eco's openness and interactive art & design

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Umberto Eco’s Open Work Understanding Art & Technology through the concept of Openness and Meaning Crea@on

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Page 1: Eco's Openness and Interactive Art & Design

Umberto  Eco’s  Open  Work  

Understanding  Art  &  Technology  through  the  concept  of  Openness  and  Meaning  Crea@on    

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Umberto  Eco  (1932-­‐      )  

 Italian  literary  cri@c,  novelist,  semio@cian,  who  gained  interna@onal  fame  with  his  intellectual  detec@ve  story  IL  NOME  DELLA  ROSA  (1980,  The  Name  of  the  Rose),  a  book  about  books.      It  extended  the  use  of  semio@cs  to  fic@on,  and  combined  various  genres,  literary  theory,  mediaeval  studies,  mystery,  and  biblical  exegesis.  As  a  semio@cian  Eco  is  known  for  his  contribu@on  to  the  theore@cal  study  of  signs  encompassing  all  cultural  phenomena.  

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Umberto  Eco  

•  Eco's  major  studies  in  aesthe@cs,  literature,  communica@on  and  semio@cs  are  OPERA  APERTA  (1962,  rev.  ed.,  1972,  1976),  A  Theory  of  Semio1cs  (1976),  in  which  he  took  up  and  developed  various  lines  of  research  begun  in  the  laZer  half  of  the  1960s,  Semio&cs  and  the  Philosophy  of  Language  (1984),  The  Limits  of  Interpreta&on  (1991).    

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Umberto  Eco  quotes:    

•  The  good  of  a  book  lies  in  its  being  read.  A  book  is  made  up  of  signs  that  speak  of  other  signs,  which  in  their  turn  speak  of  things.  Without  an  eye  to  read  them,  a  book  contains  signs  that  produce  no  concepts;  therefore  it  is  dumb.    

•  Transla@on  is  the  art  of  failure.    

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Umberto  Eco’s  ‘Opera  Aperta’    in  English  Open  Work  (1989  [1962])    

•  Aesthe@cs  •  Semio@cs  

•  Art  •  Communica@on  Theory  

•  Literature  

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„…the  spectator  makes  the  picture‟  (Duchamp  1987,  p.187)  

 

Eco  (1989)  claimed  that  many  of  the  modern  art  works:  

placed  the  spectator’s  percep@on  in  mo@on    

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•  concept  of  „openness‟  discussed  most  extensively  by  Umberto  Eco  (1989)  ,  describes  a  new  aesthe@c  based  on  the  ac@ve  spectator.    

Concept  of  OPENESS  

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Concept  of  OPENESS  

Umberto  Eco’s  well-­‐known  work  “Opera  Operta”  (Open  Work,  1989  [1962])  introduced  the  concept  of  “openness”  to  suggest  that  artworks  produce  an  aesthe@c  through  “meaning  crea@on”.    Eco  proposed  that  ar@sts  should  work  along  a  mul@ple  semio@c  crea@on  process  which  generates  an  openness;  thus  every  spectator  creates  his/her  own  subjec@ve  meaning.    

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Italio  Calvino’s  Openess  

•  Besides  Eco’s  concept,  there  are  other  approaches  to  the  no@on  of  openness  that  were  presented  by  Italian  novelist  Italio  Calvino  (1986).  The  openness  in  Calvino’s  work  is  represented  as  an  unconven@onal  way  of  comprehending  novels,  that  he  terms  ‘hypernovels’  or  ‘literary  machines’.    

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Open  Work    

 Eco’s  concept  of  open  work  emerged  from  a  semio@c  inves@ga@on  of  literary  transcripts  which  he  explained  as  poten@al  applica@ons  for  the  crea@on  of  mul@ple  meaning  and  interpreta@on,  which  can  be  comprehended  as  an  open  system    

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Open  Work  

•  He  developed  this  concept  into  an  aesthe@c  examina@on  of  modern  art  revealing  that  open  works  ac@vate  their  reader/spectator  to  co-­‐create  the  artwork.    

•  Eco’s  concept  produces  an  innovatory  understanding  of  art  produc@on  in  which  the  ar@st  and  spectator  were  linked  together  in  the  framework  of  an  unfinished  work  of  art  (Eco,  1989).    

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“work  in  progress‟    

 Eco  used  the  no@on  of  „work  in  progress‟  to  declare  the  new  spectatorships  whose  duty  it  is  to  finish  the  work.    

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Meaning  Crea@on  

•  The  essen@al  point  of  Eco’s  proposal  is  that  he  interlinked  the  par@cipatory  character  with  what  he  termed  an  ar@s@c  meaning  crea@on  (Eco,  1989),  which  he  elaborated  as  mul@ple  meaning  perceived  by  every  spectator  differently,  establishing  the  new  characteris@c  of  spectatorship.    

