economic development foundation
DESCRIPTION
untitled*. Melih ÖZSÖZ Senior Researcher, IKV. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION. Content. What is communication? How a country’s image is formed? Success stories (country image) The view of Turkey in Europe The view of Europe in Turkey IKV in Europe. What is communication?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION
Melih ÖZSÖZ
Senior Researcher, IKV
untitled*
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• What is communication?
• How a country’s image is formed?
• Success stories (country image)
• The view of Turkey in Europe
• The view of Europe in Turkey
• IKV in Europe
Content
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• Communication is the method by which people share their ideas, information, opinions and feelings.
• People sharing ideas, information, opinions and feelings may contribute to the operations of teams and the work of individuals.
• Communication is a two-way activity between two or more people. There are various modes of communication, some of which are used more commonly in some workplaces than others.
What is communication?
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SOURCE
S/he codes the information and transmits to the
receiver
RECEIVER
S/he reads the message and transmits to the
source
CHANNEL
IMAGE
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Message to be submitted
Source
Message
IMAGE
INFORMATION
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Film by Sergio Leone (1961)
“The Good, The Bad and The Ugly”
Clint Eastwood (Blondy)
Eli Wallack (Tuco)
Lee van Cleff (Angel Eyes)
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“Image is like shadow; it follows you wherever you go”
by me…
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COUNTRY IMAGE
VARIABLES OF
COUNTRY IMAGE
SOCIO-CULTURAL
History
Religion
Language
Culture
GEOGRAPHY
Location
Nature
ECONOMY
Country’s Economic Situation
Quality of Workforce
Companies and Brands
POLITICS
OTHER VARIABLES
Inhabitants of the country
Demography
PERSONAL
EXPERIENCES
MEDIA
Voyage
Memories
P2P Interraction
Myths
Books
Newspapers
TV
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RESULTS
Tendency towards visiting the country
Tendency towards making business with the country
Tendency towards consuming country’s products
Tendency towards living in the country
Tendency towards getting education in the country
Tendency towards working in the country
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EU’S SPENDING ON PROPAGANDA
In 2008, EU spent 2.4 billion Euros to promote itself and its central aim of “ever closer union”
Population of Europe (2008): 500 m.
2.400,000,000 Euros / 500,000,000. People= 4,8 EUROS
“In 2008, 4,8 Euros from your pockets go to EU’s propaganda”
Coca Cola spent 2 billion Euros in 2008 for its global advertisement
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SUCCESS STORIES – 1
SPAIN
TOURISM
GOAL:
By using the cultural heritage in Barcelona, emphasizing country’s EU membership.
METHOD:
World-wide known Spanish names are being used within the world business community (Picasso, J. Iglesias etc.)
Spanish artist Miro was extensively used abroad.
“Spanish” trade mark was created.
Promotion of Barcelona around the globe.
Revision in Spain’s EU image
• “Instead of a total money consumer; a country full of fun, tourism, culture and art”.
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SUCCESS STORIES – 2
POLAND
IMAGE MANAGEMENT FOR STEREOTYPES IN FRANCE TOWARDS POLAND
GOAL:
Changing the image of Poland in France.
In the minds of the French people, changing the view that France will be filled by Polish migrant workers symbolized as a “plumber”.
METHOD:
Advertisement Campaign:
A Polish model (Piotr Adamski) calling the French people in his own country.
4 months extensive training resulted with more than 2000 interviews with the model.
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SUCCESS STORIES – 2
POLAND - 2
IMAGE MANAGEMENT FOR STEREOTYPES IN FRANCE TOWARDS POLAND
RESULT:
A significant change occured in the minds of the French people vis-a-vis Poland
Eurobarometer No:58 (2002)
17% of the French population supports Poland’s EU membership
Eurobarometer 60 (2003)
42% of the French population supports Poland’s EU membership
Eurobarometer 62 (2004)
50% of the French population supports Poland’s EU membership
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Estonia
2001: Before the EU Negotiations
For EU : % 35
Anti EU : % 51
2003: Referandum for EU Membership
For EU: % 67
2008: Eurobarometer
For EU: %78
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Aripaev, 2004 (Estonia)
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“The lifes of British people wasted in their tiny offices; there are only a couple of ours left where we feel
ourselves free. Nevertheless, in this couple of hours we, the Brits, have to deal with
stinky Southern Europeans who fills the Undergroung”
2006, The Guardian
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EU Membership process is a long one not just for Turkey; but for all candidate countries.
