[economy] new bank licences

4/19/2014 [Economy] New Bank Licences: Bandhan, IDFC, Bharatiya Mahila Bank; Differential Bank licences, Bimal Jalan Committee, Narsimhan Committee; ar

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[Economy] New Bank Licences:

Bandhan, IDFC, Bharatiya

Mahila Bank; Differential Bank

licences, Bimal Jalan Committee,

Narsimhan Committee; arguments favor against, Bank

nationalization, Historic evolution of Banking sector in India

1. Prologue

2. Banking sector

in British India

3. Birth of RBI

4. Banking sector

Post

Independence

5. Narsimhan

Committee I

(1991)

6. Bank licences:

1st Round (1993)

7. Narsimhan Committee II (1998)

8. New Bank licences 2nd round (2001)

9. New Bank licences 3rd Round (2013-14)

1. Bandhan Microfinance and IDFC

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2. In principle approval

3. What is Differential licenses?

4. New Private banks: Pro and Against

arguments

10. Bharatiya Mahila Bank (2013)

1. How is it a Mahila Bank?

2. Business plan of Mahila Bank?

3. Why Mahila Bank is mere publicity stunt?

Prologue

important: SSC has uploaded halltickets for reexamintion of CGL-

2013 to be held on 27th April. Respective players check your

regional SSC sites accordingly. now coming to the subject

Bandhan and IDFC got new licences, you already know that. its

just two line current affairs. but for SBI /UPSC interviews, we need

to some background information for questions like:

1. After Sahara Scam and NSEL crisis, why should we risk giving

bank licences to private companies? In fact why not simply

nationalize the existing private sector banks so they cannot do

any scams!?

2. We already have large banks such as SBI, ICICI, BoB- all of

them having pan-India presence, capable of fulfilling the goal of

financial inclusion, then why is there a need to get new private

sector banks?

To answer such Devils advocate type interview questions, we

need to go back in history:

Banking sector in British India

There were two types of banks

British Banks Swadeshi Banks

First, East India company

establishes three

Presidencies in India-

Bombay, Bengal and

Madras

Three Presidency banks

Parallel to British banks, Indian banks

also setup- Allahabad Bank, Punjab

national bank (PNB), Bank of Baroda

Central Police Forces

Topper Ashok Singh...

MANU { ashok sir is very

friendly n helpful.... }

[Interview] Central Police

Forces Topper Ashok

Singh...

PAULDOMINIK { u dont

hav to send it.u have to

bring it at the time of pet

and they will collect it }

[CAPF] UPSC declares

Written Result of

Assistant...

MUKESH { @an eternal

optimist i hope it helps

man! } [SSC] 2014's Tier-

1 postponed due to

Election...

PANKAJ PRAJAPATI {

thanks } [Mains

Answerkey] GS1-

Geography-2013 (part 2/3):

Cyclone naming,...

JUDE_LUCY { dig-boy-

1901-indian oil

company(from assam oil

company ltd.) refinery is in

loss cuz of lack of raw

material, i.e, production

not sufficient.

technologically, refinery is

top... } [Current] April-

Week1-P2: Environment,

Polity, Culture: IPCC

Latest...

AMIT { my father n mother

both r group c employee

and their yearly gross

salary is around 9 lakh...

do i come in creamy

layer??? } [Interview]

Central Police Forces

Topper Ashok Singh...



setup in those cities. Later

merged into one Imperial

bank (21)=> SBI (55)

(BoB), Canara bank etc.

Their target audience = British

army, civil servants and judges

Target audience= big merchants,

particularly raw-material exporters in

Bombay and Madras Presidency.

Overall, neither British Banks nor Swadeshi banks helped in the

financial inclusion of poor people, they still had to rely on local

money lenders and Zamindars.

Birth of RBI

By early 30s, there were >1200 banks in India!

But all of them under Companies law- there was no banking

regulation, no RBI, no SLR, CRR, repo rate, reverse repo rate

etc. So the Civil service & BankPO aspirants of that era, were

relatively Stress free compared to present generation.

Problem starts with Great American depression (29) =>

sharemarket and companies of US and Europe collapse= raw

material import declines = desi merchants cannot repay loan

EMIs = Indians banks starts collapsing one by one.

therefore, British Indian government setups Reserve bank of

India to supervise over these banks (34)

Banking sector Post Independence

AMIT { anyone from ranjit

nagar(new delhi)...need

company for prepairing

capf2013_pet... }


Written Result of

Assistant...

