ecologyecology chapter 34. ecology- the scientific study of how organisms interact with their...
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ECOLOGY
Chapter 34
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• Ecology- The scientific study of how organisms
interact with their
environment
and with each
other.
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The Five Levels of Ecological Study
1. Individual/Organism
2. Population
3. Community
4. Ecosystem
5. Biosphere
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Key Abiotic Factors• Sunlight- provides energy & warmth• Water- essential to all organisms• Temperature-range for life 0C to 50C• Soil- affects the types of plants that
can grow there.• Wind- affects the distribution and
activities of organisms (clouds, rain, stirs up water, disperses seeds.
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Climate Determines Global Patterns in Biosphere
• Variation in solar radiation at different latitudes causes uneven heating of Earth’s surface
Low angle ofincoming sunlight –60º N
Sunlight directlyoverhead
0º (equator)
Low angle ofincoming sunlight
Atmosphere
30º S
60º S
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Biomes• Biome – The ecosystems that cover
large regions of Earth
–characterized by communities of plants/organisms that are adapted to the climate/abiotic factors
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Terrestrial Ecosystems (BIOMES)–Tropical Rainforest
–Savanna
–Desert
–Chaparral
–Temperate Grassland
–Deciduous Forest
–Coniferous Forest
–Tundra
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Tropical Rainforests• Equator (warm)
• High rainfall
• Rich abundance of life - Most diverse
• Human impact has been huge
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Savanna• Mostly in Africa
• Grasslands with scattered trees
• Warm climate
• Drier tropical area
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Desert• Driest biome on the planet
(low and unpredictable rainfall)
• Animals and plants are adapted to live
with little
water and
excess heat
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Chaparral• Coastal region with dense
evergreen shrubs
• Mild rainy
winters & hot
dry summers
• Prone to fire
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Temperate Grassland• Rain varies
• Grasses
• Occurring in cooler areas (like the Midwest Prairies)
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Deciduous Forest• Deciduous trees-
Maple & Oak (lose leaves)
• Sufficient moisture to support large trees
• Definite seasons –
cold winter/ hot
summer
• Deer
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Coniferous Forest• Cone-bearing trees
–Needles prevent water loss
• Taiga
–the furthest north
–harsh winters and very short summers
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Tundra• Extreme north & tops
of mountains• Long, cold & windy
winters• Treeless: mosses,
shrubs and lichens• Permafrost –
permanently frozen soil
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• Make up most of the biosphere
• Oceans cover about 75% of the Earth's surface
• Light and the availability of nutrients are the major factors that shape aquatic communities
Aquatic Ecosystems
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Freshwater Ecosystems• Little dissolved salt
• Streams and rivers
• Ponds and lakes
–Standing (not flowing) water
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Estuaries • Where rivers and oceans merge
• Salt Marsh (colder temperatures) and Mangroves (Florida and tropics)
• Experience changes in salt concentration and temperature
• Most productive Biome
–Diverse life
–Provide nursery
areas for animals.
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Abiotic conditions dictate the kinds of communities that ocean zones can support
Figure 34.7C
Intertidal zone
Benthiczone(seafloor)
Photiczone
Aphoticzone
Pelagic Zone
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REVIEW• What is the scientific study of the how
organisms interact with their environment.• ecology
• What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?
• Biotic=living Abiotic=non-living
• Give an example of a biotic factor.• Tree, animal, virus etc.
• What are the five levels (in order) of ecological study?
• Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
• A population is a group of individuals that must be the same _________________.
• species
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• How is a community different from a population?
• Community is several different species, population is a single species
• How is an ecosystem different from a community?
• Ecosystem has biotic and abiotic factors
• What is a habitat?• specific environments in which organisms live.
• List 5 important abiotic factors.• Sun, water, wind, soil, temperature
• Name the driest biome.• Desert
• Name the wettest and hottest biome.• Rain forest
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• Name the coldest biome.• tundra
• What are some common organisms of the savannah?
• Zebra, giraffe, elephant, rhino etc.
• Why is it important for the coniferous forest trees to have pine needles instead of leaves?
• Needles prevent water loss and keep trees from getting cold
• What is permafrost?• Permanently frozen soil
• What is an estuary?• Where a river meets the ocean
• Why is an estuary the most productive ecosystem?
• Provides nursery areas for oysters, crabs, fishes, birds, many plant species