ecology the study of interactions among organisms & their environment ecologists divide...
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ECOLOGY•The study of interactions
among organisms & their environment
• Ecologists divide environmental factors that influence organisms into 2 groups: ABIOTIC and BIOTIC.
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ABIOTIC• NONLIVING PARTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT• Ex: Water, light, temperature,
air, soil• Air is a mixture of 3 main gases:
oxygen, carbon dioxide, & nitrogen (used by plants & animals)
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BIOTIC•Living or once-living organisms in the environment
•Can be arranged into levels of organization:
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1. organism
•1 individual from a population
•Example: catfish
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2. Population
•All the individuals of one species that live in the same area at the same time.
•Example: All the catfish living in a lake at the same time
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3. community
•Populations of different species that interact in some way
•Example: Population of bass and all the species they interact with it
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4. ecosystem•All the communities in an area & the abiotic factors that affect them
•Example: lake, pond, coral reef, forest, etc.
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5. Biome•Large region with plants & animals well adapted to soil & climate of the region
•Example: Mountain, rainforests, tundra, desert, grasslands, temperate forests (where we live)
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6. biosphere•All the ecosystems on earth; the part of the earth that supports life
•Example: Top part of the earth’s crust, all the waters that cover the Earth’s surface, the surrounding atmosphere, & all the biomes.
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Energy flow through an ecosystem
• Energy transfer: all energy comes from the sun and is transferred from one organism to another.
• Most of the interactions among members of different species occur when one organism feeds on another
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•When one organism is food for another organism, some of the energy in the first organism (the food) is transferred to the second organism (the eater).
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Producers• Organisms that
take in & use energy from the sun or some other source to produce food.
• Examples: algae & plants
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Consumers• Organisms that
take in energy when they feed on producers or other consumers.
• 1st level consumer: eats the producers
• 2nd level consumer: eats the 1st level consumer
• Ex.: frog, lion
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Decomposers• Organisms that take
in energy (food) from dead organisms breaking down the remains of organisms & returning it to the soil so other plants
can grow.• Ex.: bacteria,
mushrooms (fungi)
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• Niche: a species’ specific role in its community (habitat)
• Ex. A red fox is a predator that feeds on small mammals, amphibians & insects in its habitat
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•Movement of energy through a community can be diagrammed as a food chain or food web.
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Food chain•Simple way of showing how energy passes from one organism to another.
•Usually 3 or 4 links
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Example of food chain:
1.Water plant insects
bluegill bass
2.Grass grasshopper frog snake owl
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Food web• Series of
overlapping food chains that exist in an ecosystem
• More complete model of feeding relationships.
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Energy pyramid• Compares
energy available at each level of the food chain in an ecosystem
• As you move from level to level, energy decreases.
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• Energy enters most ecosystems in the form of heat from the sun.
• Then it’s transferred into chemical energy by producers then passed to consumers as food.
• Then given back off as heat.
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Cycles of matter
•Many important materials (water, carbon, & nitrogen) make up your body & cycle through the environment.
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1. Water cycle• Process of
evaporation, condensation, & precipitation
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2. Carbon cycle• Plants absorb CO2 &
combines it with water for their needs
• In photosynthesis, the plants use the carbon atoms from the CO2 to make sugars.
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Carbon cycle continued…
• Animals eat the producers & other consumers and return the CO2 back into the air through respiration.
• Animals & plants die then carbon is returned back to soil during decomposition.
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Nitrogen Cycle….
• Nitrogen is “fixed” by bacteria in the soil then absorbed by plants & animals for their use.
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Major Biomes of the world:
• 1. Aquatic: includes freshwater and saltwater (oceans)
• 2. Desert: – 2 Kinds: hot/dry(little rain) and cold (snow),
few plants grow in either and few animals live in them Ex. Great Basin in Utah, Sahara Desert in Northern Africa
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• 3. Forest (rainforest, deciduous): lots of different vegetation & animals that live there, climate can be moderate temperatures or really cold
rainforest Deciduous forest
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• 4. Grasslands: mainly grasses, flowers and herbs grow here (not a lot of trees), animals, climate varies (can be humid/wet and hot summer/cold winter) Ex. Plains of Africa
• 5. Tundra- coldest biome, few plants and few animals, located in the Northern Hemisphere
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Interactions among living
organisms
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1. Population size
•The number of individuals in a population
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2. Population Density
•The number of individuals in a population that occupy a definite area
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Classroom population density
•Length of room (m) X width (m)
# of students=A (in m2)= how much space each person has
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3. Population spacing
•How organisms are arranged in a given area
•Can be evenly, random, or clumped
EVEN
random
clumped
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4. Limiting factors
•Any biotic or abiotic factor that limits the number of individuals in a population
•Ex: drought, fewer plants, fewer nesting sites, predators
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•Food, water, & space are all factors in the growth populations in an ecosystem
•If an environment had no limiting factors, the population would INCREASE.
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5. Carrying capacity
•Largest number of individuals of a species that an environment can support & maintain for a long period of time.