JUDE_LUCY { and it

doesn't fades away like

stickers of product i.d,

windows key,logo etc. on

your laptop fades. }

[Current] April-Week1-P1:

Economy-Monetary Policy

update,GI Tagging for...

ANUPAMA SINGH {

asking about

preference..... } [IBPS]

finally Result of both Bank

PO/MT...

PRAV { dude, i would like

to correct your

understanding of mfn

status(*without sounding

arrogant)....mfn status only

helps in removing

discrimination in tariffs of

items which are... }

[Current] March-Week4-P2:

Diplomacy, International

relations- Sri Lanka...

TANUSHREE SACHHAR

{ is it sure that age is 32

and attempts is 6 for cse

2014,because upsc did

not yet issue any notice }

Central Government

approved Two extra

Attempts for...

ANUPAMA SINGH {

coaching fees was 2500/-

n my first preference was

pnb....what was urs??? }

[IBPS] finally Result of both



Click to Enlarge

from mid-50 onwards, there is gradual expansion of banking

sector in India

SBI, ICICI, PNB, BoB all start opening more and more

branches.

but still target audience= merchants, urban (upper) middle

class and industrial houses

Branches increased? YES

Rural penetration? NO

Did they help aid in Five year plans like giving cheap loans to

farmers and micro-enterprises? NO

All these banks were in the hands of industralists. (who owned

majority shareholding => can vote majority of board of

directors=> banks policy decision will only be made to suit

those industrialists e.g. opening branches near factory-

townships, giving loans @cheap rate for setting up new

factories and so on.)

Nationalization

Government gets impatient with ^all this.

Bank PO/MT...

PRANAV JOSHI { mrunal

da what is hawala scam

of 1991 and why name of

momin qureshi is in news

these days(hawala

scandal in meat!!) }

[Economy] Current 2014

Feb Week 1: Fiscal...

VIPIN KUMAR CHOPRA

{ bhai ek taang me rod he,

chal jayega kya ???? }


Written Result of

Assistant...

Older



starts nationalizing banks (By taking over the ownership from

those industrialists)

YearHow

many?who?

55 1 Imperial bank (SBI)

69 14 banks with >50 cr. deposits.

80 6banks with >200 cr. deposits (Andra, Vijaya, Oriental bank

of commerce etc.)

Nationalization: more problems

1. In theory, nationalization =government becomes majority

shareholding in those banks => government can pick board of

director of her choice = bank takes decisions to suit

governments Five year plan requirements= everyones happy,

right? nope

2. In reality, nationalization =created more problem than it solved.

for example

3. Now all the board members = politicians, their relatives, retired

IAS/IPS etc. Result? Professionalism =nope, sycophancy=yes.

4. Banks were forced to give loans @throwaway prices to

farmers/ small enterprises, sometimes even cost of giving loan

(staff salary, light bill, office rent etc.) would be higher than the

profit involved.

5. Local politician interfered in operations. Run loan mela in our

Constituency, open all branches in RaiBareily and Amethi only,

pass applications of our chamcha-log. They would get lakhs of

rupees @4% interest rate (to buy cattle) and then circulate the

same money to farmers @36% interest rate and so on

6. When banks tried to recover loan money from such political

elements, t heyd get stay order from courts, then taarikh pe

taarikh.

7. This politicization even came into Bank employee unions-

theyd always demand higher wages and lower working hours,

irrespective of how much profit bank made.

8. adding insult to injury, RBI kept the CRR and SLR very high

(15 & 40% respectively)

9. =very less money left for banks to lend.



10. Business man cannot get easy loans = no business expansion

=export declines =in a way all this contributed to the Balance of

Payment crisis (BoP) in 1991.

moral of the story = nationalization is not a solution even if

Sahara, NSEL, Ramalinga Raju, Ketan Parekh, Harshad Mehta or

Mr.XYZ is doing scam- that doesnt mean you should nationalize

everything.

Narsimhan Committee I (1991)

By government of India in 1991. It recommended following:

recommendation result?

Government / RBI mustnot regulate

the banks loan interest rates.

Banks should be allowed to decide

their home loan, bike loan etc rates

by themselves.

RBI adopts BENCHMARK PRIME

LENDING RATE (BPLR) => nowadays

Base rate system.

setup Debt recovery tribunals. so

loan defaulters cannot get stay

orders from courts, no more

Taarikh pe taarikh

DRT setup in 1993 => later

SARFAESI Act in 2002 to give them

more powers.