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Concept  of  OPENESS  (Semio@c  Openness)  

•  the  ar@st’s  decision  to  leave  arrangements  of  some  cons@tuents  of  a  work  to  the  public  or  to  chance  –  and  for  its  striking  an@cipa@on  of  two  major  themes  of  contemporary  literary  theory:  the  element  of  mul1plicity  and  plurality  in  art,  and  the  insistence  on  literary  response  as  an  interac@ve  response  between  reader  and  text.    

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Meaning  Crea@on  in  the  Art  Work  

•  Eco  differen@ate  meaning  from  those  quali@es  in  art  which  refer  to  „informa@on‟  or  „message‟.  

•   He  comprehends  that  whereas  informa@on  or  message  is  the  content  without  an  interpreta.on,  meaning  is  the  essence  of  the  work  which  is  formulated  by  the  ar@s@c  inten@on  and  subjec@vely  recovered  by  the  spectator.    

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Degree  of  Openness  •  ac@ve  spectatorship  suggests  that  single  meaning  produces  a  spectrum  of  interpreta@on  in  the  artwork,  which  is  based  on  the  par@cular  ac@ons  of  a  spectator.  

•   In  Eco’s  sense,  the  degree  of  openness  is  determined  by  the  balance  between  the  formulated  meaning  of  the  ar@st  and  the  acquired  meaning  interpreta@on  of  the  spectator  provided  through  the  artwork.  

.    

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 Degree  of  Openness    …balance  is  an  aesthe@c  scale  of  openness,  which  elaborates  a  crea@ve  capacity  between  the  ar@s@c  crea@on  and  the  spectator’s  act.  

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Informal  Art  •  Exemplifying    openness,  par@cularly  in  art,  Eco  engendered  a  cross-­‐

genre  art  form  termed  „informal  art‟,  which  is  par@cularly  driven  from  an  aesthe@c  of  ac@ve  spectatorship  and  is  here  defined  as  the  first  layer  of  (semio@c)  openness.  

•  Eco  stated  that  the  ini@al  characterisa@on  of  informal  art,  which  he  declared  as  a  visual  art  form,  concerned  inten@ons  about  reproducing  the  phenomenon  of  „mo@on‟  in  the  artwork.  

•   He  referred  to  pain@ng  techniques  which  tried  to  express  mobility,  most  profoundly  iden@fied  in  the  conceptualisa@on  of  dynamics  in  futuris@c  and  cubis@c  works.    

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Informal  Art  •  Eco  comprehended  these  new  characteris@cs  as  significant  as  they  redefined  the  structure  and  created  deconstruc@ve  forms.  

•   He  declared  that  artworks  exhibi@ng  kine@c  movement  (for  example  kine@c  sculpture)  produce  a  heightened  openness  and  non-­‐reproducible  experience  for  the  spectator.  

•   Exemplifying  this  experience,  Eco  depicted  that,  whilst  the  artwork  and  spectator  are  in  mo@on,  the  spectator  chooses  his  or  her  point  of  view,  producing  the  specific  connec@ons  and  interpreta@ons.    

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 “The  “reader”  is  excited  by  the  new  freedom  of  the  work,  by  its  infinite  poten@al  for  prolifera@on,  by  its  inner  wealth  and  the  unconscious  projec@ons  that  it  inspires.  The  canvas  itself  invites  him  not  to  avoid  causal  connec@on  and  the  tempta@ons  of  univocality,  and  to  commit  himself  to  an  exchange  rich  in  unforeseeable  discoveries.”  

 (Eco,  1989,  [1962],  p.  91)    

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Art  work  as  a  communica@on  system  

•  From  Eco’s  point  of  view  the  artwork  is  a  communica@on  system.    

•  A  message  of  the  artwork,  according  to  Eco,  can  be  described  as  a  carrier  of  informa@on  which,  by  the  means  of  the  interac@on,  transports  the  meaning  to  the  spectator.    

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Meaning  Crea@on:  Order  and  Disorder  

He  comprehended  crea@ve  processes  as  a  highly  compressed  informa@on-­‐exchange  which  displays  „contraven@on  of  conven@ons‟  and  therefore  exhibits  a  high  improbability  

and  unpredictability:    

“The  meaning  of  a  message  is  a  func@on  of  the  order,  the  conven@ons,  and  the  redundancy  of  its  structure.  The  more  one  respects  the  laws  of  probability,  the  clearer  and  less  and  less  ambiguous  its  meaning  will  be.  Conversely,  the  

more  improbable,  ambiguous,  unpredictable,  and  disordered  the  structure,  the  greater  the  informa@on  –  

here  understood  as  poten@al,  as  the  incep@on  of  possible  orders.”    

(Eco,  1989,  [1962],  p.  91)    

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Informa@on  theory:  Art  work  as  a  communica@on  system  

 Artwork  is  a  communica@on  system  which  oscillates  between  a  formal  structure  and  the  mul1ple  meaning  produced  by  a  

‘wonderment’  of  the  spectator  (Eco,  1989).    

