ecopolis Heating the sustainable city

Recycle energy The magic of district heating/

open source energy infrastructure A road to decarbonisation/

copenhagen Leading by example/

Anshan A clean and sustainable future/

Danfoss Engineering tomorrow/

www.ecopolis.danfoss.com

Recycleenergy

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Power plants run at an efficiency of 40%.

However, this can be raised to 90% through the

implementation of a District Energy system.

A staggering 60% of the fuel used in power plants is wasted, lost as heat to the atmosphere. District Heating lets us reuse this energy effectively.

In a world in energy crisis, it is unacceptable that 60% of all energy used in power production is lost. Particularly in emerging markets, making more efficient use of how energy is created, distributed, used and – crucially – recycled is becoming paramount to fighting costs, pollution and to improving living standards.

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Economics of necessity Since the industrial revolution, economic development has been fundamentally dependent on fossil fuel. Yet the finite nature of these fuels, combined with the environmental threat they pose, means continued growth depends on reforming our energy system – quickly.

Finding clean, sustainable sources of energy is of course one approach. However, less well known is the fact that our existing energy infrastructure is needlessly inefficient and that there is enormous potential for gaining energy through recovery and recycling initiatives.

Recycled energy Recycling heat is the basic principle behind District Heating (or District Energy), a system for centrally supplying residential and commercial heating. The concept

is to capture waste energy from power production and use it to heat water, which is then distributed to homes and buildings. This can also be used for cooling by using recovered energy to power air-conditioning systems.

The brilliance of the system is that it requires no “new” energy (fuel) to be used. Heating (and cooling) is provided simply by reusing energy that’s already in circulation.

Fuel plurality The engineering behind District Energy is remarkably simple and stable, making it highly scalable and compatible with fuel sources. In fact District Energy can tap directly into renewable power sources such as wind turbines or biomass plants, making it possible to provide heating for thousands of people using only renewable and recycled energy.

Carbon targets Recycling heat opens the way to reducing carbon emissions, particularly in urban centres where heat demand is most intense. These reductions are achieved without limiting economic and industrial output or endangering living standards. On the contrary, Chinese leaders have realized that environmental issues can limit economic development. Recycling Heat actually becomes a means of ensuring future economic growth.

Ecopolis District Heating has a vital role to play in meeting energy demands and creating sustainable urban centres. It is a proven, practical approach to controlled decarbonisation and meeting international pledges on emissions control. The vision of a true Ecopolis – a carbon-neutral thriving cosmopole – is within our grasp if we dare to reach for it.

Recycleenergy

Surplus heat

Cogeneration

Biogas

Waste-to-energy

Waste-to-energy

Biomass

Biomass

BiomassBiomass

Scalability A District Energy system is extremely flexible and can help cities to reduce the investment necessary for developing new energy sources. As such, existing networks can be easily expanded as funding, planning and other opportunities become available. As a multi-fuel system, District Energy supports virtually all energy sources, making it future-proof to changes in the fuel mix and energy infrastructure of a city.

the Value chain

The basic principles behind District Energy are remarkably simple. At one end of the network is an energy source (often a multi-fuel CHP plant). Heat is then distributed via a network of insulated pipes to buildings. Here, the heat is redistributed via substations and controls throughout a building’s HVAC systems.

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Open sourceenergyinfrastructure

now iS the timeDistrict Energy is proven to be economically and environmentally advantageous. It can help lead the way towards a more eco-friendly society where increased energy demand is fulfilled by using fewer, cleaner energy sources. “Doing more with less” is not only the title of the EU Commission’s paper on energy efficiency, it is a very realistic option.

Flexible, economic and safeDistrict Energy is an extremely efficient, low-cost, low-maintenance system for heating buildings. A single network is able to provide heat to numerous end-users and even has the potential of storing energy during periods of low demand.

By their nature, District Energy systems are safer than conventional heating. Unlike central heating boilers, there are no naked flames or individual gas supplies in the home, which mean less fire risks. Additionally, high pressures and temperatures are confined to a central plant and network, shielding consumers from related dangers.