Liberate Branch expansion policy.

Let the banks open branches

outside Raibarely and Amethi also.

done. banks can open branches

anywhere. only condition 25% of the

new branches each year must be

setup in rural areas. For more read

Nachiket Committee article.

Reduce CRR and SLR so banks

are left with more money to lend.

Done, gradually reduced. from

(15,40)=>(4,23)

NBFC regulatory framework done

government should reduce its

shareholding from public sector

banks.

done, SBI shares sold, nowadays

government owns ~60%. (this

facilitates entry of professionals in the

board of directors)

Allow entry of private sector banks

and foreign banks.

done, leads to first round of bank

licences, explained below:



Bank licences: 1st Round (1993)

RBI invites application 1993

New private banks start Operation: 1994-95 onwards

Total ten private banks given licences: 6 still running + 4

closed down.

6 running

1. ICICI

2. HDFC

3. UTI=>became Axis bank (2007)

4. IDBI

5. Indus

6. DCB

All of above running successfully, so that gives us positive

arguments- that not all private entities are seamstress. in fact,

ICICI, HDFC, Axis = top banks of India, even have presences

abroad, employ lakhs of people. Hence no harm in giving bank

licences to private players.

4 closed down

Bankmerged

withwhy?

Global

Trust

Bank

Oriental

bank of

Commerce

recall Ketan Parekh- he took money from

Madhupura cooperative Bank, Abad and used it to

run scam in Sharemarket. Same Ketan had also

taken some money from Global Trust bank also=>

news stories =>junta panics and runs to take out all

money=> business collapsed.

Bank of

Punjab

Centurion

bank

loss making. hardly any depositors and loan

takers, couldnt stand in competition against SBI,

ICICI, BoB etc.

Centurion

bankHDFC same as above

Times

BankHDFC same as above



These four #EPICFAIL banks give us the negative arguments

that private companies must not be given bank licences. Because

they can also close down like t^hese, creating panic among the

clients, blood pressure, heart attacks and suicides.

Anyways, moving on

Narsimhan Committee II (1998)

1. Introduce Voluntary retirement scheme (VRS) in public sector

banks.

2. Legal reforms for loan recovery. =>SARFAESI 2002

3. Computerization, electronic fund transfer, legal framework

4. Payment and Settlement Act=>Retail (ECS, NEFT, Card) +

Wholesale (RTGS)

5. Continue allowing entry of private banks and foreign banks.

New Bank licences 2nd round (2001)

2001: applications invited

2003-04: winners launch banks.

From the earlier #EPICFAIL of those four banks, RBI also learned

lesson.

This time RBI gave licence only two strongest contenders:

1. Kotak Mahindra

2. Yes Bank

New Bank licences 3rd Round (2013-14)

2010: Finance minister says we need to give more licences.

2013, February: RBI invites applications with following

conditions:

Conditions/guidelines for new bank licence application:

1. must include class 10-12-college marksheet, school leaving

certificate and three passport sized photos

2. 10 years successful work-ex (=Fit and proper criteria)

3. minimum capital Rs.5 billion

4. Will have to get shares listed on stock exchange within three

years, bring down voting rights to 15% within 12 years. why?



say Anil Ambani gets licence, in the beginning hed have

~100% ownership and decision making. But in the long run

such one man game show = not good in banking sector. So

hell have to get the shares listed within three years.

once shares are listed, junta starts buying those shares= they

elect the board of directors (BoD) and then BoD makes policy

decisions of the bank, appoints CEO and top executives and

so on.

By 15 years, Anil should sell majority of his shares to junta- so

that he holds barely ~40% or less of the bank shares = he

cannot have lot of say in banks decision making = bank

doesnt run according to his whims and fancies =rational

decision making.

Anyways moving on to the rules

5. foreign shareholding must not be more than 49% (for the first

five years)

6. 50% of the directors should be independent (=not chosen by

majority shareholder e.g. Anil)

7. Such bank must not invest in shares/bonds of its parent group

(e.g. Anils telecom/electricity business)

8. must have viable business plan

9. must open atleast 25% branches in the unbanked rural areas.

(as per latest census there are ~10000 such places)

10. Have to comply with PSL (priority sector lending) norms.

Many other technical rules but for descriptive/interview answer-

above 9-points sufficient.