United Kingdom’s EU candidacy talks were vetoed two times by France in 1963 and 1967.
Charles de Gaulle proposed a “priviledged partnership” to UK when he first vetoed UK’s EU membership in 1963.
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So; it is not only Turkey who faces with such kind of difficulties during the EU membership process. Some other candidate countries faced with much harder situation, reaching to “racism” in this process.
Any “negative” view on Turkey does not reflect the general view of whole Europe and whole EU citizens. This is something we need to keep in mind!!!
Some “clever” candidate countries found a chance to turn the “negative” image into a successful promotion material (as it is in the case of Poland).
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Famous EP voting
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Place: Madrid, SpainDate: 18 February 2010Event: Atletico Madrid vs. Galatasaray; semi-finals for UEFA 2010
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The View of Turkey in Europe
Mamma li Turchi *
* Mommy!! The Turks are coming!!
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The View of Turkey in Europe – 1
QUESTION
Is there any country you want to see in the EU in the next 5 years?
ANSWER
Switzerland % 50
Spain % 44
Austria % 39
Greece %24
Turkey %10
Source: European Commission
Date: 1976
Number of countries covered: 9
The answers coming from Germany, Italy and Belgium show that “due to the country’s geographical and cultural distance from Europe” Turkey should not be a member of the EC.
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The View of Turkey in Europe – 2
QUESTION
I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias
ANSWER
SUPPORT % 30
DON’T SUPPORT % 59
DON’t KNOW % 11
Source: European Commission (Eurobarometer)
Date: 2010 (November)
Number of countries covered: 27
Even after 34 years, the support for Turkey’s EU membership is still LOW in Europe.
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The View of Turkey in Europe – 3
For sure there are reasons why there is not so much support for Turkey’s EU membership in Europe. Among them economic, political, cultural, geographical etc. Reasons can be counted. HOWEVER, with the opening of negotiation talks with Turkey in 2005, there occured a significant change in the way how Europeans think of Turkey.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
SUPPORT %48 %42 %39 %36 %31 %31 %30 %31
DON’T SUPPORT
%40 %40 %48 %50 %58 %59 %59 %58
QUESTION
I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias
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The View of Turkey in Europe – 4
FRANCE (Nov. 2010)
QUESTION - FRANCE
I see Turkey’s EU membership as ...................
ANSWER
Positive % 19
Negative % 71
QUESTION - FRANCE
I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias (economic, social, political etc.)
ANSWER
SUPPORT % 35
DON’T SUPPORT % 65
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The View of Turkey in Europe – 5
FRANCE
QUESTION – FRANCE (year 2005)
A survey conducted by Le Figaro and IPSOS, the day of EU Constitution Referandum in France.
Why you voted “NO” in the Referandum?
18 % of the voters specified that TURKEY was the reason for “NO VOTE”
French Quartet (From Left to Right)
Sarkozy-Chirac-D’Estaign-Le Pen
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Marine Le PenNew leader of Front National
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QUESTION - AUSTRIA
I see Turkey’s EU membership as ...................
ANSWER
Positive % 7
Negative % 85
QUESTION - AUSTRIA
I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias (economic, social, political etc.)
ANSWER
SUPPORT % 16
DON’T SUPPORT % 79
The View of Turkey in Europe – 6
AUSTRIA (Nov. 2010)
Total population of Austria: 8 million
Total population of Turkish origined Austrians: 250.000
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COUNTRIES MOST FAVORABLE WITH TURKEY’s EU MEMBERSHIP
NOVEMBER 2010
Romania 61%
Hungary 52%
Sweden 52%
Slovenia 48%
Lithuania 41%
The View of Turkey in Europe – 7
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Italy
Forza Nuova’s Meeting Poster (2008)
La Stampa (Italy)
2007
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Takvim Newspaper, 24 June 2008 (Turkey)
2008 UEFA
Turkey-Croatia
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“Mommy, the Pope!!”, 2006
La Stampa (İtaly)
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Room for creativity-DENMARK
Place: Copenhagen, DenmarkDate: 16 December 2004 Event: The day when EU Heads of States “unanimously” declared Turkey as a “candidate country” in Brussels (Copenhagen-Brussels: 766 KM)
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H. C. Andersen’s Little Mermaid-DENMARK
1964 2007
2008
2004
2010
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Little Mermaid is saved…
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Mapping Stereotypes: Geography of Prejudices
A Project by a Russian graphic designer living in the UK, Yanko Tsevetkov
His blog was visited by more than 500 m. people worldwide, following the publication of maps in the Telegraph on Sptember 2010.
