economic development of cambodia, laos ......5.9%, laos – 4.5%, myanmar – 35% and vietnam 8.9%....
TRANSCRIPT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CAMBODIA, LAOS, MYANMAR, VIETNAM (CLMV)
AND ASIAN COMMUNITY
Professor Ho Ngoc Phuong University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam Email: [email protected]
1. Introduction
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam (CLMV) is a region in Southeast Asia of which
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia known as Indochina. It lies roughly east of India, south of
China. Vietnam received a much larger influence from China meanwhile Laos is
influenced mainly by the culture of India. Cambodia had been influenced hardly from
culture of India but still faced with some amounts of culture of China. Myanmar can be
seen to be influenced equally by both India and China.
CLMV have been new members of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
since mid 1990s. It accounted for 27.4% population (2005), made up 8% GDP (2007) of
ASEAN. The average growth rate of GDP in 2007 recorded at 10.2% (Cambodia), 8.0%
(Laos), 5.5% (Myanmar) and 8.3% (Vietnam) compared to 6.3% of ASEAN as a whole.
2. Overview of CLMV
2.1 Cambodia
The country with nearly 14 million people recorded at 1.8% of population growth rate per
annum during the period 2000-2005 has seen rapid progress in the last decade. Average
annum GDP growth rate in that period recorded at 9.3%. Gross Domestic Product has
increased from 1,404 (1990) to 5,172 million USD (2007). GDP per capita from 145
(1990) to 358 USD (2007) based on price of 1990 USD. In 2007 domestic investment
rate of GDP accounted for 20.8%.
2
Agriculture is the main domestic activity on which most rural households depend.
Manufacturing product is mostly conducted on a small-scale and informal basis. The
service sector is concentrated in trading activities and catering-related services.
The US and Cambodia signed a Bilateral Textile Agreement, which gave Cambodia a
guaranteed quota of US textile imports. Garment sector performance led to more than 9%
growth in 2007 and it employed more than 350,000 people and contributed more than
70% of Cambodia's exports.
In 2005, exploitable oil and natural gas deposits were found beneath Cambodia's
territorial waters. Production of oil could potentially have a great effect on the future of
the economy. Mining also is attracting significantly investors’ interest for bauxite, gold,
iron and gems. The tourism industry continues to grow rapidly, with foreign arrivals
reaching 2 million in 2007. In 2007 the government signed a joint venture agreement to
form a new national airline.
More than 50% of the population is less than 21 years old. The population lacks
education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which
suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure.
In 2006, a US-Cambodia bilateral Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
was signed. Cambodia's emerging democracy has received strong international support
and as political stability lasts, the Cambodian economy is likely to grow at a respectable
pace in the near future.
2.2 Laos
The country with nearly 5.7 million people recorded at 1.6% of population growth rate
per annum during the period 2000-2005 began decentralizing control and encouraging
private enterprise in 1986. Average annum GDP growth rate in that period recorded at
6.3%. Gross Domestic Product has increased from 866 (1990) to 2,531 million USD
(2007). GDP per capita from 212 (1990) to 432 USD (2007) based on price of 1990 USD.
In 2007 domestic investment rate of GDP accounted for 39.7%.
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
3
Laos remains a country with an underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas.
It has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal
telecommunications.
Subsistence agriculture, dominated by rice, accounts for about 40% of GDP and provides
80% of total employment. In the early 1990s, agriculture remains the foundation of the
economy.
Principal activities in the industrial sector include manufacturing, construction, mining,
processing agricultural and forestry goods, and producing hydroelectricity.
The economy will continue to benefit from aid from international donors and from
foreign investment in hydropower and mining. Construction will be another strong
economic driver, especially as hydroelectric dam and road projects gain steam.
In late 2004, Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US, allowing Laos-
based producers to benefit from lower tariffs on exports.
2.3 Myanmar
The country with nearly 48 million people recorded at 0.9% of population growth rate per
annum during the period 2000-2005 has been suffering from decades of stagnation,
mismanagement, and isolation. Average annum GDP growth rate in that period recorded
at 12.9%. Gross Domestic Product has increased from 5,179 (1990) to 22,320 million
USD (2007). GDP per capita from 129 (1990) to 457 USD (2007) based on price of 1990
USD. In 2007 domestic investment rate of GDP accounted for 15.4%.
