economic growth the united states needed to secure new markets in other countries. the united fruit...

Economic Growth

• The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries.

• The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in some Central American nations. These nations were called banana republics.

Promoting Economic Growth

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests


U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Sugarcane Plantation, Hawaii (p. 605)

Changing times - Arguments for US Changing times - Arguments for US expansionexpansion

• Economic - overproduction and surplus needed new markets

• US business abroad increased call for government involvement– Banana

Republics

American Foreign Trade:1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:1870-1914



2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Changing times - Arguments Changing times - Arguments for US expansionfor US expansion

• American Security overseas

• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (Alfred T. Mahan)– Importance of a nation’s

navy– 1880s - first battleships– 1890 - Naval Act - $ to

build a larger fleet

Alfred T. Mahan (p. 608)

American Security

• An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S. Interests.

• By 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world.

Protecting American Security

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

The American Moral Obligation: (a new “White

Man’s Burden)• Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a noble pursuit.

American Moral Obligation

4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier

Changing times - Changing times - Arguments for US Arguments for US

expansionexpansion• The American Spirit: Culturally• Closing the Frontier = limit

development of American character: Needed to expand.– Henry Cabot Lodge– Frederick Jackson Turner (frontier

thesis)– Theodore Roosevelt

• Anglo-Saxon civilization:– Josiah Strong (minister)– Albert Beveridge (Senator)– Could extend civilization to heathen

(un-Christian peoples)

• Social Darwinists– Survival of the Fittest Civilizations

American Empire

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820sImiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed anbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsTo The Victor Belongs the SpoilsTo The Victor Belongs the SpoilsTo The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaii


Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of Commodore

Perry

The Japanese View of Commodore

Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco school board of San Francisco

to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separateschools.schools.1908 - 1908 - Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement..

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Doctrine: 1912

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European powers,Non-European powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from owningexcluded from owningterritory in the Westernterritory in the WesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

JapanJapan


““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

AlaskaAlaska


Causes of the Spanish-American WarCauses of the Spanish-American War

• The USS Maine was stationed in Havana harbor.

• Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley.

• The USS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.

• Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.

Steps to War

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & JingoismYellow Journalism” & Jingoism““Yellow Journalism” & JingoismYellow Journalism” & Jingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having having the backbone of a the backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.to fight in Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in HavanaFuneral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”


How prepared was the US for war?How prepared was the US for war?

A Splendid Little WarA Splendid Little War

• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.

• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.

• July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.

“A Splendid Little War”

The Battle of San Juan Hill (p. 618)

CubaCuba


Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and aweak and abidder for the admirationbidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whileopen behind himself whilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine independencePhilippine independence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.Great administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofSpain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

Treaty of Paris (1898)Treaty of Paris (1898)

•The Spanish government recognized Cuba’s independence.•Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return for $20 million. •The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.

The Treaty of Paris

After the Spanish-American After the Spanish-American War in the PhilippinesWar in the Philippines


The American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against Campaigned against the annexation of thethe annexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Debating ImperialismDebating Imperialism

Anti-Imperialists• A moral and political argument:

Expansionism was a rejection of our nation’s founding principle of “liberty for all.”

• A racial argument: Imperialism was just another form of racism.

• An economic argument: Expansion involved too many costs. Maintaining the armed forces required more taxation, debt, and possibly even compulsory, or required, military service. In addition, laborers from other countries would compete for jobs with U.S. workers.

Pro-Imperialists• Imperialism offered a new kind of

frontier for American expansion.• A new international frontier would

keep Americans from losing their competitive edge.

• Access to foreign markets made the economy stronger.

• In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet, part of the United States Navy, on a cruise around the world to demonstrate U.S. naval power to other nations. American citizens clearly saw the advantages of having a powerful navy.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.powers that would endanger its independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville PlattSenator Orville Platt

American Public American Public OpinionOpinion

• Most Americans favored US Expansion

• Conquest of Western US complete

• Extend influence (not conquer) to other nations

The Philippines and the The Philippines and the Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War


Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated territory.”PR became an “unincorporated territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

Constitutional rights were not automatically Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these rights.Congress had the power to decide these rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.into the US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.Washington to vote for PR in the House.

Panama: The King’s CrownPanama: The King’s CrownPanama: The King’s CrownPanama: The King’s Crown

1850 - 1850 - Clayton-BulwerClayton-Bulwer Treaty Treaty..

1901 - 1901 - Hay-PaunceforteHay-Paunceforte Treaty Treaty. .

Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.

Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.

Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.

1903 - 1903 - Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

PanamaPanama

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by require intervention by some civilized nation, and some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing wrongdoing or impotence, to the or impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international international police powerpolice power .

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Roosevelt’s Big Stick DiplomacyRoosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy

“Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.

• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.

• Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.

• Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.

Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Immigrant

Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Immigrant

Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific Power

Open Door in ChinaOpen Door in China


The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

The Great White Fleet

Foreign Policy After RooseveltForeign Policy After Roosevelt

William Howard Taft• Elected President in 1908• Taft believed in maintaining

influence through American investments, not military might.

• This policy was called dollar diplomacy.

• The United States reached new heights of international power under Roosevelt and Taft.

• However, the policies of both Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and a growing international resentment of U.S. intervention.

Woodrow Wilson• Under Wilson, the United States

applied more moral and legalistic standards to foreign policy decisions.

• Wilson’s policy drew the United States into the complex and bloody Mexican Revolution.

• Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” did not work well in Mexico. Many lives were lost, and U.S. financial interests lost ground.

• U.S.–Mexico relations were strained for many years.

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability should create stability and order abroad that and order abroad that would best promote would best promote America’s commercial America’s commercial interests.interests.

ExpansionismExpansionism


The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano

Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by occupying The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.

Eventually Carranza would gain power in Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread democracy.Spread democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, 1914Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, 1914Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”

economic growth the united states needed to secure new markets in other countries. the united fruit...

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