The story behind the maps/project is simple: the artist wanted to amuse his friends during Europe’s energy crisis in 2009.
The artist receives “requests” through his blog and decides “what to draw” accordingly.
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Europe from a French perspective
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Europe from a German perspective
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Europe from a British perspective
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Europe from a London perspective
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Europe from an Italian perspective
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Europe from a Bulgarian perspective
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Europe from an American perspective
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Europe from Greek Cypriot perspective
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The View of Europe in Turkey
Arrivano i Turchi *
* Turks are coming!!
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What is “the unique” resemblance in these 2 pictures?
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+ 1 Syndrome
EU in 2004
15 + 10 + 1 + 2
EU in 2007
25+ 2+1
EU in 2008
27+1+1+1
CEE Countries Turkey Romania
Bulgaria
Romania
Bulgaria
Turkey
Turkey Croatia Macedonia EU in 2012 *
27+1+1 + 5
Turkey MacedoniaAlbania
Bosnia
Monte Negro
Serbia
Kosovo
Croatia
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Hürriyet, 7 May 1995 (Turkey)“We are a full member of EU in 1998 latest” from Tansu Çiller (Prime Minister)
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Positive 71 59 44 52 49 47 42 40
Negative 13 17 25 22 21 28 32 35
Neutral 9 20 23 17 17 14 15 14
N/A 7 3 8 9 13 11 11 11
The View of Europe in Turkey – 1
For sure there are different consideration regarding Turkey’s EU membership in Turkey among the Turkish population. These might be political, economic, social etc. HOWEVER it is important to note that the EU support in Turkey fluctuated so much in time.
QUESTION
I see Turkey’s EU membership as ...................
Source: Eurobarometer
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The View of Europe in Turkey – 2
QUESTION
Do you think EU membership will be beneficial to Turkey or not?
(2011)
ANSWER
Will be beneficial % 57
It will not be beneficial % 43
QUESTION
Why EU membership will not be beneficial for Turkey? (2011)
ANSWER
I am against EU %33
We do not need EU %20
We will loose our sovereignty %17
It will stop economic growth %17
It will effect our democracy %10
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The View of Europe in Turkey – 3
QUESTION
What is the image of EU? (2008)
2005 2006 2007 2008
Positive 43 55 48 49
Negative 26 24 27 28
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The View of Europe in Turkey – 4
QUESTION
Do you support your country’s (Turkey) EU membership (2010)
7363
5448
40 42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Destek (%)
Source: GMF, “Transatlantic Trends 2010”
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The View of Europe in Turkey – Sick Man of Europe
Cartoon, 12 August 1908 Cover, May 2005 issue
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The View of Europe in Turkey
Place: Istanbul, TurkeyDate: 24 October 2010 Event: 20 prostitutes were caught in Istanbul by the police. One of them yield to the cameraman while getting to the Police Head Office as:
“Bu kafayla siz AB’ye zor girersiniz”“You won’t get into the EU with this mindset”
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The View of Europe in Turkey
Place: Ankara, TurkeyDate: 14 June 2004Event: Owner of a “kokoreç” café burned an EU flag in front of the cameras saying “the EU can’t touch to my kokoreç”
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The View of Europe in Turkey
Place: İstanbul, TurkeyDate: 11 October 2012Event: MP Burhan Kuzu (also the head of the Constitutional Committee in the TGNA) throwed away the European Commission Regular Report on Turkey to the rubbish
“this report is so biased; there is no need to take it into consideration. I want to put it into the trash!”
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Do we contribute to the formation of this image?
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Last word…
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On March 17, 1968
The leading figure in the visual art movement known as Pop-Art,
Andy Warhol said; “in the future, everyone will be world-
famous for 15 minutes”.
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On January 24, 1984
Apple Computer introduced Apple Macintosh personal computer for the first time; in a 58 seconds TV commercial during American Super Bowl Final’84.
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On January 1, 2007
Time Magazin used “YOU” as the cover; saying “Yes, you. You
control the Information Age. Welcome to your world”
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Who is this?
Homo Erectus?
Homo Sapiens?