Myanmar is an agricultural country and before World War II, it had been the world's top
exporter of rice. The country is rich in minerals. Petroleum is found east of the
Ayeyarwady in the Dry Zone. Major manufacturing industries include food processing,
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
4
wood and wood products, construction, materials, pharmaceuticals, fertilizer, natural gas,
and textiles and clothing. Exports include gas, wood products, pulses, fish, rice, clothing,
jade, and gemstones.
During 1980’s, the government had tried to improve the economy by nationalizing most
of the industries, but it was unsuccessful in its efforts. In the early 1990's, foreign
investment has been encouraged, but it was not successful again.
In the late 1990's Myanmar's economy has worsened due to U.S. economic sanctions and
the widespread Asian financial crisis. These decreased the amount of foreign investment
and increased inflation. In the period 2005-07, inflation averaged at about 30%. The
public sector enterprises remain highly inefficient and privatization efforts haven’t got
successful yet.
2.4 Vietnam
The country with about 85 million people recorded at 1.5% of population growth rate per
annum during the period 2000-2005 has made impressive economic progress in the last
decades. Average annum GDP growth rate in that period recorded at 7.5%. Gross
Domestic Product has increased from 6,472 (1990) to 22,595 million USD (2007). GDP
per capita from 98 (1990) to 259 USD (2007) based on price of 1990 USD. In 2007
domestic investment rate of GDP accounted for 41.6%.
Since 1986 Vietnam has moved from a centrally planned economy to a market oriented
system (this period named Đổi Mới- renovation). The economy has experienced rapid
growth. In 2000, the Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) between the U.S. and Vietnam
was signed. The BTA provided for Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status of Vietnamese
goods in the U.S. market. The BTA would also concomitantly attract foreign investment
to Vietnam, not only from the U.S, but also from Europe, Asia, and other regions. The
registered capital of foreign direct investment (FDI) recorded at USD20 billion in 2007
and USD64 billion in 2008 – the highest level ever known so far.
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
5
Although the economic activities have oriented to market principles, many large
Vietnamese enterprises are still state-owned enterprises (SOEs) with some nationwide
trademarks such as VNPT,Viettel, VietcomBank, ICB, PetroVietnam. Vietnam has been
becoming as a leading agricultural exporter.
In the early 2007, Vietnam became World Trade Organization (WTO)'s 150th member.
Access to WTO provides an important boost to Vietnam's economy and to ensure the
continuation of liberalizing reforms. It also brings challenges to Vietnam’s economic
sectors to compete with foreign players. Although Vietnam’s economy in the past
decades is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, it is developing from an
extremely low base that required more time to catch up other advanced ASEAN countries.
3. Comparison analysis
Population of CLMV made up of 27.4% meanwhile Gross Domestic Product of CLMV
accounted for only 8% of ASEAN. Vietnam made up 69% total GDP within CLMV
(value 2007 USD).
In 2007, industry value added of ASEAN was 39.6%, meanwhile Cambodia – 26.8%,
Laos – 29.5%, Myanmar – 15.2% and Vietnam – 40.9% of total sectors (agriculture,
industry and service). Inflation rate of ASEAN recorded at 5% meanwhile Cambodia –
5.9%, Laos – 4.5%, Myanmar – 35% and Vietnam 8.9%.
Relating to financing development, net inwards foreign direct investment (FDI) of
ASEAN accounted for 4.7% of GDP. Cambodia and Vietnam have well done to attract
foreign investment with net inwards FDI 10% and 9.5% of GDP respectively. Myanmar
only 2.3% and Laos 7.8% of GDP.
Vietnam has recorded highest increased rate to receive official development assistance
(ODA) – more than ten times in 2006 compared to 1990. Laos is the second rank with
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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increased rate of 244%, Cambodia nearly 13% meanwhile Myanmar contracted 9%
during this period. ASEAN increased this rate more than 6%.
Net external debt of Laos recorded highest rate at 86% of GDP. Myanmar 50%,
Cambodia 48%, Vietnam 33% and ASEAN accounted for 36% of GDP. Gap between the
government revenues and expenditures (fiscal balance - % of GDP) almost negatively
recorded. Vietnam -5.4%, Cambodia - 1.2%, Myanmar – 0.0%, ASEAN -1.7%. Only
Laos positively recorded at + 20.2% of GDP.
Intraregional trade within ASEAN is different from country to country. Vietnam imports
only 27%, meanwhile Laos imports 79%, Cambodia 53% and Myanmar 47% of total
imports from ASEAN. Exports to ASEAN of Vietnam and Cambodia recorded at about
14% and 8% meanwhile Laos and Myanmar recorded at 66% and 56% of total exports
respectively. Average intraregional trade between countries of ASEAN accounted for
nearly 25% of total imports and exports.
