ecology! chapters – 13 and 14.1, 14.2 read chapters thoroughly!!!! complete section assessments in...
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ECOLOGY!
Chapters – 13 and 14.1, 14.2
Read Chapters Thoroughly!!!!
Complete section assessments in your notebook
Complete Vocabulary words for all of chapter 13 and 14.1, 14.2
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
The study of the interactions of organisms with their environment.
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
WORDS!Biotic Specialist AbioticGeneralist Biodiversity Trophic Level Keystone Species Food Chain ProducerFood Web Autotroph Hydrologic cycleConsumer Heterotroph Chemosynthesis Nitrogen Fixation Food Chain BiomassHerbivore Energy Pyramid Carnivore Habitat Omnivore NicheBiogechemical Cycle Detritivore Decomposer(saprobe) Ecological equivalent Competition PredationSymbiosis Mutualism CommensalismCompetitive Exclusion ParasitismBiological Magnification
ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
Species- A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Population- All members of a species in a given area
Community- All living things in a given area (Interacting populations)
ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
Ecosystem- A community and the environment that it interacts with Weather, climate, etc
Biosphere- Any portion of Earth where life exists Composed of all ecosystems
Biodiversity – The variety of living things in an ecosystem
Keystone Species – A species that has a large effect on its ecosystem
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION Ecosystems are made up of abiotic and biotic
factors
Abiotic Factors- physical and chemical factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.
Non-living factors
Ex) soil, precipitation, pH, oxygen, light, minerals
Biotic Factors- Living factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Ex) Predator, prey . . . ALL LIVING THINGS!
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Limiting Factor- any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the ability of an organism to live, survive, and reproduce
Predator, prey, disease
Tolerance Limit- an organism’s limits when withstanding extreme environmental conditions
Oysters in “brackish” water
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Nutritional Relationships— transfer of nutrients from one organism to another
Organisms that make their food are called autotrophs.
Photosynthesis- uses sunlight to make food
Chemosynthesis- use chemicals to make food Many bacteria (archaebacteria)
Hot springs, thermal vents
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Heterotrophs— organisms that depend on or eat other organisms for food
Ex) lions, people, fungi
Herbivores— plant eaters Cows, sheep, deer, horses
Carnivores— meat eaters (eat other animals) Lions
Omnivores— eat both plants and animals Bears, humans
Saprobe/Saprophyte— decomposers Fungi, bacteria , insects, worms
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Herbivore – “vole” Carnivore - Wolf
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Omnivore – “black bear” Decomposer – “fungi”
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Symbiotic Relationship— when 2 or more organisms live close together
Called symbiosis
Mutualism— both organisms benefit (+/+) “cleaner fish” eats/large fish is cleaned
Coral releases CO2 for algae and algae releases O2 and organic compounds for coral reef survival
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Parasitism— one organism benefits, and one is harmed (+/-) Tick/dog
Tapeworm/human
Athlete’s foot/human
Commensalism— one organism benefits, the other is unaffected (+/0) Ramora fish/shark
Clown fish/sea anemone
How does energy flow through the ecosystem?
PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER
producer 1° consumer 2°consumer
3 ° consumer decomposer
(primary) (secondary)
(tertiary)
PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER…Food Chain
INTERACTIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS
Food Relationships: Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
producer 1° consumer 2° consumer
Food chain: not likely
Food web: more realistic and more complex!
(primary) (secondary)
3 ° consumer decomposer(tertiary)
PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER
PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
The amount of energy in a food web decreases with each higher trophic level (energy level)
Why? Where does it go?
Passes out in waste
Given off as body heat
Used to maintain metabolism
Only around 10% passes up each trophic level
THREE KINDS OF ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Numbers
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
Remember, only 10% of “energy” is passed from each trophic level to the next
Less energy = more consumption
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
10 calories
100 calories
1,000 calories
10,000 calories
QUESTION??
Explain why someone would make the following statement.
“We could feed more of the world if we fed them grain instead of livestock raised on grain”
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
As pollutants/ pesticides move through a food chain they become more highly concentrated at each trophic level DDT as an insecticide/peregrine falcon
Can possibly cancer in humans
HABITAT VS. NICHE
The area where an organism lives is its habitat
A niche is an organism’s habitat AND the role it plays in its environment
Competitive Exclusion Principle – When two species are competing for resources, one will be better suited to the niche, and the other will be pushed to another niche or go extinct
Example - MacArthur’s Warblers He studied 5 species of Warblers that coexisted in the same habitat
(coniferous northeast United States)
Study revealed that each species feeds in different areas of the same trees—they occupy different niches
Organisms can share the same habitat, but they don’t have to compete for resources if they occupy different niches—niche partitioning
MacArthur’s Warblers
NUTRIENT CYCLESBiogeochemical Cycles
“Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy”
Energy Flows through Ecosystem
Matter Cycles
Water Cycle
Carbon/Oxygen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorous Cycle
HYDROLOGIC(WATER) CYCLE
Water Cycle Precipitation- rain
Condensation
Evaporation- water goes from a liquid to a gas and dispersed into the air
Transpiration- water evaporated from leaves of green plants
THE WATER CYCLE
THE WATER CYCLE
THE WATER CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLES
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation- changing atmospheric nitrates into a usable form
Biological: bacteria Legumes- peas, clover, beans
Atmospheric: Lightning
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen Cycle
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp29/animations/ch29/1_nitrogen_cycle.swf
http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/em05_pg20_nitrogen/em05_pg20_nitrogen.html
NUTRIENT CYCLES
The Carbon/Oxygen Cycle Cell Respiration
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide
Carbon Cycle
Habitat DisruptionBiodiversity and
Conservation
Algal Blooms (Eutrophication)- large population of algae. As the algae dies/decomposes it chokes the lake of oxygen = fish die
Forest fires
Floods
Human activity/development
What is Biodiversity
CLASS ASSIGNMENTSTAY TUNED – TO BE DETERMINED
Read chapter 16
Complete Chapter 16 Section Assessments
Important Terms
Biodiversity Acid Precipitation Endangered SpeciesHabitat Degradation Habitat Fragmentation Ozone LayerSustainable Use Threatened SpeciesReintroductionExtinction Exotic Species
Eutrophication