ecology1 - an introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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ECOLOGY
By:
MARIA KRISIA
FAE DELOSREYES DE ASIS,
BSN-RN
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ECOLOGY
- Derived from the Greek wordoikosmeaning house or place
to live introduced by Ernst
Heinrich Haeckel
- Science of interrelations
between living organisms and
their environment
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ECOLOGY
- environmental biology
- Study of the relation of
organisms or groups of organisms
to their PHYSICAL and BIOLOGIGAL
environment
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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
- includes light and heat or
solar radiation, moisture, wind,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients
in soil, water, and atmosphere
ECOLOGY
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
- Organisms of the same kind andother plants and animals
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IDENTIFY:
Includes all of the populationsoccupying a given area?
Answer:
COMMUNITY
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IDENTIFY:
Includes all of the earths living
organisms interacting together with
the physical environment as a whole?
Answer:
ECOSPHERE / BIOSPHERE
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IDENTIFY:
It is the capacity to do work or bringabout change?
Answer:
ENERGY
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COMPONENTS
+ BIOTIC or LIVING COMPONENTS:
> Producers can make their own
food
> Consumers eat other organisms
for food
> Decomposers obtain
nourishment from dead matter
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+ ABIOTIC or NON-LIVING COMPONENTS
provide nutrients for the
ecosystem to function
COMPONENTS
Also remember:
> Ecosystems are systems in which
there is a regulated transfer of
ENERGY and a controlled cycling of
nutrients.
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HEAT
ECOSYSTEMSUN
PRODUCERS
ABIOTIC
NUTRIENTS
CONSUMERS
DECOMPOSERS
ENERGY &
NUTRIENTS
HEAT
HEAT
HEAT
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PRIMARY CONSUMERS-Herbivores
-Feed directly on green plants
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
-Carnivores
-Feed on the herbivores
+ detritus
= waste material of an ecosystem
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TROPHIC LEVELS
= from Greek word trophosmeaningfeeder
+ Autotroph self-feeder
+ Heterotroph other-feeder
o Herbivores consumers of green
plants
o Carnivores consumers of herbivores
o Omnivores consumers of both plants
and animals
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TROPHIC LEVELS
o FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL
green plants
o SECOND TROPHIC LEVEL
herbivores, omnivores
o THIRD TROPHIC LEVEL
carnivores, onmivores
o FOURTH TROPHIC LEVELsecondary carnivores
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FOOD CHAIN
A series of organisms made up of
the different trophic levels that
creates a continuous transfer of
energy
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FOOD WEB
A set of interconnected food
chains by which energy and
materials circulate within an
ecosystem
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POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES+ DOMINANCE
- results when one or several
species control the environmental
conditions that influence
associated species
+ DIVERSITY
- Involves the number of species
in a community and how these
numbers are apportioned
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POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES+ STRATIFICATION
-layering than occurs in a
community
-Ex. Grassland: ground layer and
herbaceous layer
-Ex. Forest: ground, herbaceous,
low shrub, low tree and highshrub, lower canopy, and upper
canopy
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POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES+ HABITAT
- the place where particular
plants or animals live
+ NICHE
- the functional role of a
species in a community
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POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES+ BIRTH RATE
- the number of young produced
per unit of population per unit
of time
+ DEATH RATE
- the number of deaths per unit
of time
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POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES+ GROWTH RATE
- Influenced by births and deaths
o When births exceeds deaths
= POPULATION INCREASES
= (+) POPULATION GROWTH RATE
o When deaths exceeds births
= POPULATION DECREASES
= (-) POPULATION GROWTH RATE
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POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIESo When births equals deaths
= POPULATION REMAINS THE SAME
= ZERO POPULATION GROWTH RATE
+ EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
- Occurs when a small population
is introduced into a favorable
environment with abundant
resources (OPPORTUNISTIC SPECIES)
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COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
= various population interactionsthat tie the community together
= have major influence in
population growth
= SYMBIOSIS
1. COMPETITION
- When a shared resource is in
short supply, organisms compete,
and those that are more
successful survive
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COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
2. PREDATION- the consumption of one living
organism, plant or animal, by
another
3. PARASITISM
- two organisms live together,
one drawing its nourishment at
the expense of the other
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COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
4. COEVOLUTION
-the joint evolution of two
unrelated species that have a
close ecological relationship
-the evolution of one speciesdepends in part on the evolution
of the other
- a.k.a.Adaptation
or Mimicry
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COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
5. MUTUALISM- Coexistence that results in
mutual benefits to the
interdependent organisms
6. COMMENSALISM
- an association between two
different kinds of nonparasitic
animals that is harmless to both
and in which one of the organism
benefits
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PLEASE PREPARE FOR A
SHORT QUIZ
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question:
Capacity to do work?
Answer
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question:
What is the Greek word
meaning house or
place to live?
Answer
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question:
What are the two
components of the
ecosystem? Enumerate.
Answer
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question:
What are consumers of
both plants and
animals?
Answer
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question:
What are the 6 types of
community interactions?
Answer
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question:
What is the functional
role of a species in a
community?
Answer
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question:
A series of organisms
made up of the
different trophiclevels that creates a
continuous transfer of
energy?Answer
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question:
Give an example of a
food chain with four
trophic levels. (5pts.)