Intraregional trade within (ASEAN+3) is another picture from country to country.
Vietnam imports 63%, meanwhile Laos imports 94%, Cambodia 73% and Myanmar 88%
of total imports from (ASEAN+3). Exports to ASEAN of Vietnam and Cambodia
recorded at about 37% and 12% meanwhile Laos and Myanmar recorded at 74% and
69% of total exports respectively. Average intraregional trade between countries of
(ASEAN+3) accounted for 44% of total imports and 34% of total exports.
Tourism is a new industry for CLMV since early 1990s. Except Myanmar with closed
policy, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam have been successfully attracting international
tourists. Thus, the number of international arrivals increased year by year steadily since
1990. In 2006, Cambodia attracted 1.7 million, Laos 0.84 million and Vietnam 3.6
million international tourists. Total international tourist arrivals of CLMV accounted for
nearly 12% of that of ASEAN.
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
7
Telecommunication development in terms of number mobile phone subscribers per 100
populations of Cambodia and Vietnam amounted to 17.9 and 27.2 respectively. Laos and
Myanmar recorded at low level of 0.4. Meanwhile that of ASEAN is 40.8. Number of
internet users per 100 population of Vietnam amounted to 20.5, Laos 1.7, Cambodia 0.5
and Myanmar 0.1 compared to ASEAN 12.4.
4. Asian Community
The idea of establishing Asian Community has had a long history. Initially the creation of
a Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere consisting of Asian nations was unsuccessful in
1940s.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed on 8 August 1967 by
the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore, as a political display
rather than economic cooperation during the Vietnam war.
Malaysia suggested to form an East Asia Economic Caucus in 1990 consisted of the
members of ASEAN (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand), the
Peoples' Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. But this was not achieved because
of the objections from Japan and the United States.
Another effort was to form the ASEAN plus Three in 1997. In 1999, a Joint Statement on
East Asia Cooperation was issued on the matter of East Asian integration by ASEAN.
In 1998, ASEAN plus Three established The East Asian Vision Group. In 2001 the East
Asian Study Group was formed. In 2002, the East Asian Study Group submitted the Final
Report to ASEAN plus Three. This recommended establishing an East Asia Summit.
In 2005 East Asia Summit (EAS) established involving ASEAN plus Three, together
with India, Australia and New Zealand.
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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The Second Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation Building on the Foundations of
ASEAN plus Three Cooperation supported the model of the community with ASEAN at
the centre, ASEAN plus Three at the next band and the East Asia Summit at the outer
band.
Japan proposed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA) for the
East Asia Summit members. In 2009, the concept of the community was promoted during
the Japanese general election. However, after the change of government in Japan the
proposal was unclear yet. The Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada in October 2009
indicated that a Community based on the members of the East Asia Summit focusing on
political links with a common currency "very far off in the future". The Japanese proposal
is for a regional trade grouping based on the 16 members of the East Asia Summit.
ASEAN plus Three and East Asia Summit meetings also did not clarify yet what is the
shape of the community. Australia proposed on the Asia Pacific community in which
ASEAN will be at its core, will be further discussed at a 1.5 track conference to be
organized by Australia in December 2009. India also has its proposal for an Asian
Economic Community as well.
There is difference in the size and level of economic development and of the populations
within the EAS. The cultural, religious, language and ethnic groupings are diverse as well.
The Japanese Government projected an exchange program over the five years from 2007
to 2011 with up to 6,000 youths per annum visiting Japan from EAS members.
The Third EAS approved the establishment of the Economic Research Institute for
ASEAN and East Asia to further investigate economic integration between the EAS
members. The East Asia Summit (EAS) has gathered a momentum towards the creation
of an East Asian Community in the future. An Asian economic integration is beginning to
take shape. However, economic progress and social development will need the regional
stability and security.
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
9
The shape of the East Asia Community is to be defined. A future Asian Economic
Community may like the European Community. The community building is a long term
project.
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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10
REFERENCES CIA World Fact book. Cambodia Economy Profile 2008. December 18, 2008 CIA World Fact Book. Economy of Vietnam. 2008 ESCAP, (2008), Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2008, United Nations
Publication http://AsianInfo.org/Myanmar. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Community http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia http://NationMaster.com, 2003-2009. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University
Press. The Library of Congress. The Country Studies Program, formerly the Army Area
Handbook Program. Laos – Economy.
