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Economic, Social and Civic Contributions of First and Second Generation Humanitarian Entrants
About the Research
Economic, social and civic contributions of first and second generation humanitarian entrants
National Centre for Social Applications of Geographical
Information Systems, University of Adelaide
People who arrive under Australias Humanitarian Program display considerable personal courage, often having overcome extraordinary hardship and traumatic situations. While there are costs involved in resettling refugees, they bring significant benefits to Australia.
This research therefore seeks to answer the question: what are the economic, social and civic contributions to Australia of first and second generation Humanitarian Program entrants? It involves analysis of Census data, interviews with families and in-depth
discussions with organisations such as employment, education and refugee service providers.
Key messages
The research found the overwhelming picture, when one takes the longer term perspective of changes over the working lifetime of Humanitarian Program entrants and their children, is one of considerable achievement and contribution.
The Humanitarian Program yields a demographic dividend because of a low rate of settler loss, relatively high fertility rate and a high proportion of children who are likely to work the majority of their lives in Australia. It finds evidence of increasing settlement in non- metropolitan areas which creates social and economic benefits for local communities.
Humanitarian entrants help meet labour shortages, including in low skill and low paid occupations. They display strong entrepreneurial qualities compared with other migrant groups, with a higher than average proportion engaging in small and medium business enterprises.
Humanitarian settlers also benefit the wider community through developing and maintaining economic linkages with their origin countries. In addition, they make significant contributions through volunteering in both the wider community and within their own community groups.
The research provides valuable insight for all organisations that assist with and plan for the settlement of Humanitarian Program entrants and seek to enhance their contributions to Australian society.
Policy Innovation, Research and Evaluation Unit
June 2011
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CIVIC
CONTRIBUTIONS OF FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION HUMANITARIAN ENTRANTS
by
Graeme Hugo
ARC Australian Professorial Fellow, Professor of Geography
and Director of the National Centre for
Social Applications of GIS, The University of Adelaide
with the assistance of Sanjugta Vas Dev,
Janet Wall, Margaret Young, Vigya Sharma and Kelly Parker
Final Report to Department of Immigration and Citizenship
May 2011
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xiii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ xx EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ xxi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
1.1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1
1.2AIMS AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................ 3
1.3AUSTRALIAS REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION
PROGRAM ........................................................................................................ 4
1.4DATA CONSIDERATIONS: SECONDARY DATA ................................... 12
1.4.1Introduction........................................................................................ 12
1.4.2The Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups Approach ................ 13
1.4.3The Second Generation...................................................................... 18
1.4.4Linked Census and Settlement Data Bases ........................................ 23
1.4.5The Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in Australia (LSIA) ........... 25
1.4.6The Australian Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics
of Recent Migrants Survey ................................................................ 29
1.4.7Settlement Outcomes of New Arrivals Study ..................................... 30
1.5PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION ................................................................. 30
1.5.1Introduction........................................................................................ 30
1.5.2Survey of Households ........................................................................ 32
1.5.3Limitations of the Survey................................................................... 35
1.5.4Qualitative Studies ............................................................................. 38
1.6MODELS OF MIGRANT INCORPORATION .............................................. 40
1.7OUTLINE OF REPORT .................................................................................. 43
CHAPTER 2.THE DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT OF REFUGEE-
HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION............................................................................ 44
2.1INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 44
2.2TRENDS IN REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION TO
AUSTRALIA ................................................................................................... 45
2.3THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN POPULATION ................................................................................................. 61
2.4GENDER COMPOSITION ............................................................................. 73
2.5FERTILITY...................................................................................................... 75
2.6SETTLER LOSS .............................................................................................. 79
2.7THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS....................................................................................................... 82
2.7.1Introduction........................................................................................ 82
2.7.2Interstate Settlement........................................................................... 87
2.7.3Metropolitan vs Non-Metropolitan Settlement .................................. 92
2.8CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 98
CHAPTER 3.LABOUR FORCE ENGAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATION....... 100
