ecology i population dynamics biodiversity nancy dow jill hansen katie sutherland gulf coast state...
TRANSCRIPT
Ecology I Population Dynamics
Biodiversity Nancy DowJill Hansen
Katie Sutherland
Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551 877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Pre-test
Q and A Board
New member to the 6 footer club!
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.17.5* Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (HIGH)
• High Complexity High complexity benchmarks make heavy demands on student thinking. Students must engage in more abstract reasoning, planning, analysis, judgment, and creative thought. These benchmarks require students to think in an abstract and sophisticated way, often involving multiple steps. Skills related to high complexity benchmarks include the following.
• Construct models for research • Generalize or draw conclusions • Design an experiment • Explain or solve a problem in more than one way • Provide a justification for steps in a solution or process • Analyze an experiment to identify a flaw and propose a method for correcting it • Interpret, explain, or solve a problem involving complex spatial relationships • Predict a long term effect, outcome, or result of a change within a system
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.17.5• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems
• Standard Standard 17 Interdependence
• Benchmark SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (Also assesses SC.912.L.17.2, SC.912.L.17.4,
SC.912.L.17.8, and SC.912.N.1.4.)
Benchmark Clarifications • Students will use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic
factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem.
• Students will assess the reliability of sources of information according to scientific standards.
Bell Ringer
• Great White Shark vs Orca • Great White Shark vs Orca
Changes in a population’s size are determined
by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths.
• Four factors affecting size– immigration– births– emigration– deaths
The size of a population is always changing
Population growth is based on available resources
• Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources.
Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources
Logistic vs Exponential Growth Funny Bunnies
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support.
Predator Prey Relationship
The predators keep the prey population under control and the size of the population
of prey limits the amount of predators an ecosystem can support.
Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components
Abiotic– Water– Air– Nutrients– Rocks– Heat– Solar energy– pH
Biotic– Living (or once
living)– Interactions
• Competition• Predator – prey• Symbiosis
Major Biotic and Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem
Ecological Relationships graphic organizer
Concept What I know What I learn
Predation
Predator
Prey
Symbiosis
Parasitism
Commensalism
15
• Predators– Use pursuit
– Ambush
– Camouflage
– Chemical warfare (venom)
• Prey– Swift movement
– Shell
– Camouflage
– Chemical to poison
Predation
16
PREDATION
17
18
19
20
Span worm Bombardier beetle
Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly
Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake
Some ways prey species avoid their prey
Wandering leaf insect
Hind wings of mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal
22
Giant swallowtail butterfly larva (Papilio cresphontes).
Hawkmoth caterpillar.
23
24
26
27
Symbiosis
• Any interaction between two species
– Parasitism
– Commensalism
– Mutualism
• Live on or in another species
• Host is harmed
– Ex. Tapeworms, ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, Candiru (vampire fish), Lamprey
Parasitism
30
– Pollination mutualism (between flowering plants and animals)
– Nutritional mutualism
– Lichens grow on trees
– Birds/rhinos- nutrition and protection
– Clownfish/sea anemones
– Inhabitant mutualism
– Vast amount of organisms like bacteria in an animal’s digestive tract
– Termites and bacteria in gut
Mutualism (benefits both species)
31
– Helps one species but does nothing for the other
Ex. Redwood sorrel grows in shade of redwood
- Humans and Eyelash Mites
Commensalism
Ecosystem Relationships Manipulative Cards
In groups pair each picture with the correct interaction
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation
Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth
Limiting factor principle
Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit (or prevent) growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near optimal range
Range of Tolerance for a Population of Organisms
INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE
Ecological factors limit population growth
• A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down.
• Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.
Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.
– parasitism and disease
Biotic Factors
– predation
– competition
Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density
Abiotic Factors
– climate change
– natural disasters
– human activities– introduction of invasive
species
– habitat degradation
– pollution
Reduces Biodiversity!
Limiting Factor Lab
• THEN BREAK…..
Follow-up
• Q & A
• Additional activities – predator -prey computer simulation – Human Population - 7 min video
• From 1 AD to future 2030
– Bacteria in a bottle interactive-exponential growth
SC.912.L.17.8* Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. (HIGH)
Benchmark Clarifications • Students will identify positive and/or negative consequences
that result from a reduction in biodiversity.
