Economics and Expansion

Chapter 3

Europe Decides to Move Out of the Middle Ages

Europeans had not been completely isolated from the rest of the world before the 1400s. CrusadesHowever, Europeans had neither the interest nor the ability to explore foreign lands.By the early 1400s the following factors spurred an age of European exploration.1.      the desire to grow rich 2.      and to spread Christianity, 3.      coupled with advances in sailing technology,

Europeans Seek Greater Wealth

The desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason for European exploration.1.      The Crusades brought new and exciting goods back to Europea.      Spices and other luxury goods                                                                          i.      Called the Spice Trade                                                                        ii.      Increased traffic along the Silk Road

The Spice Trade...

Not Spice Girls - Spice Trade...

The Spice TradeThe spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium. Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times. By mid-7th century the rise of Islam closed off the overland caravan routes through Egypt and the Suez from Axum and India. Arab traders eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant and Venetian merchants to Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Turks cut the route again by 1453. Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities. During the high and late medieval periods Muslim traders dominated maritime spice trading routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the Far East and shipping spices from trading emporiums in India westward to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, from which overland routes led to Europe. 

Spice Trade

The Spice Trade was controlled in Asia and Europe by the Islamic and Venetian merchants1.      Chinese and Indian merchants sold the spices to Arab merchants2.      the Arabs then shipped the goods overland to Venetian merchants a.      Muslims brought cargoes across the mountains and deserts of Asia, then sold the Asian goods to Italian merchantsb.      at huge profits

Spice Trade

the merchants of Venice then took the goods to Italy where they were dispersed throughout the continent a.      the Italians controlled trade across the land routes of the Mediterranean region, as well as the seaports of the eastern Mediterraneanb.      Because demand for these goods was greater than the supply, merchants could charge high prices and thus make great profits.

Spice Trade Routes

Economics...

Economics and Exploration: 1.     Supply and Demand and its effect on prices2.      The concept of “middle men” 3.      Final cost to consumer or end user

Spice Trade

European traders on the continent did not like this arrangement.  Paying such high prices to the Italians severely cut into their own profits.1.      These merchants sought to bypass the Italian merchants and increase their profits2.      One of the alternatives they came up with was the possibility of the trade routes by sea3.      since the Muslims controlled the overland routes

Assignment in your Groups:Draw a "multi-colored" map showing the trade routes of the Silk Road (large enough to display)• list the beginning and the end of the routes • make  note of the stops along the route• list the products traded at each stop• list the people who traded at each stop • Calculate the time it took for the entire journey

  Answer the following questions in 100 words minimum: (One paper per group only)• What influence did the Muslims have on this trade route?• How did this trade route affect the price of what Europeans

        paid for the goods? • What effects did religion and wars have on this trade

route? 

The Silk Road

The Spread of Christianity

• The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration.

•  •

 Not only did Europeans hope to obtain popular goods directly from the peoples of Asia, they also hoped to convert them to Christianity

•  • Another factor was the desire to halt the expansion of Islam

Advances in technology made the voyages of discovery possible.

One of the main problems was that European ships could not sail against the wind.1.      In the 1400s, shipbuilders designed a new vessel – the caravel.a.      It used triangular sails called lateen sails invented by the Islamic traders that allowed it to sail effectively against the wind.

Caravel with Lateen Sails

Technological Advances

.      Another problem was the lack of accurate maps  •  Cartographers – map makers; often filled their maps with

lands found only in rumor or legend•  One solution came in the discovery during the Renaissance

of maps made by Ptolemy the Greek astronomer and mathematician

•    Ptolemy had used the grid system of map references based on the coordinates of Longitude and Latitude

Latitude

Longitude

Improved Navigational Devices

• To better determine their location on the sea, sailors used the astrolabe.

•  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • They were able to better track their direction by using the

Chinese invention – the magnetic  compass 

Portugal Leads the Way to Exploration

The leading country in developing and applying these sailing innovations was Portugal.Portugal was able to take the lead in overseas exploration in part due to strong government support.In 1419, Prince Henry, son of King John I of Portugal, founded a navigational school with the goal to reach Asia by water.• He was called ”Prince Henry the Navigator"

o He had discovered the wealth in the parts of Asia he had visited when fighting against the Muslims

o He found spices, silks, jewelry and other riches in his travels.