3.1INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 100
3.2LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION .......................................................... 103
3.2.1The Longitudinal Survey of Immigration in Australia (LSIA)........ 103
3.2.2Labour Force Participation at the 2006 Census ............................... 107
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3.2.3Labour Force Participation Among the Second Generation ............ 110
3.2.4Labour Force Participation According to Length of Residence
in Australia....................................................................................... 113
3.2.5Gender Differentials......................................................................... 115
3.2.6Labour Force Participation Survey Evidence ............................... 118
3.3UNEMPLOYMENT ...................................................................................... 121
3.3.1Introduction...................................................................................... 121
3.3.2Unemployment of Humanitarian Settlers at the 2006 Census ......... 123
3.3.3Other Studies of Unemployment Among Humanitarian Settlers .... 125
3.4ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH .................................................................. 127
3.4.1Introduction...................................................................................... 127
3.4.2Ability to Speak English at the 2006 Census................................... 130
3.5EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND .............................................................. 135
3.5.1Introduction...................................................................................... 135
3.5.22006 Census Data on Educational Achievement of
Humanitarian Settlers....................................................................... 138
3.5.3Current Education Attendance ......................................................... 143
3.6OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY ............................................................... 145
3.6.1Introduction...................................................................................... 145
3.6.2Findings from the 2006 Population Census ..................................... 145
3.6.3Evidence of Occupational Skidding................................................. 148
3.6.4Industry ............................................................................................ 150
3.7INCOME ........................................................................................................ 152
3.7.1Introduction...................................................................................... 152
3.8HOUSING ...................................................................................................... 156
3.9THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (GFC) ................ 159
3.10DISCUSSION OF HUMANITARIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE
LABOUR MARKET...................................................................................... 161
3.11CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 171
CHAPTER 4.REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION BEYOND LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION ............... 173
4.1INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 173
4.2HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS AS ENTREPRENEURS............................ 173
4.3DO HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS FILL PARTICULAR
EMPLOYMENT NICHES? ........................................................................... 193
4.4ECONOMIC LINKAGES WITH ORIGIN COUNTRIES............................ 200
4.4.1Development Effects on Origin Countries....................................... 200
4.4.2Fostering Trade ................................................................................ 210
4.5CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 213
CHAPTER 5.THE SOCIAL AND CIVIC CONTRIBUTION OF
AUSTRALIAS HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS ................................................. 215
5.1INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 215
5.2VOLUNTEERING ......................................................................................... 215
5.3COMMUNITY GROUPS CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 224
5.4PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT WITH THE WIDER COMMUNITY ............................................................................................... 229
5.5BARRIERS TO SOCIAL PARTICIPATION ............................................... 242
5.6SATISFACTION WITH LIFE IN AUSTRALIA.......................................... 244
5.7CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 248
CHAPTER 6.CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 249
6.1INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 249
6.2THE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION ........................................................... 250
6.3SOCIAL AND CIVIC CONTRIBUTION ..................................................... 255
6.4THE IMPORTANCE OF A LONGER TERM PERSPECTIVE ................... 256
6.5POSITIVE RECEPTION AND RESETTLEMENT AS A
FOUNDATION FOR CONTRIBUTION ...................................................... 257
6.6CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 262
APPENDIX I: INSTRUCTION PROVIDED TO ORGANISATIONS AND RESPONDENTS ...................................................................................................... 264
APPENDIX II: THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................... 274
APPENDIX III: OFFICIAL KEY INFORMANTS....................................................... 298
APPENDIX IV: HUMANITARIAN VISAS .................................................................. 301
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 302
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1:Australian Immigration Program: Planning Levels 2005-11 and
Outcomes 2005-09 by Migration Program Category....................................... 7
Table 1.2:Australia: Humanitarian Program Outcomes: Visas Granted, 1994-95
to 2008-09 ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 1.3:Generation Structure of Australian Immigrant Groups Developed by
Price (1955, 1963).......................................................................................... 19