 In  Eco’s  view  an  understanding  of  ‘ambiguity’  as  disorder  –  a  concep@on  deriving  from  informa@on  theory  –  is  significant  

for  producing  an  aesthe@c  in  the  interac@on  process.    

 aesthe1c  experience  of  the  spectator  produced  through  an  ar1s1c  decision  of  ‘order’  and  ‘disorder’  in  the  content,    

which  creates  the  ar@s@c  meaning.    

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Disorder/Ambiguity  in  the  Meaning  Crea@on  

 Eco  termed  this  phenomenon  as  „ambiguity‟  and  he  elaborated  it  through  the  mathema@cian  Norbert  Wiener’s  theory  of  disorder  (Wiener,  1948).      Wiener’s  theory  explained  the  message  as  an  organised  system  which  might  produce  disorder  regarding  its  degree  of  organisa@on.      Increase  the  informa@on  in  a  message  requires  an  increased  probability  of  noise.    

Eco  proposes  that  the  level  of  disorder  is  immediately  linked  to  unpredictability  and  mul@plicity;  therefore,  mul@ple  meaning  in  art  is  an  aesthe@c  challenge  of  disorder    

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Uncommon  Connec@ons  /  Unusual  Laws  

 Eco  further  suggested  par@cular  tools  with  which  to  achieve  ambiguity  in  art;  for  

example,  encountering  accidents  and  chance  in  experience  or  using  „uncommon  

connec@ons‟  or  „unusual  laws‟  to  create  wonderment  in  the  experience    

(Eco,  1989,  p.94).    

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Structure  -­‐  Ambiguity  

•  Eco  states  that  an  ar@s@c  system  needs  both  certain  forms  for  obviousness  within  a  prac@cal  func@on  and  a  characteris@c  of  ambiguity,  the  oscilla@on  of  which  creates  novelty  in  the  meaning.    

•  Eco  depicts  the  example  of  the  Byzan@ne  mosaic  that  includes  both  a  formal  system  through  the  matrix  of  the  mosaics  and  an  ambiguity  through  the  repeated  representa@onal  forms.    

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•  Thus,  the  en@re  matrix  of  the  mosaic  encompasses  the  message  in  which  every  mosaic  has  its  own  place  and  angular  offset.    

•  As  the  system  has  to  communicate  a  clear  figura@ve  signal  from  a  par@cular  perspec@ve,  the  colour  and  angle  of  the  bits  within  a  collabora@ve  process  duplicate  each  other‟s  signals.    

•  Through  the  ambiguity  of  the  par@cles  it  produces  a  clear  noiseless  message  of  a  holis@c  figura@ve  representa@on.    

Structure  -­‐  Ambiguity  

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Open  Work  as  an  Aesthe@c  Model  

 Informa@onal  theory  for  meaning  crea@on  provides  meaningful  ways  for  an  aesthe@c  in  which  the  ar@st’s  decision  on  propor@on  of  order  and  disorder  produces  the  quality  of  interac@on  between  art  work  and  the  

spectator.  

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Open  Work  as  an  Aesthe@c  Model  “controlled  disorder”  

 One  applica@on  of  informa@on  theory  in  art  produc@on  is  that  Eco  (1989)  declares  that  a  „controlled  disorder‟  is  the  crucial  decision  that  the  ar@st  has  to  make  between  the  func@onality  and  ar@s@c  content  for  a  noiseless  interconnec@on  between  ar@st  and  spectator.    

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Communica@on  processes  in  tradi@onal  mediums    (one-­‐way)  and  in  technological  mediums  (two-­‐way)  

(Zics,  2007)  

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Semio@c  Openness    The  no@on  of  openness  is  taken  from  Umberto  Eco’s  

inves@ga@ons  of  par@cipatory  art.    

These  explain  novel  aesthe@c  claims  based  upon  a  heightened  involvement  of  the  spectator.  By  revisi@ng  

Eco’s  original  concept  of  semio1c  openness,  the  emphasis  lies  on  the  significance  of  the  concept  of  

‘meaning  crea@on’.    

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Re-­‐evalua@on  of  Openness:    Structural  Openness  

 The  re-­‐evalua@on,  termed  ‘structural  openness’,  defines  not  only  openness  in  the  spectator’s  percep@on  but  also  

a  profound  modifiability  in  the  artwork  itself.  This  redefini@on  of  openness  for  technological  applica@on  produces  an  aesthe@c  value  through  its  poten@al  to  

produce  meaning  (Zics,  2008)  

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Reading:  

ECO,  U.,  1989.  The  open  work.  1  edn.  USA:  Harvard  University  Press.  

 ZICS,  B.,  2008.  Transparency,  Cogni@on  and  Interac@vity:  Toward  a  New  Aesthe@c  for  Media  Art.  PhD  Thesis.  Newport,  

Wales:  University  of  Wales