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
Content Limits Items referring to reduction in biodiversity may include examples of catastrophic events, climate changes, human activities, and the introduction of invasive and nonnative species, but they will not assess specific knowledge of these.
Items referring to reduction in biodiversity will focus on the consequence and not require
knowledge of the specific event that led to the reduction.
Items addressing climate change are limited to biodiversity and population dynamics contexts.
Stimulus Attributes None specifiedResponse Attributes None specified
Bell Ringer
• Pet Pythons gone wild
• Pythons in the Everglades
Biodiversity of Earth
Insects751,000
Protists57,700
Plants248,400
Prokaryotes4,800
Fungi69,000
Other animals281,000
Known species1,412,000 (Estimates range between 3.6 - 100 million)
Species Diversity: the variety of species in an area
Two subcomponents: species richness species evenness
Species Richness vs. Evenness
Species Richness: the number of a species Richness: measurement of then a given areaSpecies Evenness: measurement of how evenly distributed organisms are among species
Community A Community Bspecies 1 25 1species 2 0 1species 3 25 1species 4 25 1species 5 25 96
• Richness (number of species)
• Relative abundance
• How do we describe these differences?
Comparison of Two Communities
Something’s Fishy
• Population study lab– Mark & Recapture
48
Loss of biodiversity caused by:
Human-Caused Factors of Biodiversity Loss
Habitat Destruction Exotic Species
Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite Image of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest
June 1975 May 2003
Biodiversity loss caused by:
Human-Caused Factors of Biodiversity Loss
Pollution Overhunting/Overharvesting
Invasive Species Lab
Lion Fish Video Lion Fish Video
Changes in Biodiversity due to Changes in Biodiversity due to Climate ChangeClimate Change
Die-offs
Extinctions
Life Cycles
Physiology
Coral bleaching die-offs of up to 50% in the Indian Ocean
Golden Toads, Harlequin Frogs, ...
Gothic, CO marmots emerge from hibernation about a month earlier than 30 years ago
The average weight of adult female polar bears has decreased by more than 20% over the last 25 years
Biomes Shift of Alpine biomes up mountains and
further North/South
Migration Multiple areas affected; fish and birds
Endangered and Threatened Species Are Ecological Smoke Alarms
• Endangered species– has so few individual survivors that the species could
soon become extinct over all or most of it natural range– Examples: California condor and whooping crane
• Threatened species, vulnerable species still abundant but because declining numbers they are likely to become endangered
• Examples: Grizzly bear and the American Alligator
Figure 12-3aPage 226
Grizzly bear(threatened)
Arabian oryx(Middle East)
White top pitcher plant
Kirtland's warbler
African elephant(Africa)
Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)
Swallowtail butterfly
Humpback chub
Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)
Siberian tiger(Siberia)
Endangered /Threatened Natural Capital
Figure 12-3b Page 226
West Virginiaspring salamander
Giant panda(China)
Knowlton cactus
Mountain gorilla(Africa)
Swamp pink
Pine barrens tree frog (male)
Hawksbill sea turtle
El Segundo blue butterfly
Whooping crane
Blue whale
Endangered Natural Capital
Characteristic Examples
Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)
Specialized niche
Narrow distribution
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
Rare
Commercially valuable
Large territories
Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros
Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite
Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear
Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles
Many island species,African violet, some orchids
Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds
California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther
Characteristics of organisms that are prone to ecological and biological extinction.
Investigating Endangered Species
Extinctions Are Natural but Sometimes They Increase Sharply
• Background extinction– Continuous low level of extinction of species
• Extinction rate is expressed as a % of number of species that can go extinct within a certain time period
• Mass extinction: – The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of
geological time
– Five mass extinction (50-95%)
– Causes: global climate change, large scale catastrophe like asteroid hitting earth
There have been 5 mass extinction events during the history of the earth
Extinction
Are we on the verge of a 6th?
+ and – consequences of biodiversity loss
• Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of human well-being, for instance by providing raw materials and contributing to health.
• Biodiversity loss has-direct and indirect negative effects on several factors including food security, vulnerability, health as well as energy security and clean water.
All things come from earth, and to earth they all return. MENANDER (342 –290 B.C.)
Follow up
• Q & A • Wanted Poster- Invasive Species • Endangered Species Poster
• Post Test• Give-a-ways• See you on May 14th!
– Ecology II: Aquatic Systems & Food Webs
Oh Deer Me!