Total 26 applied, including Anil Ambani, Birla, Bajaj, Tata,

Muthoot, Indian post.

later two left (TATA, Videocon)

+ one came (KC Land and finance ltd.)

Thus 25 left.

Bimal Jalan Committee

Now Rajan had to decide winners among those 25 applicants.

Sep 2013: Rajan sets up RBI High level advisory Committee to

process those applications.


http://mrunal.org/2014/04/economy-new-bank-licences-bandhan-idfc-bharatiya-mahila-bank-differential-bank-licences-bimal-jalan-committee-narsimhan-c 10/20

Bimal Jalan (Chairman) Former RBI governor

Usha Thorat Ex-RBI Deputy Governor

C B Bhave Ex-Sebi chairman

Nachiket Mor RBI board member

Important: Bharatiya Mahila Bank also launched in Sep13 (but its

public sector bank, has nothing to do with this third round of

Bank licences or Bimal Jalan Committee)

Anyways, moving on

November

2013Bimal first meeting

February

2014Bimal submits report

March 2014Rajan fears Election commissions model code of conduct,

seeks their approval.

31st March EC gives approval

2st April Two winners announced. (Bandhan Microfinance and IDFC)

Bandhan Microfinance and IDFC

Bandhan MicrofinanceIDFC (Infrastructure Development and

Financial Corporation)

West Bengal Mumbai

Micro-finance company infrastructure finance company

Chandra Shekhar Ghosh Rajiv Lall

net worth 1100 Cr., 45%

branches in rural areas

net worth 21000 cr., but rural presence

low.

These two are given only in-principle approval. Meaning

In principle approval

Within 18 months

must get net worth Rs.1000 crore



Must open 25% branches in unbanked rural areas.

once they fulfill above conditions, RBI will give them licence

under Banking Regulation Act, 1949 [Sec.22(1)]

Once they get licence under BRA, then we can open current

account, savings account etc.

RBI has also prohibited the promoters (Ghosh and Lall) to hold

CEO position in their respective banks. This is meant to prevent

conflict of interest. Because in past, Global Trust banks CEO

Ramesh Gelli was accused of involved in Ketan Parekh scam.

Curiously though Yes Banks promoter Rana Kapoor enjoys both

MD and CEO position in his bank!

India post

For Indian postal department, Bimal Jalan said RBI should

consult separately with government and give licence if

necessary.

Kumar Mangalam Birlas name involved in Coal block scam,

Anil Ambani in 2G case, hence licence not given.

What is Differential licences?

Total 25 applied, but only two won so what about the remaining

23 contenders? Will they get any consolation prize? Yes.

Rajan said they can later apply for Differential bank licences.

Differential bank licences = for opening payment banks,

wholesale banks etc (whore not full banks like SBI, PNB etc.)

for more on these differential banks read following articles on

Nachiket Committee:

1. Wholesale Banks

2. Payment Banks

New Private banks: Pro and Against arguments

Anti arguments Pro arguments

Existing banks not sufficient for 100%

financial inclusion.

only one in two Indians have bank

account

Only one in seven Indians gets loan from



There is no need for

additional private banks,

existing banks sufficient.

banks (others have to rely on the evil

money lenders who charge 36%

compound interest rate!)

As per Census 2011

Only 67% of Urban households getting

banking services.

Only 54% Rural households getting

banking services.

well in that case, government

should launch some Rajiv

Gandhi scheme to open

bank accounts for everyone,

there is no need to get new

private banks! Besides,

these two (Bandhan and

IDFC) are too small to be

any relevant in financial

inclusion.

Throwing sakaari money, subsidies and

schemes to solve every problem = bad

idea. Business has to become vibrant

by itself.

It is true both Bandhan and IDFC are

mosquitos compared to elephants like

SBI and ICICI but every maestro was an

amateur someday.

As per your own table,

Bandhan already has 45% of

her branches in rural area as

microfinance company, then

why do they need bank

licence? Theyre already

doing financial inclusion!

as a Microfinance company, Bandhan

cannot open savings account / current

account etc (Because they dont have

bank licence)

as a result, such microfinance

companies have to borrow money from

other banks, NABARD etc @12-15%

interest + have to maintain profit

margin=> they give loans to poor people

yes, but at 23-25% interest rate.

but if same Microfinance company was

given bank licencee, they can accept

publics deposit money under savings

account ~4% interest, fixed deposit

~9% interest => cheaper way to arrange

loan money. can give loans to poors at

reasonable rate like 10-15%

In the first round, ten banks



were given licence, four of

them closed down..private

sector cannot compete with

existing giants. They try to

take shortcuts, hence all the

scams.

