ecology notes. keystone species: major players keystone species help determine the types and numbers...
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Ecology Notes
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Keystone Species: Major Players
Keystone species help determine the types and numbers of other species in a community thereby helping to sustain it.
Figures 7-4 and 7-5Figures 7-4 and 7-5
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Population A group of individual organisms
of the same species living w/in a particular area.
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Community
The population of all species living & interacting in an area.
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Ecosystem A community of different species
interacting together & with the chemical & physical factors making up its non-living environment.
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Nonliving and Living Components of Ecosystems Ecosystems consist of nonliving (abiotic) and
living (biotic) components.
Figure 3-10Figure 3-10
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Habitat The place where an organism or a
population lives.
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Niche The total way of life or role of a
species in an ecosystem. All the physical, chemical, and
biological conditions a species needs to live & reproduce in an ecosystem.
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Predator An organisms that captures & feeds on
parts or all of another animal.
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Prey An organisms that is captured & serves
as a source of food for another animal.
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Producers: Basic Source of All Food
The process in which glucose is synthesized by plants.
Photosynthesis
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Producers An organism that uses solar energy (green
plant) or chemical energy (some bacteria) to manufacture its food.
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Primary Consumer (herbivore) An organism that feeds directly on
all or parts of plants.
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Secondary Consumer An organisms that feeds only on
primary consumers. Most are animals, but some are plants (Venus fly-trap).
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Tertiary Consumer Animals that feed on animal-
eating animals. Ex. hawks, lions, bass, and sharks.
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Quaternary Consumer (carnivore) An animal that feeds on tertiary
consumers. Ex. humans.
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Decomposer (scavenger, detritivore) An organism that digests parts of dead
organisms, cast-off fragments, and wastes of living organisms. Ex. bacteria and fungi.
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Decomposers and Detrivores
Decomposers: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. Detrivores: Insects or other scavengers that feed on
wastes or dead bodies.Figure 3-13Figure 3-13
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Fig. 3-14, p. 61
Abiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen, minerals)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat Solarenergy
Consumers(herbivores, carnivores)
Producers(plants)
Decomposers(bacteria, fungi)
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Food Webs/Chains how energy moves
from one organism to another
Arrows – point from the producer to the consumer
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Fig. 3-17, p. 64
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat Heat Heat
Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders)
First Trophic Level
Second TrophicLevel
Third Trophic Level
Fourth Trophic Level
Solar energy
Producers(plants)
Primary consumers(herbivores)
Secondary consumers(carnivores)
Tertiary consumers
(top carnivores)
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10% Rule
We assume that 90% of the energy at each energy level is lost because the organism uses the energy. (heat)
It is more efficient to eat lower on the energy pyramid. You get more out of it!
This is why top predators are few in number & vulnerable to extinction.
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Description Two kinds of organisms, such as
lions and zebras, are said to have a predator-prey relationship.
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION AND PREDATION
Species can interact through competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
Some species evolve adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid competition for resources with other species (resource partitioning).
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Symbiosis Parasitism –when 1 species (parasite)
feeds on part of another species (host) by living on or in it for a large portion of host's life.
Commensalism – benefits one species but doesn't harm or help the other
Mutualism – both species benefit
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Fig. 7-9a, p. 154(a) Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros
Mutualism: Win-Win Relationship
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Commensalism: Using without Harming
Some species interact in a way that helps one species but has little or no effect on the other.
Figure 7-10Figure 7-10
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TYPES OF SPECIES Native: those that normally live and thrive in a
particular community.
Nonnative species: those that migrate, deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community.
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Introduced (invasive) species They displace native species They lower biodiversity The can adapt very quickly to local habitats They contribute to habitat fragmentation They can reproduce very quickly
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Succession The process where plants & animals of
a particular area are replaced by other more complex species over time.
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Primary vs. Secondary Primary begins with a lifeless area where there is
no soil (ex. bare rock). Soil formation begins with lichens or moss.
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Secondary begins in an area where the natural community has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but soil or bottom sediments remain.
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Pioneer Communities Lichens and moss.
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Stages Land – rock lichen small shrubs large
shrubs small trees large trees