District Energy is also extremely flexible in terms of which fuel/energy sources it can use – and how many. New heating sources can be added without disabling the system or disturbing customers and networks can be upgraded based on whichever technology is more economically, or politically appropriate.

Given the scalable nature of District Energy systems, newer and more efficient technologies

District Energy isn’t a new idea, but it’s found new relevance in a world seeking practical solutions to decarbonisation. Safe, sustainable, scalable - the latest District Energy infrastructure (4G) enables city planners to vastly improve energy efficiency while accessing renewable sources.

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Heat storage

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Futureenergysource

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Industry surplus

Waste incineration

Gas

Wind surpluselectricity

Geothermal

Large scale solar

Cold storage

Large scale solar

CHP biomass

Industry surplus

CHP wasteincineration

Alsolow energybuildings

Energy efficiency

< 200 oC

> 100 oC

< 100 oC

<50-60oC (70oC)

Temperature level

1G 2G 3G 4G

1G 2G 3G 4GSteam system, steam pipes in concrete ducts

Low energy demandsSmart grid (optimum interaction of energy sources, distribution and consumption) 2-way DH

Pre-insulated pipesIndustrialised compact substations (also with insulation)Metering and monitoring

Pressurised hot-water systemHeavy equipmentLarge ”build on site” stations

Development (District Heating generations)

Centralised

DistrictCooling plant

Seasonalheat storage

Seasonalheat storage

Heat storage

and designs can be introduced step-by-step without requiring costly changes to existing heating infrastructure.

Next generation performance The latest generations of District Heating technology, known as 3G and 4G, offer significant advantages over earlier generations in terms of efficiency, performance, flexibility and scalability.

By using a lower water temperature, 3-4G systems can reduce overall capital costs and minimise heat lost during transportation from the source to the end user. This also puts less strain on the heating infrastructure (thereby extending its lifespan) but most importantly it enables greater penetration of renewable heat sources and surplus heat from industries.

Energy is going greener Cleaner, renewable methods to generate electricity are now more widespread, such as wind farms, geothermal, biomass, solar and waste incineration. Not only is this enabling us to create a smarter energy grid that is more efficient in terms of energy generation,

distribution and consumption, but it also means that there are now more environmentally-friendly heat sources that 4G District Heating technology can use to full effect.

District Heating from 1G to 4GDevelopment of District Heating system characteristics over four generations

hot factSThe latest generation of District Heating technology makes use of a wide variety of energy resources, which typically include:

Boilers using conventional or renewable fuels such as biomass

Waste heat from industrial processes

Heat from power generation such as a combined Heat and power plant

energy generated from municipal waste incineration

Natural heat sources such as solar, geothermal or wind

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ecopolis

windCommercial wind farms now operate in close to 80 countries, with wind accounting for an estimated 2% of global electricity supply in 2011. District Energy can tap wind both directly and indirectly via cogeneration.

Renewable energy

biomass Biomass is by far the most popular renewable energy source in use today, accounting for over 10% of global final energy consumption1, including traditional biomass sources. The EU generates 87.4 TWh in gross energy production from biomass, 50% of which is employed in cogeneration plants for District Energy applications.

Geothermal Geothermal energy generated 10,715 MW2 in 2010 across some 24 countries. The US is the world’s biggest producer in absolute terms. However, the Philippines obtains 18% of its electricity from geothermal sources. New Zealand, Iceland and El Salvador all rely heavily on geothermal energy too.

Solar Solar hot water and heating capacity reached approximately 185 GWth in 20102, with China, Turkey, Germany, Japan and Greece leading the world market. While thermal solar is often used for producing hot water only, there is a growing trend towards larger combined systems that provide both hot water and space heating.

applicationAt the end-user level, individual buildings are connected to the District Heating network. Area substations, substations and heat exchangers efficiently transfer hot water for room heating and domestic hot water (DHW) purposes into a building’s HVAC and DHW systems.

sources: 1) Renewables 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT. 2) International Geothermal Association (IGA).