The same licensing round gave us giants

like ICICI, Axis bank and HDFC. It is wrong

to think every private player is out there only

to bully, loot and steal.

The same ICICI Bank, HDFC

Bank and Axis Bank were

caught violating KYC norms

and doing money laundering

case in the Cobra post sting

operation.

RBI has taken quick and firm action against

those three banks. And the inquiry revealed

it wasnt the mass scale organized money

laundering operation but irregularity on part

of certain branch managers to overcome

the targets.

These two small players

cannot even afford to launch

all India ATM network, forget

about opening branch

offices.

They dont need to open ATMs anyways,

because of the White label ATM scheme.

RBI should gave given

licences to more applicants,

like they did in the 90s (ten

licences).

In the early 90s, all nationalized banks were

heading towards #EPICFAIL, so to correct

the course, RBI had to get in more players to

breed competition. Same is not the case

today- two new banks are good enough. If

Rajan gave licence to 15-20 applicants at

once => too much competition => predatory

pricing like in aviation industry => smaller

players will be wiped out.

Public sector banks are

already bleeding because of

the heavy marketing and

teaser rates offered by

Private banks. Two more

such banks will increase the

misery of the public sector

banks.

In the end, Business is all about the survival

of the fittest. Public sector banks and their

trade unions should learn to perform or

perish. Customer deserves better services.

Just to make life easier for sarkaari banks,

we must not prevent the entry of private

sector.

Rajans American ideas of

free market, wholesale

banks, differential licenses

Just two new banks cannot create Subprime

crisis. RBI is much more vigilant and strict

than their American counter part US feds. It



etc. will ruin Indian banking

sector and Economy. What

works in USA need not

automatically work in India as

well. This will lead to

subprime crisis like disaster.

is wrong to assume that Rajan comes from

America so he is automatically an evil

capitalist, and all the hushiyaari

(smartness) is with Newspaper columnists in

The***** only.

More pro-con arguments can be added, post them in comments

below!

Bharatiya Mahila Bank (2013)

This has nothing to do with Bimal Jalan Committee or third round

of private bank licences. But to confuse you in MCQs, the

examiner will deliberately include some facts related to Mahila

bank. Therefore, you must know the basics:

Budget 2013: Chindu announced to open this bank with 1000

crore Rs. (=100% State Owned / public sector bank.)

Keep in mind, Chindu also setup Nirbhaya fund for women

security initiatives. But thats separate 1000 crore fund and this

is separate 1000 crore bank. (tricky MCQ)

Concept is not new: Pakistan and Tanzania already setup

such banks in past.

MBN Rao Panel prepared blue print (he was chief of Canara

bank)

Sept. 2013: licence given

November 2013: bank launched on Indira Gandhis bday.

HQ= Delhi but since assembly election was going on, hence to

follow the model code of conduct, they launched the bank from

Mumbai

How is it a Mahila Bank?

Boss Usha Anantha-Subramanian =woman

Board of Directors=all women.

but staff = male + female

mid-level staff from BoB, PNB on deputation= male + female.

Customers (Depositors) = male + female. (no distinction among

them, both get same interest rate on their savings account / FD

etc.)



BUT Loan giving => predominantly to women.

Women entrepreneurs can get loans up to Rs 1 crore without

collateral (meaning they dont have to mortgage their

house/factory/jewellary)

kitchen loans, education loans, small home-based catering

businesses

Projects for Skill development, financial literacy among women.

hence the name Mahila Bank- because itll predominantly

cater the credit needs of women entrepreneurs and Self help

groups.

Business plan of Mahila Bank?

1. By March 2014: 25 branches in capitals/major cities of India

2. 25% branches in unbanked rural areas.

3. By 2020: 700+ branches; 60k cr business

Software

as such most desi banks use finacle core-banking software

designed by Infosys

But this Mahila bank got Core Banking Software by FIS

(American Co.)

( y^a this type of GK essential for IT-graduates for the bank

interview stage.)

Why Mahila Bank is mere publicity stunt?

(Interview Q.) Bharatiya Mahila Bank is a mere symbolic exercise

for feel good publicity. Do you agree? Yes/No and Why?

I already mentioned the Positive points 1 cr. loan without collateral,

skill development for women etc.