Prince Henry of Portugal

• Henry returned to Portugal determined to reach the source of these treasures in the East

The prince also wished to spread the Christian faith.  • He sponsored many voyages westward into the Atlantic

Ocean and also southward down Africa’s west coast. Sailors from Henry’s school began voyages from Portugal down the west coast of Africa 

Portugal's Initial Sailings

Bartholmeu Diaz to Cape of Good Hope

Vasco Da Gama 's Voyage to India

Portugal to India

1.      Discovered the Azores, The Madiera Islands, the Cape Verde Islands2.      Then in 1487, Portuguese captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured farther down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip.

He called the tip, the Cape of Good Hope3.      Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India.a.      He returned to Portugal with a shipload of treasures and was proclaimed a herob.      he had given Portugal a direct all water route to India 

Spain Reacts to Portugal

In 1492, an Italian sea captain, Christopher Columbus, convinced Spain to finance what was at that time a bold plan: finding a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. (Spain had just finished the "La Reconquista" and they realized that they had to do something to catch up with Portugal in the competition for trade money)• Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas

o Named the island San Salvador• Claimed all the islands he explored for Spain

o  There were several, all in the Caribbean Sea• Called the people (natives) los indios which translated

means “Indian”o He thought he had reached India

Spain vs. Portugal

• It was not until 1507 that another Italian sea captain (who had sailed for Portugal), suggested that Columbus had discovered a “New World”

a.      In honor of Amerigo Vespucci, the man who made this claim, “America” began to appear on maps that included these new lands. • The immediate impact of Columbus’s voyage was to

increase tensions between Spain and Portugal. Both were competing fiercely for the riches in Asian trade

 

The Pope Steps In

 Columbus had claimed many islands for Spain        • the Portuguese, believing as Columbus himself believed, had

reached Asia and had claimed some of the islands that the Portuguese sailors had already claimed for Portugal

 Pope Alexander VI stepped in and made an attempt to settle the dispute and keep peace between the two Catholic countries.1. he drew a line through the Atlantic Ocean from the North to the

South Pole using the lines of longitudea.      All lands to the west of the line, known as the Papal Line of Demarcation, would be Spain’s. And all the lands east would belong to Portugal

The Pope Steps In

2.      In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the line.a.      Problem was only Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty, so the Dutch, English and French were free to go where they pleased.

Papal Line of Demarcation

Portugal and Brazil

Several years later, a Portuguese explorer, Pedro Cabral, sailed far west from Africa and landed in South America.a.      The land he landed upon was east of the “Papal Line” so he claimed this land for Portugal                                                              i.      It was present day Brazil – still has Portuguese roots in its culture                                                            ii.      The only area of the “New World” settled by Portugal

Portuguese and Their Trade Empire

In the years following de Gama’s voyage, Portugal built a bustling trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean.1.      They took control of the spice grade from Muslim merchants2.      The Portuguese captured Goa, a port city on India’s west coast.  a.      They made Goa the capital of their Indian Ocean trading empire.3.      Portuguese seized control of the Strait of Malacca a.      this gave them control of the Moluccas, islands so rich in spices that they became known as the Spice Islands.4.      Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about a fifth what they cost when purchased through the Arabs and Italians.

Portuguese Trading in the Indian Ocean

Spain on the Atlantic side

The Spanish intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean Sea into colonies. a.      Colonies = Lands that are controlled by another nation Both Spain and Portugal began to send out explorers to expand their holdings; to increase the lands they controlled as coloniesBoth nations saw the value of having colonies

Magellan

As early as 1521, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines.  Spain claimed the islands and began to settle them as colonies.1.      Magellan claimed these islands as he was attempting to circumnavigate the globe. (Circle the globe)2.      He sailed from Spain, went around South America, across the Pacific Oceana.      The Pacific Ocean had been discovered a few years earlier by Nunez de Balboa – a Spanish explorer who had crossed the Isthmus of Panama

Magellan

It was in the Philippine Islands after he claimed them for Spain that Magellan was killed by the local tribes. 4.      One of his ships managed to escape and continue on its journey to Spain, thus he is given the credit for becoming the first to sail around the world.