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Urban leaders are embracing a new vision for supplying energy to their cities, one that combines local renew-ables, cogeneration plants and District energy in one low-carbon network.

industrial surplus heatIndustry accounts for as much as 30% of energy consumption in industrialised countries. It is estimated that one third of that energy is discharged as waste into the atmosphere or cooling systems. District Heating lets us effectively recapture some of these losses.

Surplus energy

waste-to-energy The incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an effective way to reduce refuse volume by as much as 80%. Surplus energy from incineration can be used directly for electricity production or District Heating purposes.

cogenerationCogeneration (also known as Combined Heat and Power or CHP) plants are at the heart of any District Energy network, linking power generation with heating and cooling applications. In this way, power plant efficiency is lifted by around 50%. Some countries obtain as much as 55% of their energy through cogener ation recycling systems.

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www.ecopolis.danfoss.com

DiStRibution netwoRkOnce generated, heat is distributed (as water or steam) to commercial and residential buildings via a network of pre-insulated pipes, usually installed underground. Valves ensure efficient and safe network management. Heat storage systems can also be integrated into the network to even out peak-load demands.

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A source of innovationStarted in the 1920s, Copenhagen’s District Heating system has been expanded into a 1,500km-wide network that serves more than 98% of the municipality’s entire heating demand. This means clean, reliable and low-cost domestic heat and hot water for more than half a million inhabitants.

The system is supplied by a variety of sources using different technologies and fuels, which ensures its operation remains highly flexible, stable and economic. These sources include CHP plants, heat-only boilers (for peak-load production), geothermal and solar. Heat accumulators are also deployed with great effect, enabling hot water to be stored efficiently during off-peak periods and make up any shortfall during peak demand.

New initiatives under the “Head Plan Greater Copenhagen” study have outlined new ways to make even better use of renewable energy sources. Right now, plans are being drawn up that will enable 70% of the entire network to be supplied by environmentally clean fuels such as biomass and waste incineration from as early as 2015.

efficiency and resultsThe network supplies a total design capacity of 4,800MW of heat and delivers approximately 5,400GWh of heat per year. There are two main

transmission companies who operate networks that supply a maximum temperature of 120°C at a pressure of 25 bar, with a return temperature of 50°C-60°C, using both steam-based and hot water-based distribution methods. To improve this system even further, Copenhagen has started to convert all distribution networks to water-based systems, which are more beneficial in terms of environmental impact, heat loss and overall efficiency.

Keeping coolCopenhagen is also establishing a District Cooling system in the city centre. This innovative use of the existing District Heating network will supply approximately 22GWh of chilled water every year using a mixture of highly effective technologies that include Free Cooling, Electrical Chillers and Absorption Chillers.

A cleaner, brighter futureLooking ahead, Copenhagen aims to cease using its current CPH plants to power its District Heating network and instead rely on plants run completely on renewable sources such as geothermal energy. Not only will this provide a wealth of benefits for businesses and inhabitants in the area, but this innovative use of District Heating technology is spearheading a far cleaner and greener planet for us all.

Leading by example: copenhagen

For many years, Denmark has been at the cutting edge of environmental initiatives and green technologies – not least when it comes to their exemplary use of District Energy. Today approximately 60% of the entire population is connected to District Heating networks.

Copenhagen, the capital city, is a fantastic example of how sophisticated a modern District Heating system can become – and what results it can achieve.

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Breathing new life into Anshan

Rethinking energy and the economyAnshan’s heating area is currently at 53million m2 and expanding at a rapid pace. The city, like many others in China, has been using coal-fired plants to generate electricity to power its heating system. Not only is this enormously expensive, but it creates a very large carbon footprint and has taken a huge toll on the surrounding air quality.

As part of China’s new 12th 5-year plan which aims to reduce energy intensity by 16% and CO2 emissions by 17% by the year 2015, Anshan

has been exploring different methods to save energy and implement a more environmentally-friendly and sustainable solution. Research and cooperation between the City Government, Angang Steel and Qianfeng District Heating Company has revealed the city has significant energy sources available that would be ideal to power a District Heating network.