APPENDIXES Table 1: Population over the last years - thousands Countries 1990 1995 2000 2005
Cambodia 9,698 11,395 12,780 13,956
Laos 4,076 4,692 5,224 5,664
Myanmar 40,147 43,134 45,884 47,967
Vietnam 66,173 73,330 79,094 85,029
Total CLMV 120,094 132,551 142,982 152,616
ASEAN 440,574 481,288 519,996 557,669
% of ASEAN 27.3 27.5 27.5 27.4
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1990 1995 2000 2005
Figure 1: Population over the last years - thousands
AseanTotal CLMVCambodiaLaosMyanmarVietnam
12
Table 2: Population growth rate - % per annum Countries 1990-95 1995-00 2000-05 2007
Cambodia 3.3 2.3 1.8 1.7
Laos 2.9 2.2 1.6 1.7
Myanmar 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 Vietnam 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.4
ASEAN 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3
Figure 2: Population growth rate - % per annum
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2005 2007
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
AseanLaosMyanmarVietnamCambodia
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
13
Table 3: Gross Domestic Product (million 1990 USD)
Countries 1995 2000 2005 2007 2007 USD Cambodia 1,920 2,711 4,237 5,172 8,639 Laos 1,181 1,593 2,164 2,531 4,163 Myanmar 6,878 10,244 18,779 22,320 18,510 Vietnam 9,600 13,433 19,290 22,595 71,174 Total 19,579 27,981 44,470 52,618 102,486 ASEAN 513,926 582,615 742,210 836,732 1,285,693
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1995 2000 2005 2007
Figure 3: Gross Domestic Product (million 1990 USD)
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
Vietnam
Total CLMV
Asean
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
14
Table 4: Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (1990 USD) - % Countries 1995 2000 2005 2007 2007 USD Cambodia 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.8 8.4 Laos 6.0 5.7 4.9 4.8 4.1 Myanmar 35.1 36.6 42.2 42.4 18.1 Vietnam 49.0 48.0 43.4 42.9 69.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ASEAN 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 % CLMV 3.8 4.8 6.0 6.3 8.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1995 2000 2005 2007 2007 USD
Figure 4: Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (1990 USD) - %
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
Vietnam
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 5: Annual Average GDP Growth Rate (1990 USD) - % Countries 90-95 95-00 00-05 2007 Cambodia 6.5 7.1 9.3 10.2 Laos 6.4 6.2 6.3 8.0 Myanmar 5.8 8.3 12.9 5.5 Vietnam 8.2 7.0 7.5 8.3 ASEAN 7.6 2.5 5.0 6.3
6.5 6.45.8
8.27.6
7.1
6.2
8.3
7
2.5
9.3
6.3
12.9
7.5
5
10.2
8
5.5
8.3
6.3
90-95 95-00 00 - 05 2007
Figure 5: Annual Average GDP Growth Rate (1990 USD) - %
CambodiaLaosMyanmarVietnamASEAN
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 6: GPD per capita (1990 USD) and annum growth rate (%)
Countries 2000 2005 2007
2007 (USD 2005 PPP)
% 1995-00
% 2000-05
% 2007
Cambodia 212 304 358 1701 4.7 7.4 8.3 Laos 305 382 432 2020 3.9 4.6 6.2 Myanmar 223 391 457 0 7.0 11.9 4.6 Vietnam 170 227 259 2454 5.3 6.0 6.8 ASEAN 1120 1331 1462 4561
Figure 6: GPD per capita (1990 USD)
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
2000 2005 2007 2007(USD2005
PPP)
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
Vietnam
ASEAN
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
17
Table 7: Domestic investment rate - % of GDP Countries 1995 2000 2005 2007 Cambodia 13.6 17.5 18.5 20.8 Laos 11.3 10.4 31.9 39.7 Myanmar 14.2 12.4 12.5 15.4 Vietnam 27.1 29.6 35.4 41.6 ASEAN 33.7 24.8 24 24.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percentage
1995
2000
2005
2007
Figure 7: Domestic investment rate - % of GDP
ASEAN
Vietnam
Myanmar
Laos
Cambodia
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
18
