ECON322OntwikkelingsekonomieDevelopment Economics

OntwikkelingspatronePatterns of development

Geografie & OntwikkelingGeography & Development

The key questions

• Why are some regions / countries rich and others poor?

• How persistent are the forces that shape prosperity?

• How important is geography?• What are the channels through which

geography influences development?

Geografie is belangrik

• Diamond se storie: landbou, oos-wes, siektes

• Verklaar 44% van variasievan BBPpc – 64% as jy net na die ou wêreld kyk.

Geography's influence via trade

• Ricardo vs. Smith• Market size and density drives trade (second-

nature geography)o The silk route vs. trans-Atlantic trade?

• Africa's landlockedness…

Geografie se invloed via siektes

• BBP en afstand vanaf die ewenaar…• Malaria en ander siektes:

o Tap energie / produktiwiteit, perk fisieke ontwikkeling in, verminder IK!

• Maar goeie gesondheid → produktiwiteit, spare, investering → hoër BBP

But geography is not destiny, it is only potential

• A head start matters, but first-nature geography is only important up to 1500.

• Stories of reversals of fortuneo St Domingue → Haiti

• How geography influenced institutions:o Geography, history, chance → extractive economic

institutions → extractive political institutions Elite does not want education, innovation, creative

destruction. They make policies to maintain power.

Ons vraag:

• Wat was die rol van geografie in die ekonomiese ontwikkelingspad van Suid-Afrika?

• Hoe het geografie Suid-Afrikaanse instellings beïnvloed?