The name of human species… HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
self-aware self-aware
WE ARE AWARE THAT WE ARE SELF-AWARE
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Political Reforms in Turkey:
Crayons
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
509
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey
509
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists
in prison since March 2012
509
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists
in prison since March 2012
Total number of prisoners
509
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists
in prison since March 2012
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
509
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists
in prison since March 2012
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
509Number of total conscientious objection
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists
in prison since March 2012
Number of women MP
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
509Number of total conscientious objection
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists
in prison since March 2012
Number of cases per judge/ per
year
Number of women MP
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
509Number of total conscientious objection
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey
Women Illeteracy rate in Turkey
Number of journalistsin prison since March 2012
Number of cases per judge/ per
year
Number of women MP
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
509Number of total conscientious objection
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey
Women Illeteracy rate in Turkey
Number of journalistsin prison since March 2012
Number of cases per judge/ per
year
Number of women MP
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
Number of dead workers in ship building industry in one year
509Number of total conscientious objection
665
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24 %
101147 15.200
16 %
78/550
130.617
1089
Women Employment rate in Turkey
Women Illeteracy rate in Turkey
Number of journalistsin prison since March 2012
Number of cases per judge/ per
year
Number of women MP
Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR
Total number of prisoners
Number of dead workers in ship building industry in one year
509Number of total conscientious objection
665
Days Youtube was band in Turkey
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Benjamin Disraeli1804-1881British PM
“There are three kinds of lies:Lies, damned lies, and statistics”
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: General
European Commission’s Progress Report (annual/critical)
European Commismion published its first “Progress Report” on Turkey in the year 1998.
1998-2012:15 Progress Reports have been published.
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Anatomy of a Progress Report
Each Commission’s Progress Report is composed of the following sections:
• INTRODUCTION• POLITICAL CRITERIA• ECONOMIC CRITERIA• ABILITY TO ASSUME OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERSHIP
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Analytical Perspective
The reports were published in (# of pages):1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
57 58 82 123 161 148 187 146 82 82 91 94 104 110 94
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Analytical Perspective-2
The section on “Political Criteria” published in (# of pages):
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
13 9 12 21 33 34 46 34 21 21 24 29 34 40 31
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Analytical Perspective-3
The section on “Political Criteria” published in (# of pages):
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Report 57 58 82 123 161 148 187 146 82 82 91 94 104 110 94Pol. Cri. 13 9 12 21 33 34 46 34 21 21 24 29 34 40 31
Ratio (%) 22 15 14,6 17 20,4 23 24,5 23,2 25,6 25,6 26,3 30,8 32,6 36,3 32,9
INTERESTING !
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Word Count“Progress Report” on Turkey:
100 words have been selected from “political criteria” sections of all 15 reports.
- Issues that are often repeated by the European Commission;- New issues on the agenda- Old issues gone from the agenda- Why?
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Word Count – TOP 10
1 - Kurd (…)2 – Terror
3 – Freedom of Expression4 - Judicial5 – Cyprus6 – Torture
7 – Gender Equality8 – Women’s Right
9 – Military intervention10 - ILO
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results
Result # 1: Kurdish problem and terror are the most important problems on Turkey-EU Relations.
Kurdish problem is not just an armed conflict!
Terror / political / economic / social / cultural
Before EU candidature, the issue was limited to “armed conflict”; but today, it is more political.
There is a growing societal conviction that the problem cannot be solved by military methods. Step by step, Turkish political elites started to change
their attitude towards the issue (civil rigts, democratic rights etc.)
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results
Result # 2: Freedom of Expression is the “new” problem area in Turkey-EU relations. It is more&more articulated by the EU, in the last reports.
There are several reasons, why freedom of expression has been so much quoted by the EU: Article 301; Article 302; cases against
Orhan Pamuk, Hrant Dink, Elif Şafak etc.; assasination of Hrant Dink; censorship; freedom of press; Ergenekon case; increased number of journalists in prison …
The most important change: Article 301 of the Turkish Criminal Code (‘insulting Turkishness should be published’) is no longer used systematically to restrict freedom of expression. The revision on the
Article resulted with a decline on number of cases with regards to freedom of expression.
However, freedom of expression is again so widely discussed in relation to journalists in
prison (almost every week there is an article written on the issue in foreign media.
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results
Result # 3: Cyprus issue is arguably the single most important barrier to Turkish membership of the EU.
A long historical background. In April 2004, a comprehensive UN plan to reunite the island was put to popular vote on both sides of the
island. The plan was accepted by the Turkish side, but rejected by the Greek side.
EU accepted the Greek side to the EU, without a solution; this is where whole problem started and became more and more complicated (some
EU leaders even said this was a mistake).