Table 8: Value added by sectors - % of total value added Countries Agriculture Industry Service 2000 2007 2000 2007 2000 2007 Cambodia 37.9 31.9 23 26.8 39.1 41.3 Laos 52.5 44.8 22.9 29.5 24.6 25.7 Myanmar 57.2 49.9 9.7 15.2 33.1 34.9 Vietnam 24.5 21.0 36.7 40.9 38.7 38.0 ASEAN 12.4 11.7 40.6 39.6 46.9 48.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage
Agriculture Industry Service
Sectors
Figure 8.1: Value added by sectors - % of total value added - 2000
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
Vietnam
ASEAN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Percentage
Agriculture Industry Service
Sectors
Figure 8.2: Value added by sectors - % of total value added - 2008
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
Vietnam
ASEAN
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
19
Table 9: Inflation rate per annum - % Countries 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 Cambodia 1.1 -0.8 5.7 4.7 5.9 Laos 19.6 25.1 7.2 6.8 4.5 Myanmar 25.2 -0.1 9.4 20.0 35.0 Vietnam 12.7 -1.7 8.3 7.4 8.9 ASEAN 6.9 2.4 6.8 8.0 5.0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
Figure 9: Inflation rate per annum - %
ASEANVietnamMyanmarLaosCambodia
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
20
Table 10: Foreign Direct Investment
Inward foreign direct investment – 2007 FDI stock FDI net inflows
Countries % ASEAN Mil. USD
% of GDP
% ASEAN
Mil. USD
% of GDP
Cambodia 0.7 3821 44.2 1.4 867 10.0 Laos 0.2 1180 28.3 0.5 324 7.8 Myanmar 1.0 5433 29.3 0.7 428 2.3 Vietnam 7.3 40235 56.5 11.1 6739 9.5 Total 9.2 50669 13.8 8358 ASEAN 100.0 550952 42.9 100.0 60514 4.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam
Figure 10.1 : FDI stock as percentage of GDP - 2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam
Figure 10.2: FDI net inflows as percentage of GDP - 2007
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 11: Official Development Assistance (ODA) - million USD Countries 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006
41.3 551.0 395.9 540.7 529.0 100.0 13.3 9.6 13.1 12.8 149.1 306.9 281.6 295.7 364.2 100.0 205.8 188.9 198.3 244.3 160.8 150.2 105.6 144.7 146.6 100.0 93.4 65.7 90.0 91.2 180.6 834.8 1681.4 1907.0 1846.4 100.0 462.2 931.0 1055.9 1022.4 4783.1 5012.2 5669 6021.2 5087.4
1. Cambodia: - % change to 1990 2. Laos: - % change to 1990 3. Myanmar: - % change to 1990 4. Vietnam: - % change to 1990 5. ASEAN: - % change to 1990 100.0 104.8 118.5 125.9 106.4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
Figure 11: Official Development Assistance (ODA) by the years 1990 - 2006 - million USD
ASEANVietnamMyanmarLaosCambodia
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 12: Net external debt – million USD
Countries Million USD % of GDP 2000 2005 2006 2000 2005 2006
Cambodia 2628 3515 3527 72 56 48 Laos 2502 2690 2985 144 94 86 Myanmar 5928 6645 6828 81 56 50 Vietnam 12825 19211 20202 41 36 33 ASEAN 347940 328095 332581 69 42 36
Figure 12: Net external debt 2000-2006 as % of GDP
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2005 2006
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam ASEAN
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 13: Government revenues and expenditures - % of GDP
Countries Government
revenues Government expenditures Fiscal balance
2000 2007 2000 2007 2000 2007 Cambodia 10.0 12.1 14.8 15.4 -2.1 -1.2 Laos 12.4 13.6 19.6 -6.6 -2.7 20.2 Myanmar 4.2 3.5 0.7 0.0 Vietnam 20.1 24.9 22.6 28.1 -4.3 -5.4 ASEAN 18.2 18.8 18.6 20.5 -0.7 -1.7
Table 14: ASEAN Intraregional Trade
Imports from ASEAN - % of total imports Countries 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 Cambodia 42.7 74.7 39.1 50.9 53.2 Laos 61.0 70.0 70.3 78.3 79.1 Myanmar 46.3 51.5 45.5 51.3 47.1 Vietnam 10.0 31.4 27.8 24.5 27.1 ASEAN 16.6 19.0 23.2 24.2 24.8 Exports to ASEAN - % of total exports 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 Cambodia 77.6 66.1 5.3 9.3 8.4 Laos 75.4 30.7 51.3 55.8 66.3 Myanmar 47.0 42.3 23.1 55.7 56.1 Vietnam 16.2 14.2 17.5 15.7 13.9 ASEAN 18.4 22.7 22.2 25.4 24.8