This innovative approach will tap into surplus heat generated by CHP and steel plants that has otherwise been going to waste, as well as use natural energy from geothermal sources. This model is inspired by those used in Denmark – one of the world’s leading countries for District Energy – and adjusted to fit local requirements, such as introducing pooled networks and demand-driven supply system.

Getting more from lessOnce fully implemented, the new District Heating system will see a massive 678,000 ton reduction in annual coal consumption. This will cut CO2 emissions by a staggering 1,380,000 tons, and cost savings mean the system will pay for itself in 3-4 years. Not only will this enable the city to reinvest these savings into other important developments, but it will greatly improve the quality of life of its steadily growing population.

A model for the futureAnshan’s exciting new District Heating network is set to be the first of many throughout China. There are plans in place to roll out similar projects in other cities in Liaoning Province as well as in other regions. China’s leaders have strong enthusiasm to create a cleaner, greener country and today the right technology and expertise is available to make their goals a reality.

“Your project is the most promising I have heard about in many years. This is a milestone in the development of Anshan City and an exciting project for the entire province, which I will follow closely.”

Mr. Chen Zhenggao, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) & Former Governor of Liaoning Province

Anshan, a busy city in Liaoning province with a population of 3 million, is growing fast. The city attracts 25,000 new residents every year, which means that its demand for resources has soared – and with it, its pollution levels and energy costs.

To combat the city’s reliance on coal for domestic heat and hot water, Anshan is implementing a brand new, state-of-the-art District Heating network that will secure a clean and sustainable future.

This image shows the transformation of the Anshan District Heating system. Today’s system to the left and the future system to the right.

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Danfoss – engineeringtomorrow

For 80 years, Danfoss has pushed the boundaries of Climate & Energy innovation and is now at the forefront of a new wave of District Energy solutions.

From start to finish, we help customers to realise their commercial goals and meet environmental targets by taking the theory behind District Heating planning and policy today, and delivering its benefits in reality for tomorrow.

Turning theory into reality

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District Energy is increasingly finding traction as a viable, sustainable and profitable solution in a world looking to make better and more economical use of its resources. As both a consulting partner and a technology provider, Danfoss provides end-to-end support for businesses, urban planners and governments who are implementing or upgrading District Heating and Cooling systems on any scale.

A legacy of innovationOriginating in Scandinavia, Danfoss has come a long way from its humble beginnings; we now employ 22,500 dedicated professionals and have 58 sales companies and 59 factories operating worldwide. By driving innovation to the core of climate and energy applications we are pioneering the development of sustainable commercial, domestic and natural environments and setting global standards for climate and energy optimisation.

A District Energy pioneerLaunched in 1991, Danfoss District Energy has been at the frontier of defining District Heating engineering for almost 25 years. We are now the world’s biggest and most trusted supplier of advanced District Energy substations, heat exchangers and automatic controls for applications within residential, public and commercial buildings.

Danfoss is also enabling municipal planners world-wide to modernise their existing District Heating infrastructures and give legacy systems a new lease of life. By developing better methods to improve system efficiency and by making greater use of sustainable energy sources, we are helping more and more homes and businesses benefit from cheaper and cleaner heating, every day.

A bright, sustainable tomorrowOur vision is a sustainable future where a better standard of living goes hand in hand with care of the wider environment. There is no doubt that over the next few decades District Energy will play an even greater role and will become an increasingly attractive option for any forward-looking city. As such, we promise to continue delivering quality, reliability and innovation for our customers at every turn, finding ever better ways to engineer a brighter tomorrow.

Together with our partners, Danfoss plays a central role in seeing through District Energy projects from start to finish, including:• Consultancy and guidance at a

commercial, technical and political level • Development of technical feasibility

plans and how to achieve them• Facilitating dialogue between all key

decision-makers and stakeholders • Drafting and establishment of

commercial agreements • Sharing of best practices from Europe’s

proven District Energy networks

Danfoss provides leadership through quality, reliability and innovation – driving true customer satisfaction and solutions within infrastructure, Food, climate and energy.

