economic development for everyone creating employment equity through local policy sarah...
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Economic Development for EveryoneCreating employment equity through local policy
Sarah Halvorson-FriedVirginia Tech
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Examining policies and practices based on racial equity
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Presentation overviewWhy is racial equity important for economic development?
What is going on?
How do we change it?
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Why does equity matter to planners?
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Why do we want income equality in our communities?
“We all do better when we all do better”
– Senator Paul Wellstone
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What is going on?
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In labor force Employed Unemployment rate0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00% The Racial Wage Gap: Employment Status by Race in the U.S. (2013)
Population 16 years and over White Black or African American
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What causes this disparity?
Spatial mismatch (Kain, 1968) may be part of the problem, but not all.
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What causes this disparity?
“We now understand that a number of factors, including racial discrimination, lack of social networks, and poor human capital development, prevent jobseekers from finding work even when jobs are located nearby” (Chapple, 2006, p. 323).
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Inequitable policies and practices
- At organizational and government levels - Intentional and unintentional
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Inequitable policies and practices
- Inaccessibility (e.g. poor public transit access) - Employment outreach through exclusive networks - Lack of training availability - Discriminatory hiring and retention practices
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How do we address this?
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Some possibilities
Local employment policies
Specialized incentives
Land use and transportation
Inclusive public programs
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Local employment policies - Targeted outreach - Networking opportunities - Internship opportunities - Leading by example - Ban the Box
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Specialized incentives
- Entrepreneur incentives and educational programs- Incentives to firms guaranteeing equitable hiring practices
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How should we work with employers?
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Examining employer motivations can inform effective interventions.
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1) Legal obligation 2) Beliefs about fairness and justice 3) Performance augmentation 4) Leadership power
Examining employer motivations can inform effective interventions.
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ReferencesChapple, K. (2006). Overcoming mismatch: Beyond dispersal, mobility, and development strategies. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(3), 322-336.
Dialogue On Race, Montgomery County, VA. (2014). Available at: http://www.dialogueonrace.info/
Emsellem, M., & Rodriguez, M. N. (2015). Advancing a federal fair chance hiring agenda: Background check reforms in over 100 cities, counties, and states pave the way for presidential action. National Employment Law Project. Available at: http://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/2015/01/Report-Federal-Fair-Chance-Hiring-Agenda.pdf
Kain, J. F. (1968). Housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 175-197.
Spahr, C. (2014). Milwaukee’s transit-jobs mismatch. State Smart Transportation Initiative. Available at: http://www.ssti.us/2014/01/milwaukees-transit-jobs-mismatch/
U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, S2301 Employment status [Status]. Available at: http://factfinder2.census.gov.