But in Group discussion/ interview, you need to be aware of the

negative points as well, in case the other party decides to play

Devils advocate.

Mahila Bank is mere tokenism, without substance because:

1. SBI, PNB, BoB better suited, they have pan-India presence

including in rural areas. Govt. already majority shareholder.

Could have launched the 1 crore without collateral scheme



without Mahila Bank.

2. 25% rural branching: duplication of effort.

3. In the first phase focus on state capitals and UT = real need of

women financial inclusion is in rural areas and not those big

cities.

4. Mid-level executives all imported from BoB, PNB etc. such

deputed staff usually dont have or motivation to put their blood

and sweat in making this new bank successful. Their loyalty

remains with their own parent bank only.

5. Theyre offering 4.5%/5% interest rate on savings account but

pan India presence necessary, otherwise customers wont feel

attracted. Besides private banks like Kotak already offering 6%

Visit Mrunal.org/Economy For more on Money, Banking, Finance,

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Ajay

Reply

Sir, aapka last 74 page show kar raha hai..but mene dekha tha ki aapka

article 2009 ka bhi tha but aap woh nahi hai..kiya woh page delete kar diya

gaya hai kiya..can i have access to those page..

Manu

Reply

but aap wo nahi hai Bhai yakeen maan ye wahi hai.

Ajay

Reply

sorry frnd, typo mistake but aab woh page nahi hai but

gud catch..sry Mrunal sir too..

Sir, aapka last 74 page show kar raha hai..but mene

dekha tha ki aapka article 2009 ka bhi tha but but aab

woh page nahi hai..kiya woh page delete kar diya gaya

hai kiya..can i have access to those pagemujhe isse

acha best guidance kahi nahi milega

prateek

Reply

AWESOME ARTICLE BY MRUNAL

VIVEK

Reply

kudos to you.mrunal sir!!!!!. Sir, if possible in near future, plz throw some

light on IMF reform & Environmental impact assessment topic. plz sir.



sushant

Reply

sir thank u for this timely articleplz do environment impact

assessment and imf reform

Manu

Reply

Thank you soo much.Plz keep posting articles related to upcoming SBI

exam.

God Bless u :)

Abhiram

Reply

Sir Science & Tech plsHindu

Aman

Reply

Sir ji .Person in News ,Awardsetc SSC CGL Re-Exam ke liye Post

karoge kya ?

Aman

Reply

Sir ji reply plz

Aman

Reply

Mrunal pls tell sir ..ab to Admit Card bhi aa gyi :(

Pratik

Reply

Thanx for nice article.

chandan asthana

Reply

good onvery informative

parmod

Reply

thanks mrunal

Tahir Ahmed Majid

Reply

Sir kindly provide the study plan for Prelims Paper II as youve provided for

the SSC CGL. Please sir kindly provide something for this paper.

ashutosh

I cannot see the admit card for re exam of CGL 2013 on SSC-NR website



Reply

ANUBHAB

Reply

SIR, its really good to learn from you but now-a-days i am experiencing

some spelling and word-mixing mistakes. i am feeling ashamed to say it but i

am a real devotee of you and cannot hear any wrong words about you from

anyone. so i am informing you.

please forgive me if it does hurt you.

Yasar

Reply

Sir ur articles on aptitude are very interesting and helpful ..please add some

more in between.

vishal kumar

Reply

thank for the article sir.

pankaj prajapati

Reply

Thanks alot to provide such article new vision that help to our civil cervices

exam preparation

Aman

Reply

Northern Region -Delhi Admit Card uploaded on Website

http://sscnr.net.in/newlook/Admitcard_CGLE2013_REEXAM/CheckRoll.aspx

risha

Reply

thank you so much

pankaj prajapati

Reply

Thanks alot sir to provide such article new vision on time that help to our

civil cervices exam preparation

RAJIV

Reply

Sir i cannot find your previous articles of economy like Article on IIP and

inflation:cost push-meaning,reasons,solutions and csat mock questions and

etc etcPls find me a solutionalso i need bottom to up economy

archives sir pls help me out.

Ajay

Reply

Ya, me too looking for old pages..Mrunal sir pls help..



JIGAR

Reply

Some one please tell me the difference between government companies

and public sector undertakings..

dallu

Reply

ULTIMATE

ARPITA

Reply

sir can u plz upload the study plan for sbi po exam.

i need ur guidance especially in essay section.

!

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