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Figure 13: Imports from ASEAN - % of total imports
42.7
74.7
39.1
50.9
53.2
61
70
70.3
78.3
79.1
46.3
51.5
45.5
51.3
47.1
10
31.4
27.8
24.5
27.1
16.6
19
23.2
24.2
24.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam ASEAN
Figure 14: Exports to ASEAN - % of total exports
77.6
66.1
5.3
9.3
8.4
75.4
30.7
51.3
55.8
66.3
47
42.3
23.1
55.7
56.1
16.2
14.2
17.5
15.7
13.9
18.4
22.7
22.2
25.4
24.8
0 50 100 150 200 250
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam ASEAN
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
25
Table 15: ASEAN plus 3 Intraregional Trade Countries Imports from ASEAN+3 - % of total imports 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 Cambodia 59.6 84.4 56.6 70.4 72.5 Laos 78.9 83.3 79.0 90.3 93.5 Myanmar 66.3 86.2 81.2 87.1 87.9 Vietnam 44.3 63.4 62.6 61.5 62.7 ASEAN+3 30.6 39.9 42.2 44.8 44.4 Exports to ASEAN+3 - % of total exports 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 Cambodia 86.9 70.0 7.9 13.5 12.4 Laos 83.3 44.5 56.6 61.7 73.6 Myanmar 56.7 61.0 36.4 69.9 68.9 Vietnam 68.5 53.2 48.4 41.2 37.3 ASEAN+3 29.0 34.3 33.4 35.1 34.0
Figure 15.1: Imports from ASEAN +3 - % of total imports
59
.6
84
.4
56
.67
0.4
72
.5
78
.9
83
.3
79
90
.39
3.5
66
.3
86
.2
81
.2
87
.18
7.9
44
.3
63
.4
62
.6
61
.56
2.7
30
.6
39
.9
42
.2
44
.84
4.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam ASEAN+3
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
26
Figure 15.2: Exports to ASEAN +3 - % of total exports
86
.9
70
7.9
13
.51
2.4
83
.3
44
.5
56
.6
61
.77
3.6
56
.7
61
36
.4
69
.9
68
.9
68
.5
53
.2
48
.4
41
.23
7.3
29
34
.3
33
.4
35
.13
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam ASEAN+3
Table 16: International tourism development
Countries International tourist arrivals
thousands 1990 2000 2006
% Cambodia 17 466 1700 3.1 Laos 14 191 842 1.6 Myanmar 21 208 264 0.5 Vietnam 250 2140 3606 6.7 Total 302 3005 6412 11.9 ASEAN 21469 37763 54127 100.0
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
27
17
14
21
25
0
46
6 19
1
20
8
21
40
17
00
84
2
26
4
36
06
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1990 2000 2006
Figure 16.1: International tourist arrivals of CLMV - thousands
Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam
30
22
14
69 3
00
53
77
63
64
12
54
12
7
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 2000 2006
Figure 16.2: International tourist arrivals of CLMV compared to ASEAN- thousands
CLMV ASEAN
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 17: Telecommunication development
Number of fixed telephones per 100 population
Number of mobile telephone subscribers per 100 population
Countries 1995 2000 2007 1995 2000 2007 Cambodia
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.0 17.9 Laos 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 Myanmar 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 Vietnam
1.1 3.2 32.7 0.0 1.0 27.2 ASEAN 2.9 4.8 11.2 0.7 4.3 40.8
Table 18: Internet development
Number of Internet users per 100 population
Countries 2000 2005 2007 Cambodia 0.0 0.3 0.5 Laos 0.1 0.9 1.7 Myanmar 0.0 0.1 0.1 Vietnam 0.3 12.6 20.5 ASEAN 3.3 9.3 12.4
Table 19: Energy consumption per capita – kg of oil equivalent
Countries kg of oil equivalent growth rate - % per annum 1995 2000 2006 90-06 00-06 Cambodia 278 288 319 0.9 1.7 Laos - - - - - Myanmar 245 244 268 0.8 1.5 Vietnam 384 424 535 2.9 4 ASEAN 498 557 633 2.6 2.2
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Ho Ngoc Phuong
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Table 20: Household electricity consumption (million kilowatt-hours per capita)
Countries kilowatt-hours per capita growth rate % per annum
2000 2005 90-05 00-05 Cambodia 7 8 0.8 2.3 Laos 62 88 4.4 7.2 Myanmar 28 30 4.6 1.5 Vietnam 139 229 20.6 10.5 ASEAN 180 231 8.1 5.1