Find out more at: www.ecopolis.danfoss.com

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Since 2012, Anshan’s government have worked with Danfoss in creating an extensive District Heating network that aims to cut annual coal consumption by 678,000 tons and CO2 by 1.4m tons. In this interview, Anshan’s Vice Mayor, Zhao Yufu, explains the importance of this project for his city.

How did the Anshan municipal government benefit from its cooperation with Danfoss?

There are lots of benefits covering various aspects of the cooperation with Danfoss. Firstly, the benefit is in terms of the environmental improvement and energy efficiency. With the remarkable reduction of CO2 and NOX emissions, the air quality in Anshan city will be hugely improved. This solves the issue for the future development. With the reduction of these pollutants, we will have a more sustainable and greener future. As we all know, nowadays environmental issues are bottleneck problems which restrict economic development. How to solve these problems effectively is crucial for further development.

Secondly, both the government and enterprises involved in this project will get economic benefits from the cooperation. For example, for Angang steel, their surplus heat was mostly wasted in the past years. Now, they can not only make the best use of it but also get net income about 300 million RMB from it every year. And for the municipal government, we need not build so many boiler houses or purchase so many boilers. The most important thing is we need not burn so much coal in the future. There is a huge difference between coal-burn and surplus heat for heating.

With the cost reduction, the public and private sectors can get benefits from the cooperation, both in terms of economy and efficiency.

In the past years, Anshan’s municipal govern-ment contributed a lot to green initiatives and therefore the environment of Anshan city improved. What’s the significance for Anshan city that it won a GreenTech award?

From the local government’s side, it can realise sustainable growth, green development and also scientific progress. However, the main beneficiaries are citizens. Firstly, people can enjoy fresh air. In the past, people had many complaints about the air quality and the pollution. Secondly, people can benefit from a more comfortable heating environment during winter time, because of the improved balance of heat supply. Finally, the most important benefit is that the people of Anshan can use year-round hot water from this project. This was unimaginable in the past and also the first case of its kind in China. So it is meaningful for both further development and quality-of-life improvements for citizens.

What’s your expectation of further cooperation between Anshan municipal government and Danfoss?

This is a pioneer project in China. It is just a starting point and we have great expectations for it. We will do our utmost to make it successful by collaborating with Danfoss. And in the future we will first promote this as an example in the province and then in the whole country.

it takes vision, leadership and insight at the local level to create sustainable cities that really work.In partnership with Danfoss, the Chinese city of Anshan shows that it’s possible to transform a city through District Heating. The ambition and impact of the project make Danfoss and Anshan worthy winners of the GreenTech Award 2014 for Sustainable Urbanisation.

Danfoss A/S · DK-6430 Nordborg · Denmark · Tel: +45 74 88 22 22 · Fax: +45 74 49 03 95 E-mail: districtenergy@danfoss.com · Website: www.ecopolis.danfoss.com

Danfoss can accept no responsibility for possible errors in catalogues, brochures and other printed material. Danfoss reserves the right to alter its products without notice. This also applies to products already on order provided that such alterations can be made without subsequent changes being necessary in specifications already agreed. All trademarks in this material are property of the respective companies. Danfoss and the Danfoss logotype are trademarks of Danfoss A/S. All rights reserved.

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Real eneRGy SaVinGS in chinaat Beijing NiujieThe domestic heating system in Beijing’s Niujie district was not only experiencing an over-consumption of heat energy through inefficiencies, but it could only provide 16°C max to some apartments in winter.

The Beijing City Government worked with Beijing District Heating Group and Danfoss to find the best ways to save energy, costs and improve living conditions.

By installing Energy Efficiency Stations that automatically adjust temperature levels, each building now uses exactly the right amount of energy to give every apartment constant, balanced heating and better comfort.

This saves an incredible 2,200 tons of coal and 5,600 tons of CO2 every year, with a 3 year ROI.

In addition, average temperatures inside the connected apartments have increased from 16°C to 21°C, giving the residents a significantly improved life quality.