Cyprus problem is not only a territorial problem. Like Kurdish problem, it is social, political, economic and cultural; even violation of human rights
for inhabitants of the island! (land issue)
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results
Result # 4: Torture and ill-treatment have always been critical in Turkey-EU Relations.
Torture and ill treatment were serious problems of Turkey for an extended period of time (esp. After the military intervention in 1980).
However considerable progress achieved since 1999.
Declaration of the “zero tolerance principle for torture and ill treatment” in 2002.
The President of the Council of Europe’s Committee for the Prevention of Torture (Oct. 13,2004): “it would be difficult to find a Council
of Europe Member State with a more advanced set of provisions in this area”
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results
Result # 5: Gender issue: deadlock!!!!
Words connected with women in Turkey:unemployment, no social security, uneducation, violence, honor
killings, no/unsufficient political presentation, poverty, social exclusion, mobbing etc.
Huge problem that have roots on tradition, history, culture, economy.
Violence: In 2011, 356 women were killed / In 2012 (first 3 months) 59 women were killed.
Employment: In 2012, only 24% of women in Turkey are into the workforce.
Among them only 72% have social security.
Education: Illiteracy rate for women: % 16
Politics: Last elections: 78 out of 550 (%14).
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“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results
Result # 6: Politics and Religion: Alevi Issue / Headscarf Issue / X Issue / Y Issue
Islam is no longer the official religion of the state (since 1923). However the process of modernization and democratization in Turkey has always faced the problem of establishing a delicate balance between politics and religion.
However the problematic question is: Islam is a challenging factor regarding Turkey’s prospective EU membership? (most popular
questions in EU capitals!)
Wearing of the headscarf has been a controversial issue that fuels polarization between ‘islamists’ and ‘secularists’.“Devant le guichet; derrier le guichet”
Religious courses: Sunni Muslims / Alevits
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Political Reform Process in Turkey
The recognition of Turkey as a candidate for accession at the Helsinki European Council Summit in December 1999, marked the beginning of EU-Turkey relations with a perspective of full membership.
From that day on, a comprehensive reform process started in Turkey to fullfill EU’s Copenhagen political criteria (very much related with human rights issues).
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Political Reform Process in Turkey
Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 4, 2001)The Revised Civil Code (July 2001)
First Harmonisation Package (Feb. 19,2002)Second Harmonisation Package (April 9, 2002)Third Harmonisation Package (August 9, 2002)
Constitutional Amendments (Dec. 13,2002)Fourth Harmonisation Package (Jan. 11, 2003)
Fifth Harmonisation Package (Feb. 4, 2003)Sixth Harmonisation Package (July 19, 2003)
Seventh Harmonisation Package (Aug. 7, 2003)The Constitutional Package (May 22, 2004)
Eight Harmonisation Package (July 14, 2004)The New Criminal Code (Oct. 2004)
Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 2005)Ninth Harmonisation Package (July 2006)
Turkey’s Programme for Alignment with the EU Acquis 2007-2013 (April 17, 2007)Draft Constitution of Turkey (2008)
National Programme of Turkey for the Adoption of the EU Acquis (Oct. 2008)
Constitutional Reform Package of 2011 (20101
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Political Reform Process in Turkey
Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 4, 2001)The Revised Civil Code (July 2001)First Harmonisation Package (Feb. 19,2002)Second Harmonisation Package (April 9, 2002)Third Harmonisation Package (August 9, 2002)Constitutional Amendments (Dec. 13,2002)Fourth Harmonisation Package (Jan. 11, 2003)Fifth Harmonisation Package (Feb. 4, 2003)Sixth Harmonisation Package (July 19, 2003)Seventh Harmonisation Package (Aug. 7, 2003)The Constitutional Package (May 22, 2004)Eight Harmonisation Package (July 14, 2004)The New Criminal Code (Oct. 2004)Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 2005)Ninth Harmonisation Package (July 2006)Turkey’s Programme for Alignment with the EU Acquis 2007-2013 (April 17, 2007)Draft Constitution of Turkey (2008)National Programme of Turkey for the Adoption of the EU Acquis (Oct. 2008)Constitutional Reform Package of 2011 (2011)
AKP AKP
DSP+MHP+ANAPDSP+MHP+ANAP CoalitionCoalition
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“We could learn a lot from crayons: some are sharp, some are pretty, some are dull, some have weird names, and all are different colors ...but they all have to learn to live in the same box”…