Magellan's Route

Beginning around 1600, the English and Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Ocean trade.

Only Spain and Portugal (both very loyal to the Pope) honored the Treaty of TordesillasPortugal’s main interest was in Africa and Asia and in tradea.      They had little interest in colonization, especially in the Americasb.      They had established trading posts in and around the Indian Ocean

Begun during the beginnings of the Mughal Empire

The Dutch in Asia

The English and Dutch broke Portuguese control of the Asian region.  a.      The Portuguese could not compete with the superior naval capabilities of both of these nations2.      The two nations (England and the Dutch) then battled one another for dominance of the area.  3.      Each nation had formed an East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia.

The Dutch

The Dutch East India Company was richer and more powerful than England’s company. As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out the English and established their dominance over the region.England then began to concentrate on its North American coloniesWith so many goods from the East traveling to the Netherlands, The nation’s capital, Amsterdam, became a leading commercial center. 

Dutch = Indonesia / English = India

By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in numerous Asian countries.  They also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa. The English East India Company focused much of its energy on establishing outposts in India.  There, the English built up a successful business trading fine cloth on the European market. 

•     European traders did gain control of numerous port cities throughout the region.  However, their influence rarely spread beyond the ports into the countries’ interiors.

China

Europeans made healthy profits in the Indian Ocean trade.  Looking for additional sources of wealth, they sought a trading relationship with China.  Economics also plays a great role in the desire to form a relationship with the "Far East".

The Ming Dynasty

China had become the dominant power in the region under the rule of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).The Ming rulers would not allow outsiders from distant lands to threaten the peace and prosperity they had brought to China following the end of Mongol rule. What region are we talking about? Hongwu, the son of a peasant, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. a.      That same year he became the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.2.      The first Ming emperor used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China.  

The Ming Dynasty

Yonglo (yung-lu), son of Hongwu,  continued many of his father’s policies.  • He launched the first of seven voyages of exploration.  • All were led by a Chinese Muslim admiral named Zheng He

(jung huh).• the voyages of exploration went throughout the area, and as

far as Africa • Yonglo hoped to impress the world with the power and

splendor of Ming China and also hoped to expand China’s tribute system.

• the voyages were successful in doing just that; he exchanged gifts with many nations and they in turn sent envoys to China to pay tribute to Yonglo.

Map of Zheng He's Voyages

China Becomes Isolated

However, many of Yonglo’s advisors discouraged any more expeditions, And China went into a period of isolation.2.      China’s official trade policies in the 1500s reflected its isolation.  To keep the influence of outsiders to a minimum, only the government was to conduct foreign trade.3.      However, profit-minded Chinese merchants smuggled cargos in and out of China and made huge profits trading with European nations

The Qing Dynasty

In 1644, the Manchus people from beyond the north of China invaded China.  They were from Manchuria. The Ming could not repel the invasion, and the Ming dynasty collapsed.The Manchus took a Chinese name for their dynasty the Qing  Dynasty.  • This dynasty ruled China for over 260 years, but not without

periods of trouble...• Many of the Chinese people resisted rule by the non-

Chinese Manchus.  Rebellions flared up periodically for decades. However in time they gave in to their rule.

•  

The Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

Chinese culture taught that China, referred to as the Middle Kingdom, was the cultural center of the universe. If foreign states wished to trade with China, they would have to follow Chinese rules.1.      These included trading only at special ports and paying tribute.2.      Dutch diplomats paid tribute to China’s emperor through gifts and by performing the required “kowtow” ritual.  As a result, the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners.  a.      The Dutch traded for silks and gems, but also for what became a very valued commodity – teab.      By 1800 tea made up 80% of the trade with China

The Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

1.      The British also wanted to trade with China but their envoy sent to Qian-long refused to kowtow to the emperor and the emperor was insulteda.      Qian-long refused to allow trade with the English This rejection forced the British to go elsewhere for their tea - to India

Korea Under the Manchus

In the early 1600’s, the Manchus had conquered nearby Korea 1.      Made it a vassal state.  a.      Vassal state: a country or kingdom that relies heavily on a stronger state for protection, goods and other economic aid2.      Koreans organized their government according to Confucian principles.  3.      The Koreans adopted China’s technology, its culture, and especially its policy of isolation.4.      Under the Manchus, Korea was China’s “little brother.”