Table 1.4:Modified Generation Structure Classification Developed by Price
(1979, 1982) ................................................................................................... 19
Table 1.5:Variables Used to Link SDB and Census Files for Gold and Bronze
Standards........................................................................................................ 24
Table 1.6:Number of SDB Records Available for Linking and the Numbers
Linked for Gold Standard and Each Level of Bronze Standard .................... 24
Table 1.7:Relative Frequencies (Percent) in Each English Proficiency Category,
for Gold and Bronze Standard Linked Data Compared with SDB ................ 25
Table 1.8:LSIA: Response and Non-Response in Wave 1 ........................................... 28
Table 1.9:LSIA: Cohort 1: Primary Applicants in Wave 1 by Interview Status in
Waves 2 and 3 ................................................................................................ 29
Table 1.10:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey, 2009-10: Respondents by
State................................................................................................................ 37
Table 2.1: Australia: Number of Persons Born in a Country Which Has Sent Significant Numbers of Refugees to Australia and Australia-Born Persons Indicating Their Ancestry was in One of These Countries,
2006................................................................................................................ 55
Table 2.2:Australia: Selected Refugee Groups by Country of Birth, 2001-08 ............. 59
Table 2.3:Ancestry Multi Response: Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups,
1986, 2001 and 2006...................................................................................... 60
Table 2.4:Australia: Visa Category by Mean and Median Age, 2003-04 to 2008-
09.................................................................................................................... 63
Table 2.5:Australia: Settler Arrivals by Visa Category, 2003-04 to 2008-09 .............. 63
Table 2.6:Australia: Birthplace and Ancestry, Percent 0-14, Percent 65+, Percent
75+ and Median Age, 2006............................................................................ 72
Table 2.7:Australia: Sex Ratios by Visa Category, 2003-04 to 2008-09...................... 73
Table 2.8:Australia: Refugee-Humanitarian Groups, First and Second Generation
Sex Ratios, 2006 ............................................................................................ 74
Table 2.9:Australia: Total Fertility Rate of Selected Birthplace Groups, 2008............ 75
Table 2.10:Australia: Humanitarian Birthplace Groups by Settler Arrivals and
Permanent Departures, 1991-92 to 2008-09 .................................................. 81
Table 2.11:Australia: Indices of Dissimilarity for Selected Refugee Birthplace
Groups, 2006.................................................................................................. 85
Table 2.12:Australia Major Capital Cities: Index of Dissimilarity, 2006....................... 86
Table 2.13:Australian States and Territories: Percentage Distribution of the
Population by Birthplace and Overseas-Born Arriving in the Last Five
Years, 2001 and 2006 .................................................................................... 87
Table 2.14:Australian States and Territories: Natural Increase, Net Overseas
Migration, Net Interstate Migration and Total Population Growth,
Financial Years, 2001-06 ............................................................................... 89
Table 2.15:Australian Settler Arrivals: Visa Category by State/Territory of
Intended Residence, 2003-09......................................................................... 90
Table 2.16:Australian States: Percentage of Population Made Up of First and
Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, 2006 ........... 93
Table 2.17:Australia: Birthplace Groups With the Highest Concentration in Major
Cities, 2006 .................................................................................................... 93
Table 2.18:Regional Refugee Settlements ....................................................................... 98
Table 3.1:Labour Force Participation Rate and Unemployment by Visa Category
(Percent) ....................................................................................................... 104
Table 3.2:Australian Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, First and Second
Generation: Labour Force Participation and Unemployment, 2006 ........... 109
Table 3.3:Australia: Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups People Who
Arrived Aged 12 Years and Above and Those Aged Less Than 12
Years: Labour Force Participation and Unemployment, 2006 .................... 112
Table 3.4:Australia: Country of Birth by Year of Arrival in Australia by Labour
Force Status, 2006........................................................................................ 114
Table 3.5:Country of Birth of Person by Sex and Labour Force Status, 2006 ............ 116
Table 3.6:Australia-Born, Ancestry Multi-Response by Sex and Labour Force
Status............................................................................................................ 117
Table 3.7:Australia: Labour Force Participation Rates for Immigrants by Visa
Category, 1970-2007.................................................................................... 118
Table 3.8:DIAC Settlement Outcomes of New Arrivals Study (SONA) and HSS:
Work Status by Visa Category, 2009........................................................... 119
Table 3.9:Summary Statistics for Humanitarian Program Migrants, by Period of
Residency ..................................................................................................... 120
Table 3.10:DIAC Settlement Outcomes of New Arrivals Study (SONA): Satisfaction with Job by Visa Category, 2009 (Percent of those
working) ....................................................................................................... 120
Table 3.11:Unemployment Rates of Immigrants by Year of Arrival, Visa Group
and Age Group, 2004 ................................................................................... 122
Table 3.12:Australia: Unemployment Rate of Refugee-Humanitarian Migrants,
1993-2007 .................................................................................................... 122
Table 3.13:Visa Type of Arrivals 2001-06 by Labour Force Status in 2006:
Proportion (Percent) of All migrants Aged Over 15 Years ......................... 124
Table 3.14:Australia: Unemployment Rates for Immigrants by Visa Category,
1970-2007 .................................................................................................... 125
Table 3.15:Unemployment Rates, Canterbury Local Government Area, 1991 and
1996 by Language and Birthplace ............................................................... 126
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Table 3.16:Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by English Proficiency in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years ......................... 128
Table 3.17:Summary Statistics for Humanitarian Program Migrants, by Period of
Residency ..................................................................................................... 129
Table 3.18:Humanitarian Settlement Survey: How Settlers Got Their First job in
Australia, 2009 ............................................................................................. 129
Table 3.19:Australian Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, First and Second
Generation: Ability to Speak English, 2006 ............................................... 131
Table 3.20:Vietnam-Born and Year of Arrival in Australia by Labour Force
Status, 2006.................................................................................................. 132
Table 3.21:First Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups: Proficiency in Spoken
English by Labour Force Status, 2006 ......................................................... 133
Table 3.22:Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups: Proficiency in
Spoken English by Labour Force Status, 2006 ............................................ 134
Table 3.23:Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Post-School Qualification in
2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years.............. 136
Table 3.24:Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian
Birthplace Groups and Australia-Born Unemployment Rate and
Labour Force Participation Rate by Level of Education, 2006 ................... 138
Table 3.25:First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups: Post-
School Qualification, Age 20+ Population, 2006 ........................................ 140
Table 3.26:First and Second Generations Still Attending Education by Age, 2006...... 144
Table 3.27:Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Occupation in 2006:
Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years ......................... 146
Table 3.28:Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups
Percent of Labour Force in Professional and Unskilled Occupations,
2006.............................................................................................................. 147
Table 3.29:Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian
Birthplace Groups Percent of Workers with Bachelor or Higher
Qualifications in Managerial or Professional Occupations, 2006 ............... 149
Table 3.30:Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian
Birthplace Groups Percent of Workers Employed in Manufacturing,
2006.............................................................................................................. 151
Table 3.31:Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Individual Income (Weekly)
in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years.......... 153
Table 3.32:Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian
Birthplace Groups Gross Weekly Individual Income, 2006 ........................ 155
Table 3.33:Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Tenure of House in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years ......................... 157
Table 3.34:Australia: Percentage of First and Second Generation Refugee- Humanitarian Birthplace Groups Who Own Or Are Purchasing Their
Own Home, 2006 ......................................................................................... 158
Table 3.35:Barriers to Employment for Refugees as Identified by Key Informants ..... 164
Table 4.1:Australia: Small Business Operators by Birthplace, 2004.......................... 175
Table 4.2:Australia: Australia-Born and First and Second Generation Refugee- Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, Percent Owner/Managers, 2006 ............ 176
Table 4.3:Recently Arrived Settlers: Percent Who Are Running Their Own
Business or Setting up a Business, 2009...................................................... 179
Table 4.4:Australia: Australia-Born and First and Second Generation Refugee- Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, Percent Owner/Managers by Sex,
2006.............................................................................................................. 185
Table 4.5:South Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Labour Force Status of
Settlers Before Migration, 2009 (N=252) .................................................... 188
Table 4.6:Australia: First and Second Generation by Percent Employment Type,
2006.............................................................................................................. 190
Table 4.7:National Policies for Regional Dispersal of Asylum Seekers and
Refugees....................................................................................................... 198
Table 4.8:Australia: Remittances Sent to Relatives by Immigrants According to
Visa Category of Arrival.............................................................................. 203
Table 4.9:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Frequency and Amount of
Remittances Sent.......................................................................................... 204
Table 4.10:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Monthly Household Income
According to Whether They Provide Financial Assistance to Others ......... 204
Table 5.1:Percent of Australia-Born, First and Second Generation Humanitarian
Settlers Who Are Volunteers by Age........................................................... 220
Table 5.2:Immigrant Settlers Arriving Between 2001-06: Percent who Engage in
Volunteering Work by Visa Type, 2006...................................................... 221
Table 5.3:Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Settler
Birthplace Groups: Percent Who Do Voluntary Work for an
