm Scie, Czech Republic)• Dr. Armando Irizarry-Rovira (Eli Lilly
and Co.) • Cedar Point Biological Station• UNL, UNK, NIH BRIN, and Department
of Zoology OSU
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Questions