China Under Manchu Rule

The Chinese devotion to agriculture began to pay off during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.  Greater rice production, along with the general peace and prosperity of the 1600s and 1700s, ushered in a better life for most Chinese.1.      Most Chinese families farmed the land.  2.      They farmed in much the same way as their ancestors had for thousands of years.3.      With increased food production, nutrition and diet improved.  a.      Such changes encouraged families to expand, and a population explosion followed.b.      These expanded Chinese families favored sons over daughters.c.      Women generally suffered as a result of their inferior status in Chinese society. 

Japan

In the 1300s, the unity that had been achieved in Japan in the previous century broke down.  Shoguns, or military leaders, in the north and south fought for powering a devastating civil war.1.      In 1467, this civil war shattered Japan’s feudal system of traditional government2.      The country collapsed into chaos.  3.      Centralized rule ended.  4.      Power drained away from the shogun to territorial lords.5.      A violent era of disorder followed.  6.      This time in Japanese history, which lasted from 1467 to 1568, is known as the Sengoku, or “Warring States,” period. 

Japan

1.      Powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates.  a.      They offered peasants and others protection in return for their loyalty.(Exactly what happened in Europe during Feudalism)b.      These warrior-chieftains, called daimyo, became Feudal lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism.  2.      Rival daimyo often fought each other for territory; thus brought about more warring and disorder  The daimyo who eventually defeated his rivals and took control of the entire country was Oda Nobunaga

Samurai

Daimyo        

Tokugawa Shogunate Unifies Japan

Nobunaga’s best general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, continued his fallen leader’s mission of trying to unify Japan.

One of Hideyoshi’s strongest daimyo allies, Tokugawa Ieyasu (E-yay-yas-oo) completed the unification of Japan .  1.      He became the sole ruler, or shogun. 2.      Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate.3.       He then moved Japan’s capital to his power base at Edo,a small fishing village that would later become the city of Tokyo.

Ieyasu Tokugawa

Japan enjoyed more than two centuries of stability, prosperity, and isolation under the Tokugawa shoguns. 1.      The farming community produced more food, and the population rose.2.       the vast majority of peasants, weighed down by heavy taxes, led lives filled with misery.3.      The people who prospered in Tokugawa society were the merchant class and the rich.4.      In Japan, as in China, Confucian values influenced ideas about society.a.      According to Confucius, the ideal society depended on agriculture, not urban commerce.By the mid-1700s, Japan began to shift from a rural to an urban society

Culture Under the Tokugawa Shogunate1.      Townspeople attended kabuki theater.a.      These were dramas in which actors in elaborate costumes, using music, dance, and mime, performed skits about modern urban life.    People also read haiku  poetry which does not express ideas,but presents images.    

Japanese Kabuki Theater

Contact Between Japan and Europeans

1.      The first merchants from Europe were the Portuguese2.      At first, the Japanese were curious about these newcomers.  They welcomed the traders and missionaries3.      Japanese merchants, eager to expand their markets, were happy to receive the newcomers and their goods.  However... They soon instituted a Closed Country Policy

1.      When Europeans first arrived, no Japanese central authority existed to contain them.  2.      The strong leaders of Japan who later took power did not like the introduction of European ideas and ways, 3.      They were especially concerned with the success the missionaries were having converting Japanese to Christianity4.      but they valued European trade.  5.      As time passed, the Tokugawa shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both the missionaries and the merchants.  6.      By 1639, they had sealed Japan’s borders and instituted a “closed country policy.”7.      One port, Nagasaki, remained open to foreign traders.  a.      Only Dutch and Portuguese traders were allowed into the port8.      For more than 200 years Japan remained basically closed to Europeans

Japan - today