Organisation or Group, 2006 ....................................................................... 222
Table 5.4:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Volunteering .............................. 224
Table 5.5:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Description of Networks
Within Their Ethnic Community ................................................................. 226
Table 5.6:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Assistance Given to Others in
Their Ethnic Community ............................................................................. 227
Table 5.7:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Participation in Ethnic
Community Activity .................................................................................... 228
Table 5.8:Proportion of Migrants Without Family Members and Close Friends
Already in Australia, 2010 ........................................................................... 228
Table 5.9:Degree of Connection to Local Community Among Recent Arrivals by
Visa Category, 2009..................................................................................... 229
Table 5.10:Recent Arrivals to Australia: Have You Been Treated Well Since
Coming to Australia?, By Visa Category .................................................... 230
Table 5.11:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Description of Local
Neighbourhood Social Networks ................................................................. 230
Table 5.12:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Do You Feel a Part of Your
Local Neighbourhood?................................................................................. 231
Table 5.13:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Do You Feel Part of the
Mainstream of Australian Social and Cultural Life? ................................... 232
Table 5.14:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Types of Assistance Given to
Neighbours ................................................................................................... 233
Table 5.15:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Activities Participated in
Within Local Neighbourhood ...................................................................... 233
Table 5.16:Activities Engaged in by Recently Arrived Migrants, by Visa Category.... 234
Table 5.17:Adelaide Humanitarian Migrants: Where the Migrants Meet Their
Friends (n=255)........................................................................................... 237
Table 5.18:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Participation/Membership of
Community Groups...................................................................................... 240
Table 5.19:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Involvement in Specific
Civic Roles................................................................................................... 240
Table 5.20:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Involvement in Civic and
Political Activity Since Being in Australia .................................................. 242
Table 5.21:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Answers to Question I am
Happy With My Life in Australia............................................................... 245
Table 5.22:Level of Comfort With Living in Australia by Visa Category (Percent) .... 246
Table 5.23:Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Percent Who Value Particular
Characteristics of Their Living Situation..................................................... 246
Table 5.24:Level of Confidence About the Future by Visa Category (Percent)............ 247
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1:Refugees Entered and Resettled per 1,000 Population in Major
Countries, 1996-2009....................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.2:Top Immigration Countries, 2010.................................................................... 5
Figure 1.3:Australia: Humanitarian Program Offshore Arrivals, 1976-2009 .................. 6
Figure 1.4:Refugee and Humanitarian Arrivals to Australia by Region of Birth,
1977-78 to 2008-09.......................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.5:Australia: Unauthorised Arrivals, 1989-90 to 2010-11 .................................. 9
Figure 1.6:Onshore Refugee and Humanitarian Arrivals by Region of Birth, 2002-
03 to 2008-09 ................................................................................................. 10
Figure 1.7:Australia: Migration Program Outcome by Stream and non-Program
Migration, 1976-77 to 2008-09...................................................................... 11
Figure 1.8:Distribution of Origin Birthplace Countries of Refugee Migrants to
Australia, 2006 ............................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.9:Distribution of Origin Ancestry Countries of Refugee Migrants to
Australia, 2006 ............................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.10:Developing the LSIA Sampling Frame for the First Six Month
Segment for the First Interview of the First Wave ........................................ 27
Figure 1.11:Data of Collection Strategy............................................................................ 31
Figure 1.12:Australian Humanitarian Settlement Survey: Age-Sex Structure of
Respondents, 2009-10.................................................................................... 37
Figure 1.13:Estimates of the Contribution of Population, Participation and
Productivity to Economic Growth in Australia Over the Past 40 Years
and Projected Over the Next 40 Years........................................................... 42
Figure 2.1:Waves of Refugees to Australia Since 1945.................................................. 48
Figure 2.2:Refugee and Humanitarian Program and All Indo Chinese Settlers
Arriving in Australia, 1974-2009................................................................... 57
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Figure 2.3:Australia: Age-Sex Structure of Refugee-Humanitarian Migrants,
2003-04 to 2008-09 and Total Australian Population, 2006.......................... 62
Figure 2.4:Australia: Age-Sex Structure of Refugee-Humanitarian and Total
Migrant Intake, 2003-04 to 2008-09 .............................................................. 62
Figure 2.5:Age-Sex Structure All Refugee Birthplace Groups, Australia-Born in
Refugee Ancestry Groups, Refugee Groups Who Arrived Aged